Military Missions Research Articles

Dangerous Illusions and Fatal Subversions: Russia, Subjugated Rus΄, and the Origins of the First World War

This article examines how the annexation of Austrian (East) Galicia emerged as a distinct political—and ultimately military—mission in St. Petersburg before the First World War. The Russian nationalist project to recover the “lost lands of Rus΄ became an extension of the domestic agenda formulated by Peter Stolypin to promote Russian political and cultural hegemony in the western provinces of the empire. The campaign to liberate Subjugated Rus΄ and defeat “Ukrainian separatism” in Galicia led St. Petersburg to become ever more deeply engaged in the complex borderland politics of the Habsburg empire in the years before the war. By 1914, the idea of Subjugated Rus΄ and “four million persecuted Russians” came to inform the whole of St. Petersburg's understanding of its relations with Vienna and created an expectation that war with Austria-Hungary was inevitable.

����������� �����, ���������� �������� �������������� ������: ������ �� ������� ����

Abstract. Bronchial asthma (��) is one of the most common conditions of the respiratory system that develops in the military and civilian population in war zones, which is caused by the combined exposure of a complex of factors that pollute the environment during the military missions deployment. For Ukraine, the issue of the respiratory system morbidity from exposure to chemical air pollutants in the territory of hostilities is a new challenge. Materials and methods. Analytical review of scientific publications was performed using abstract databases of scientific libraries PubMed, Medline and text databases of scientific publishing houses PubMed, Central, BMJ group and other VIP databases using system and content analysis. Results. A wide range of chemical factors has a combined effect on the respiratory system of the military and civilian population, leading to the development of BA. Among them are components of explosive gases, particulate matter, emissions of diesel fuel, burn pits products, biological factors, consequences of fires, geological dust. According to epidemiological studies, the prevalence of BA among military personnel in combat zones is 3-6 %. During the functional examination of the lungs, 15 % of the examined showed bronchial hyperreactivity, which is a pathogenetic link of such diseases as BA, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome, which are related to DRLD � Deployment Respiratory Lung Diseases. Conclusions. BA is one of the most documented diseases of the respiratory system caused by exposure to chemical pollutants in war zones. In Ukraine, the system of providing medical aid to the military and civilian population in the territory of hostilities needs to be improved, taking into account the experience of other countries. In particular, the issue of approving the presumptive list of conditions recognized to be related to military service during hostilities and including BA should be considered.

A Cyber Security Threats, Vulnerability, Challenges and Proposed Solution

Internet security is one of the most pressing concerns in the twenty-first century when taken into consideration with other online concerns. This is because technological progress, the growth of communications, and the development of the cyber-Internet have all led to a revolution in the way information and data is sent, as well as in e-commerce. Because of this, it was important to find ways to protect information and data on the internet, as well as electronic money accounts and electronic wallets. Information security on the Internet, security of electronic operations, network security, and application security are all included under the umbrella term "cybersecurity." Cybersecurity refers to the measures that are taken to protect data and information stored on all electronic devices that are connected to the Internet from malicious attacks, hacking operations, data theft, and sabotage. All electronic activities and applications require some kind of cyber security, including websites, financial institutions (including banks, banks, and bank accounts), satellite operations (including military missions), and drone management.

Delay-Packet-Loss-Optimized Distributed Routing Using Spiking Neural Network in Delay-Tolerant Networking

Satellite communication is inevitable due to the Internet of Everything and the exponential increase in the usage of smart devices. Satellites have been used in many applications to make human life safe, secure, sophisticated, and more productive. The applications that benefit from satellite communication are Earth observation (EO), military missions, disaster management, and 5G/6G integration, to name a few. These applications rely on the timely and accurate delivery of space data to ground stations. However, the channels between satellites and ground stations suffer attenuation caused by uncertain weather conditions and long delays due to line-of-sight constraints, congestion, and physical distance. Though inter-satellite links (ISLs) and inter-orbital links (IOLs) create multiple paths between satellite nodes, both ISLs and IOLs have the same issues. Some essential applications, such as EO, depend on time-sensitive and error-free data delivery, which needs better throughput connections. It is challenging to route space data to ground stations with better QoS by leveraging the ISLs and IOLs. Routing approaches that use the shortest path to optimize latency may cause packet losses and reduced throughput based on the channel conditions, while routing methods that try to avoid packet losses may end up delivering data with long delays. Existing routing algorithms that use multi-optimization goals tend to use priority-based optimization to optimize either of the metrics. However, critical satellite missions that depend on high-throughput and low-latency data delivery need routing approaches that optimize both metrics concurrently. We used a modified version of Kleinrock's power metric to reduce delay and packet losses and verified it with experimental evaluations. We used a cognitive space routing approach, which uses a reinforcement-learning-based spiking neural network to implement routing strategies in NASA's High Rate Delay Tolerant Networking (HDTN) project.

Review on Semantic Modeling and Simulation of Cybersecurity and Interoperability on the Internet of Underwater Things

As maritime and military missions become more and more complex and multifactorial over the years, there has been a high interest in the research and development of (autonomous) unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Latest efforts concern the modeling and simulation of UUVs’ collaboration in swarm formations, towards obtaining deeper insights related to the critical issues of cybersecurity and interoperability. The research topics, which are constantly emerging in this domain, are closely related to the communication, interoperability, and secure operation of UUVs, as well as to the volume, velocity, variety, and veracity of data transmitted in low bit-rate due to the medium, i.e., the water. This paper reports on specific research topics in the domain of UUVs, emphasizing interoperability and cybersecurity in swarms of UUVs in a military/search-and-rescue setting. The goal of this work is two-fold: a) to review existing methods and tools of semantic modeling and simulation for cybersecurity and interoperability on the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT), b) to highlight open issues and challenges, towards developing a novel simulation approach to effectively support critical and life-saving decision-making of commanders of military and search-and-rescue operations.

The Military Mission of the First Republic of Armenia in the USA and Commander Andranik

1919 թ․ աշնանը՝ բացի ԱՄՆ գործուղված ՀՀ քաղաքացիական առաքելությունից, անհրաժոշտություն էր ծագել այտեղ ուղարկել նաև ռազմական առաքելություն, քանի որ ԱՄՆ-ի կառավարությանը նաև ռազմական օգնության դիմումներ անելու կարիք կար։ Այդ գործի մեջ անհրաժեշտ էր ներգրավել բարձրաստիճան զինվորական գործչի, որը կբացատրեր ամերիկյան կառավարությանը, թե ինչ ռազմական կարիքներ ունի Հայաստանը և ինչպիսի աջակցություն էր ակնկալում ամերիկյան կառավարությունից։ Փարիզում հայկական երկու պատվիրակությունների կողմից որոշվում է կազմել Միացյալ Հայաստանի զինվորական պատվիրակություն գեներալ Հ․ Բագրատունու գլխավորությամբ։ Պողոս Նուբարի պնդմամբ զորավար Անդրանիկը՝ որպես Ազգային պատվիրակության հատուկ ներկայացուցիչ, ընդգրկվում է այդ առաքելության մէջ։ ԱՄՆ ուղարկված հայկական ռազմական առաքելության գործունեությունն արդյունք չունեցավ։ Դրա առանցքային պատճառն այն էր, որ ԱՄՆ արտաքին քաղաքականության օրակարգում հայերին աջակցելու կամ պաշտպանելու վերաբերյալ ռազմական միջամտության հարց չկար։ Осенью 1919 года, помимо направленной в США гражданской миссии РА, необходимо было направить туда и военную миссию, так как возникла также необходимость в обращении за военной помощью к правительству США. С этой целью следовало привлечь высокопоставленного армянского военного деятеля, который разъяснил бы американскому правительству, в какой военной поддержке нуждается Армения. Две армянские делегации в Париже решили сформировать военную делегацию Единой Армении во главе с генералом А. Багратуни. По настоянию Погоса Нубара генерал Андраник в качестве специального представителя Национальной делегации был включен в эту миссию. Деятельность армянской военной миссии, направленной в США, не имела положительных результатов в силу того, что в повестку государственной политики США не входил вопрос военного вмешательства в поддержку или защиту армян.

Role of the Polish Armed Forces in combating the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic

This article aims to summarise the involvement of the Polish Armed Forces in combating the effects of the nationwide crisis – the Covid-19 pandemic. Due to the nature of the threat, which has primarily affected the healthcare system, the critical role of the military healthcare system in supporting the general healthcare system is presented. The first part of the study is a description of the powers and resources subordinate to the Minister of Defense assigned to assist the civilian healthcare sys-tem with regards to transport of medical products by air and land. The second part of the paper is a presentation of Polish military medical missions to Italy, Slovenia, and the United States, while the third part shows how the experience gained during the missions was used in Po-land, within the healthcare system, in the crisis conditions. More-over, in the third part of the paper, the role that military hospitals and univer-sities played in the fight against Covid-19 is emphasised, particularly the involvement of cadets from military universities in easing the burden on medical personnel and gaining valuable experience by the future members of the Polish Armed Forces. The fourth part of the study is entirely dedicated to the activities of the Territorial Defense Forces as part of the action “Resilient Spring”.

Task complexity and operational risk management in military aviation

Flight risk assessment has been based on traditional tools that are simple to use but not validated for the consideration of all relevant Complexity Contributing Factors (CCFs). This work aims to improve the process of risk management of missions in military aviation and allow for a more thorough examination of Complexity Contributing Factors (CCFs). After a series of structured workshops, a classification scheme of 46 CCFs was developed and tested in a large number of operational missions (n = 227). Principal Components Analysis has verified four complexity classes that provided a structure for the CCFs while multiple linear regression analysis showed that the four classes of complexity correlated well with mission success outcomes. The study provides evidence that the classification scheme of complexity considers a variety of observable markers (CCFs) which can be used to rate complexity and introduce mission changes that create a safety environment for military missions. Practitioner summary: This study develops a classification scheme of complexity with a large number of observable markers (Complexity Contributing Factors) that can be used to rate the complexity of missions in military aviation. Earlier studies on task complexity and a series of workshops with Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) have been used to develop the classification scheme which was validated with data from a large number of military missions.

Pengendalian Sudut Pitch dan Roll Pesawat Flying Wing

The development of the aviation world in recent years has increased, one of which is the field of unmanned aerial vehicles. This development is in line with the increasing use of UAVs in various fields, including for military missions, natural disaster monitoring missions, and aerial photography missions. Many types of aircraft that can be used to complete these missions, one type of aircraft that is widely used is the flying wing type aircraft. This type of aircraft is triangular in shape and does not have a tail. This aircraft controller uses elevons on the right and left sides of its wings, and its form is relatively small, so this aircraft is susceptible to environmental disturbances and causes flight mission failures. To overcome this problem, a control system is needed that is able to make the aircraft maintain flight stability. In this study, the Linear Quadratic Regulator control method was applied to overcome this. The LQR control method is used to control the pitch and roll angles of the aircraft. Based on the test results, the interference given can be handled well by the aircraft. It was proven that when given a disturbance, the aircraft experienced an overshoot of 4.24º at the pitch angle and 4.26º at the roll angle, but could quickly return to the setpoint within 1.2 seconds at the pitch angle, and 1.3 seconds at the roll angle. Thus the aircraft is able to maintain flight stability.

A multimodal cognitive critical analysis

Abstract This paper makes a comparative study of recruitment advertisements between China and the United States from the perspective of Multimodal Cognitive Critical Analysis. Based on the analysis of metaphor and metonymy, the paper reveals the differences between them in contents, narrative strategies and combination of semiotic resources. In terms of contents, there are varying degrees of emphasis on military mission, income, values, and mental health. In terms of narrative strategies, China adopts a “parental” strategy, while the United States adopts a “corporate” strategy. As to the combination of semiotic resources, China and the United States differ in their use of cartoons and posters, and adopt different shooting angles of posters. This study holds that military conscription is not only a political activity, but also a platform to construct positive image of Chinese soldiers and demonstrate the strength of China’s military forces. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly adjust the above factors according to the characteristics of the era and reading habits of the viewers.

Chaotic Synchronization in Mobile Robots

Chaos dynamics is an interesting nonlinear effect that can be observed in many chemical, electrical, and mechanical systems. The chaos phenomenon has many applications in various branches of engineering. On the other hand, the control of mobile robots to track unpredictable chaotic trajectories has a valuable application in many security problems and military missions. The main objective in this problem is to design a controller such that the robot tracks a desired chaotic path. In this paper, the concept of synchronization of chaotic systems is studied, and a new type-3 fuzzy system (T3FLS)-based controller is designed. The T3FLS is learned by some new adaptive rules. The new learning scheme of T3FLS helps to better stabilize and synchronize. The suggested controller has a better ability to cope with high-level uncertainties. Because, in addition to the fact that the T3FLSs have better ability in an uncertain environment, the designed compensator also improves the accuracy and robustness. Several simulations show better synchronization and control accuracy of the designed controller.

Development and Automation of Fixed Wing UAV for Reconnaissance Mission with FPV Capability

Today's military missions require pre-emptive knowledge of hostile activities in and around the conflict zone. Using a multi rotor UAV for Reconnaissance has many disadvantages, such as cost, range, reduced maneuverability and much more. The main objective is to make the UAV completely autonomous, with the transmitter on standby. By entering the flight plan into the Ground Control System, the UAV will complete the assigned mission autonomously and will be guided by an operational flight plan wherein active waypoints are plotted in the GCS. The GCS can be linked to the Telemetry and the Global Positioning System to have a complete knowledge of the UAV location.

Continuing professional education experiences and expectations of nurses in Chinese military hospitals: A quantitative and qualitative study

BackgroundContinuing professional education (CPE) is important for maintaining the competencies of nurses. The evaluation of training needs is necessary for well-organized CPE programs. ObjectivesTo obtain a deeper understanding of the past experiences and future expectations of CPE among nurses in Chinese military hospitals in order to provide empirical support for planning effective CPE programs. DesignWe implemented a two-phase procedure to investigate the experiences and expectations of CPE. SettingsTwenty one hospitals across China. Participants382 nurses in quantitative study, and 20 nurses in qualitative study. MethodsSelf-designed questionnaire was used to quantitatively measure past experiences, willingness to participate, and future expectations of CPE via a cross-sectional study. Semi-structured interviews were carried out to explore the characteristics of CPE activities among military nurses. ResultsA total of 293 (76.7 %) participants had experience with CPE in the past, and 362 (94.8 %) were willing to take CPE in the future. The top five training items they wanted to learn about in the future were combat casualty care, emergency and critical care, military skills, trauma care in an austere environment, and specialist nursing. We identified the following 5 themes in the qualitative data: military missions, military training content, military medicine training content, training methods, and professional development paths. ConclusionsNursing administrators and educators should consider designing hierarchical, categorized CPE programs to meet the needs of self-development and professional growth among nurses.

SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCES IN INTERNATIONAL MILITARY OPERATIONS

Since 1990 the number of international military operations con- sisting of forces of coalitions of various countries has increased in the world. Latvia and its armed forces actively participate in international operations organised and implemented by the NATO and the European Union and in other events aimed at strengthening collective security. In practice, it is possible to enhance the compatibilitywith the armed forces of other countries, to carry out training and gain operations experience that is necessary for professionally trained soldiers with an aim to enhance the execution of tasks and improve combating skills. When carrying out the questioning and interviewing of soldiers who have served in military missions, it has been stated that differences of various cultures, countries and the perception of life can influence cooperation of multinational forces and the overall effectiveness of activities. Intercultural factors have an impact on communication and performance during missions at various levels and in all areas of activities. Understanding of cultural differences ensures the effectiveness of coalition forces both among them- selves and in the country where the mission is carried out.

Activities of Military Training Missions of European Countries and the United States in the Armies of States, Transforming the Armed forces (the last third of the XIXth – the first third of the XXth Centuries): Problems and Prospects of Research

The study of the work of military professionals sent as part of missions from the advanced European states and the United States to the reformed armies of the countries of Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America in the last third of the 19th – the first third of the 20th centuries has repeatedly been the focus of research by professional historians. The study of the training activities of military missions at the time under study allows us to see general and particular problems of the history of military modernization. A significant time span and various regions of the world in which mission officers served, allow for the scientific prospects and problems of studying military training activities using a comparative method. Comparison of training activities of missions from different countries contributes to the analysis of national military schools. This factor, along with other causes, has a decisive importance for the work of military instructors. By comparison, the regional specifics of the professional work of members of military missions are more clearly visible. The comparative methodology allows us to trace specifically the evolution of training activities of official military missions in historical retrospect through a set off historical examples. The extensive time span enables us to see what and why in the studies of a number of historians remained outside the scope of analysis, and which are as a reconsidered by the authors as mandatory for study. The study reveals the most successful works of researchers on the issues understudy. One of the aims of the article is to determine the most difficult areas for study the work of military professionals from missions in foreign armies and the ways of their disclosure. The study is relevant due to the constant interest of professional historians in the topic of military modernization and the use of military missions for faster reforms of the armed forces during difficult periods of development in some countries.

High Performance Convertible Coleopter Drones

This paper opens with an historical overview of efforts to develop micro-, mini-, and organic aerial vehicles (MAVs and OAVs) in the 1990’s. Although conceived during WWII, coleopters would not see serial production for 60 years. The paper continues with programmatic aspects of hovering coleopter development of the 1990’s and describes the technical motivations behind in-flight conversion from hover-mode to missile-mode flight and the record-setting XQ-138 family of convertible coleopters. As the first commercially successful family of such aircraft, the XQ-138 was taken from initial concept through configuration design, detailed design, patenting, prototyping, proof-of-concept, production, flight testing, qualification, and eventually high rate production, all with private funding. The paper lists basic engineering drivers, covers fundamental sizing methods, presents weight fraction data, and describes flight test procedures, locations, conditions, and results. High-speed flight test data show the stock aircraft achieving speeds in excess of 164 mph (263 kph) with endurances in excess of an hour at that speed with a special dash-optimized version reaching 288 mph (463 kph) for a few minutes. Videos from flight testing and live-fire exercises are shown at Redstone Arsenal, Eglin Air Force Base, and Fort Benning test ranges under extreme conditions. The paper concludes with an assessment of civil and military variants for a variety of military missions and commercial uses.

Exploring links between Chinese military recruits' psychological stress and coping style from the person-environment fit perspective: The chain mediating effect of self-efficacy and social support.

The choice of coping style of recruits under psychological stress in the process of military task execution has been an important topic in the promotion of military operations and cohesion of military forces. Taking a positive coping style under psychological stress can help recruits overcome the negative effects of stress and improve military morale and group combat effectiveness. Although soldiers' psychological stress in the process of military mission execution having an impact on coping style has been studied by a large body of literature, very little literature has focused on the mechanism of self-efficacy and social support between recruits' psychological stress and coping style from the person-environment fit perspective. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the impact of recruits' psychological stress on coping style through a chain mediation model and to discuss the role of self-efficacy and social support in this relationship. Two waves of survey data were utilized to test the research hypotheses on a sample of 1028 Chinese recruits performing military tasks. The results indicated that recruits' psychological stress negatively impacted positive coping styles and positively correlated with negative ones. In addition, self-efficacy and social support mediated the relationship between psychological stress and positive coping style, and self-efficacy mediated the relationship between psychological stress and negative coping style. More importantly, self-efficacy and social support play the chain mediating effect between psychological stress and positive coping style.

Sınır Güvenliği ve Müdahale Görevi Yapan İHA’ların ÇKKV Yöntemleri ile Değerlendirilmesi

İnsansız Hava Aracı (İHA), kendisini kullanan bir insan taşımayan, kaldırma kuvvetini oluşturabilmek amacıyla aerodinamik kuvvetleri kullanabilen, kendi kendine uçabilen veya uzaktan yönetilebilen, tekrar kullanılabilen veya kullanılamayan ve ölümcül veya ölümcül olmayan faydalı yükler taşıma kabiliyetine sahip motorlu hava aracıdır. Teknolojinin yükselen bir hızla gelişmesiyle beraber İHA’ların kabiliyetleri de aynı oranda artmış ve birçok askeri görevde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Fakat, askeri başarı elde edebilmek yalnızca bu modern gelişmiş hava araçlarına sahip olmak yeterli değildir. Görevlerin ifa oranlarını arttırmak ve alan hakimiyetini yakalayarak savaşı kazanmak için görev tipine uygun sistemlerin kullanım planlamasının yapılması şarttır. Bu tür planlamalarla görevlerdeki başarı oranı artacak ve kullanan taraf üstünlük elde edecektir. Bu çalışmada gelişmiş orduların envanterinde bulunan farklı türlerdeki 9 İHA’nın sınır güvenliği ve müdahale görevlerini yerine getirmesi için çok kriterli karar verme (ÇKKV) yöntemleri ile değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Bu 9 İHA büyüklük, tür, kabiliyet vb. yönlerden birbirinden ayrılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, belirlenen görev için uygun İHA’nın sıralamasının tespit edilmesidir. Çalışmada kullanılan kriterler İHA’lar konusunda uzman kişilerle değerlendirilip 8 ana başlıkta gruplandırılmıştır. Kriterlerin ağırlıklandırılması için ikili kıyaslamalar yapılarak, kriter ağırlıkları AHP yöntemiyle ortaya konmuştur. İHA’ların sıralamaları ve seçimini yapabilmek için literatüre son yıllarda kazandırılmış olan ÇKKV yöntemlerinden ARAS, EDAS ve WASPAS metotları ile literatüre daha eski yıllarda kazandırılmış sıkça kullanılan MAUT, TOPSIS ve VIKOR yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Böylece hem eski yöntemlerin hem de yeni yöntemlerin kullanımı ile farklı bir bakış açısına sahip çözüm geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Uygulanan yöntemlerden bulunan önceliklendirme sonuçları analiz edilmiş ve sonuçlar normalize edilip ortalamaları bulunarak her İHA’ya ait nihai bütünleşik önceliklendirme puanı (NBÖP) elde edilmiştir. Böylece önceliklendirme değerlerinin güvenilirlik, doğruluk ve tutarlılık düzeylerinin arttırılması amaçlanmıştır. Uygulanan yöntemler sonucu bulunan sonuçlar yorumlanmıştır.

The dynamic model of the high-thrust orbital maneuvering engine with storable propellant

The storable propellant rocket engine has the advantages of long-term storage and rapid use. A new design of a large-thrust orbital maneuvering engine is proposed for the first time and the dynamic model for working process is established by the multi-disciplinary dynamics simulation software AMEsim. The accurate model parameters of hydraulic and combustion components are obtained through actual unit tests. The dynamic characteristics of the engine are calculated and evaluated in detail, and the results show that the system has good robustness to disturbance parameters. The fluctuation of the propellant tank pressure has little influence on operating parameters. The peak pressure of the water hammer, especially at the tank outlet pipe, is about 17 times higher than the stable state. The starting sequence influences working conditions of the mixing ratio regulator and the thrust chamber for less than 0.1s, and has no influence on the stable working state of the engine. The research provides an effective method for designing a high-thrust orbital maneuvering engine system, which has broad prospects in low-Earth orbit transportation and military missions.

Wartime, professional military education, and politics

The 2018 United States (US) National Military Strategy claimed that professional military education (PME) in the US had ‘stagnated’. Since then the 2020 US Joint Chiefs of Staff publication Developing Today’s Joint Officer’s for Tomorrow’s Ways of War can be seen as a direct response to such stagnation. The associated temporal positionings of war from stagnation, to today’s officers, to tomorrow’s ways of war, reinforce the significance of wartime in how professional military education is framed. In this paper I ask: To what extent do professional military education mission statements rely on frames of wartime for a construction of purpose, what are the implications of such framings for goals of minimizing violence and suffering, and how may such potential limitations be addressed in the classroom? A focus on wartime can help us draw out significant strategic and ethical challenges of conflict termination alongside ‘forever wars’, the normalization of exceptional security practices and violence, and the way in which prioritizations of either doing war ‘better’ or minimizing the likelihood of war are in seemingly direct epistemological competition. Given a goal of less insecurity, in an era in which fewer and fewer wars actually ‘end’ or ‘end’ with a sense of victory, I assess the extent to which engaging critical approaches in PME may help or hinder the need to challenge self-propagating dynamics of wartime that may be limiting efforts at lessening violence.