Military Integration Research Articles

Der Ostmark treue Alpensöhne. Die Integration der Österreicher in die großdeutsche Wehrmacht by Thomas A. Grischany

Reviewed by: Der Ostmark treue Alpensöhne. Die Integration der Österreicher in die großdeutsche Wehrmacht by Thomas A. Grischany Peter Thaler Thomas A. Grischany. Der Ostmark treue Alpensöhne. Die Integration der Österreicher in die großdeutsche Wehrmacht Göttingen: V&R Unipress, 2015. Pp. 327. Cloth €50.00. ISBN 978-3847103776. After World War II the reconstituted Austrian republic defined itself as a victim of National Socialist Germany. According to official historiography, the country had been deserted by the international community and had fallen prey to German aggression in 1938. With the exception of a small minority, Austrians had resisted as best they could. From the very beginning, however, this historical interpretation faced questions about the role of Austrians in the institutions of the Third Reich. Most significant was the military. As German citizens, Austrians were subject to the draft. By the end of the war, 1.3 million of them had served in the German armed forces. More than 250,000 did not return. To counter this impression of active participation, many postwar interpreters emphasized the idiosyncrasies of the Austrian wartime experience. They argued that Austrian units had been dissolved and their members subjected to discrimination and special surveillance. It is this picture that Thomas Grischany contests. Based on a wide selection of both printed and archival sources, as well as on interviews with surviving veterans, Grischany traces the experience of Austrians in the German military between 1938 and 1945. Following a brief introduction to the history of Austro-Prussian military relations, the author zooms in on his core subject, expounding the initial challenges of military integration after 1938. Approximately one quarter of the existing Austrian officer corps was not carried over into the German military, and the remainder had to adjust to differences in terminology and training. To promote assimilation, the German army co-opted suitable icons of Austrian military history into its own pantheon. In this early phase, many Austrians nonetheless encountered questions about their soldierly capabilities. They felt a need to demonstrate their valor and prove that Austrian inadequacies during World War I had been based on the special conditions of the multinational Habsburg army. These efforts were not without success, and Alpine units gradually gained a reputation for toughness and courage. The conduct of predominantly Austrian mountain troops during the Norwegian campaign contributed significantly to this altered perception. The shared victories of the early war years accelerated integration. The author describes the allure of foreign countries during the relative tranquility of military occupations around 1940. Yet he also highlights the interplay of regional and national aspects in the imagery of German identity. At least on a symbolic level, the German military provided ample opportunity for regional identification. This applied to all groups, but it proved especially useful for newcomers such as the Austrians. The increased status of individual territories such as Tyrol—relative to the formerly dominant Vienna—appealed to provincial sentiments as well. [End Page 445] The attack on the Soviet Union changed the character of the war, but it did not disrupt the internal cohesion of the German armed forces. Whereas civilian dissatisfaction in Austria began to rise after 1943, the battle against communism motivated even conservative opponents of the regime. Grischany finds that shared hardships deepened the sense of comradeship and mutual dependency. With the growing diversification of the German military, Austrians also moved closer to the national center. Minority populations from eastern and southeastern Europe deviated appreciably from the German core, as did such reluctant draftees such as the Alsatians. By comparison with these later additions, Austrians had been absorbed into the German mainstream. The rediscovery of Austrian distinctiveness occurred primarily after the military defeat. Der Ostmark treuer Alpensöhne describes the successive phases of Austrian integration into the German armed forces during World War II. As explanations for the substantive success of this process, the study cites regional and professional pride, esprit de corps, a fundamentally German sense of self, ideological indoctrination, and not least the shared experiences of both military triumph and disaster. The author also invokes Götz Aly's argument in Hitler's Beneficiaries (2005) that the National Socialist regime gained much of its popularity...

Military and Political Integration of Russia and Kazakhstan as a Factor of Strengthening Bilateral Cooperation

The article deals with the modern stage of military and political relations between Russia and Kazakhstan. The role of Organization of the Collective Security Treaty and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the fight against international terrorism is emphasized in the article. The article contains a profound analysis of main agreements between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan and therefore defines areas of bilateral cooperation. It is concluded that the main areas of cooperation are the fight against international terrorism, strengthening of military capabilities, and the joint exploration of outer space.

A Study on All-Round Total Security Readiness - Emphasizing an Establishment of Civil, Administrative and Military Integrated Defense System -

A Study on All-Round Total Security Readiness - Emphasizing an Establishment of Civil, Administrative and Military Integrated Defense System -

South Caucasus in the Foregin Policy of the Russian Federation. Do Doctrinal Assumptions Translate into Reality?

Russian policy in South Caucasus is not a fully effective policy, as Russia’s actions towards Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are dominated by bilateral relations rather than a single, coherent strategy towards the region. The policy towards these countries also bears the hallmarks of an imperial policy, since it boils down to rewards (in the political, economic or military sphere) for cooperation, or punishments for any action against Russian interests. In addition to enhancing bilateral relations, Russia makes efforts (in accordance with documents issued by official bodies) to integrate the CIS area, of course including the Trans-Caucasus, under its leadership. But it comes up short in these efforts, because not all the Caucasus countries are interested in Russian-led economic integration (within the Eurasian Economic Union), or political and military integration (within CIS, CSTO).

French military careers and European security integration: How internationalisation changes military socialisation

This study uses qualitative data on the trajectories of French military officers to provide preliminary hypotheses on the internationalisation of military careers and the dynamics of international military socialisation. It is divided into three sections. The first section provides an overview of the structure of the French armed forces and gives details on the biographical qualitative methods used throughout the article. The second and third sections describe the types of internationalisation that occur during the first and second phases of military careers respectively. The article mainly contends that French officers are unprepared for the type of internationalisation they experience in the framework of European security institutions. In spite of prior experiences of international contexts, they are forced to learn most of their work on the job and to improvise in their handling of international interactions and negotiations. These findings are shown to have implications for debates in the sociology of professions and the study of European security integration.

The Disintegration of the Military Integration Process in South Sudan (2006–2013)

This article argues that military integration served a critical purpose in 2006, arguably preventing large-scale conflict within South Sudan and ensuring a level of stability prior to the CPA-mandated referendum on self-determination in 2011. Nonetheless, integration was poorly-conceived and implemented, and received limited support from third party actors that were more focused on rightsizing the SPLA and transforming it into a conventional, professional military. The de facto open-door nature of South Sudan’s integration process created incentives for armed rebellion, while failed rightsizing initiatives increased pressure on the military integration process as the most expedient way of mitigating the threat these groups posed to stability. Integration thus became an end in and of itself rather than a transitional measure to contain former combatants while the government worked out a more long-term solution for South Sudan’s security sector. Consequently, the SPLA was in a state of arrested development, preventing efforts to transform the military from gaining traction, and making the force more likely to fragment along factional lines during periods of heightened political competition.

The minister, the Commandant and the cadets: Scandal and the mediation of Australian civil–military relations

The Australian Defence Force (ADF) has recently undergone the most comprehensive review of its organizational culture since federation. Western militaries across the USA, Canada and the UK are similarly engaged. Military misconduct, including rape, assault and the long traditions of hazing and bastardization, have been increasingly exposed, engaging civil society, agitating government and undermining military integrity. The Skype Affair is described as a particularly important military misconduct scandal that brought these relations, and ruling relations more specifically, into focus. The article describes the contest over democratic control of the armed forces initiated when the jurisdictions and authority of the Defence Minister, the Chief of Defence and the Commandant of the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) converged over the management of this military scandal. This article looks at how relations between Australian civil society, the military and the state are affected by the varying engagements of these sectors with the question of violence in the military and, subsequently, military modernization. The news-mediated discourse is one that highlights the structural split of civil–military relations, between two white masculinized institutions in a context of distinct cultural divergence over the rule of nation.

United They Fall: Why the International Community Should Not Promote Military Integration after Civil War

Preventing the recurrence of civil war has become a critical problem for both scholarship and policy. Conventional wisdom urges the creation of capable, legitimate, and inclusive postwar states to reduce the risk of relapse into civil war, and international peacebuilders have often encouraged the formation of a new national army that would include members of the war's opposing sides. However, both the theoretical logics and the empirical record identifying military integration as a significant contributor to durable post–civil war peace are weak. An analysis of eleven cases finds little evidence that military integration played a substantial causal role in preventing the return to civil war. Military integration does not usually send a costly signal of the parties’ commitment to peace, provide communal security, employ many possible spoilers, or act as a powerful symbol of a unified nation. It is therefore both unwise and unethical for the international community to press military integration on reluctant local forces.

Applications of RFID technology in dismounted soldier solution systems – study of mCOP system capabilities

This paper discusses application of RFID technology in Dismounted Soldier Solutions gathered from the development and demonstration of mCOP platform. The software has been developed to elaborate Network Enabled Capabilities in tactical environments. Presented research was a part of demonstration prepared for the European Defence Agency. The main aim of the tool is the delivery of command support capabilities utilizing data fusion and integration mechanisms implemented in heterogeneous military mobile networks. Application of military integration standards such as JC3IEDM, NFFI and TSO supports interoperability with BMS class systems. Utilisation of RFID technology in mCOP software has several purposes, mainly used for process automation of authorisation and personal identification. Indirectly such functionalities can be used for implementation of UAV supported - Blue Force Tracking and IFF services. This research elaborates a set of implemented ideas for such solutions. Developed system serves as a multi-level and multi-platform command and control system supporting military and crisis operations. A crucial part of the system - mCOP, the handheld application for tactical level commanders, serves as personal toolkit for location monitoring and combat situation distribution and management. The tool delivers a set of tailored functionalities supporting commander’s situation awareness and decision making process. The mCOP hosting device equipped with RFID delivers also means of tactical , emergency, micro network communication.

Does Military Integrated Product Team Performance Predict Commercial Cost Reduction Program Success?

Abstract In the early 1990s, U.S military leaders began to copy commercial enterprises by assembling integrated product teams (IPTs) to adapt and implement commercial cost reduction programs (CCRPs) for military organizations. However, no evidence existed in literature that military IPT performance related to CCRP success. A non-experimental quantitative correlational study was conducted to find whether or not a relationship existed between military IPT performance and CCRP success. A questionnaire distribution yielded 80 acceptable responses, and Spearman’s rank order correlation and ordinal regression were employed for correlation and predictor significance analyses, respectively. The Spearman correlation coefficient analysis results revealed a strong positive relationship between the IPT Performance and CCRP Success, rs = .70, p < .01. The correlation coefficients between each of the six variables of IPT Performance and CCRP Success were IPT Communication rs = .64, p < .01, IPT Coordination rs = .57, p < .01, IPT Balance of Member Contributions rs = .51, p < .01, IPT Mutual Support rs = .65, p < .01, IPT Effort rs = .36, p < .01, and IPT Cohesion rs =.67, p < .01. Ordinal regression analysis yielded three significant predictors, IPT Coordination (Estimate = .23), IPT Effort (Estimate = -.40), and IPT Cohesion (Estimate = .24). Military managers should first assess whether or not their organizational systems are conducive to hosting IPTs and whether or not their organizations contain the necessary resources for hosting IPTs. Future researchers should employ a larger sample and a qualitative study to observe team interactions for identifying characteristics of teams and team members. Keywords: commercial cost reduction programs, integrated product teams, military, team performance, program success, integrated product and process development.

A study on the precedent case and lessons of desirable military integration options

A study on the precedent case and lessons of desirable military integration options

Educación y control político-social del Estado: Visitadores de Escuela en Tacna y Arica (1800-1900)

Este artículo pretende, aportar a la visibilidad de actores desconocidos de la historia regional del norte de Chile, mediante el análisis de fuentes documentales, método literal y lógico, presentando las funciones que cumplían los visitadores de escuelas como agentes de laacción educatica planificada desde el Estado y como mecanismo de control político y social, durante el período comprendido entre la incorporación militar de la zona de Arica, (1880) y su anexión a la soberanía chilena(1929), marcado por un proceso que la historiografía nacional conoce como “Chilenización”.

Greece’s Military Importance For The European Union

Abstract Having won the legislative elections in Greece on January 25, 2015, the leader of the radical party SYRIZA now aims for reducing austerity in his country, even though this might result in the exit of Greece from the Eurozone. A Greek exit will definitely have major economic consequences, which will also affect the country’s defence budget and its European military stance. Taking into account such a turn of events, in this paper we analyse the military importance of Greece for the European Union. The analysis is conducted using, as main methodological instrument, the European Index of Military Integration.

Europe's defence project – time for transatlantic rearrangement

The idea that the European Union needs a credible military capability for autonomous action is undisputed as it lies in the logic of European integration. Still the discrepancy between EU ambitions and reality is striking: the EU has become a key security policy actor but not in the military field. The fundamental changes of the strategic landscape caused by Russia's aggression in Eastern Europe and the turmoil in the Middle East provide an opportunity to re-arrange European defence capabilities in a true Euro-Atlantic manner. Instead of aspiring military capacities outside of NATO, the EU should organize its military forces within NATO – as it did before 1998 with its European Security and Defence Identity (ESDI). Such an arrangement would permit the EU to act autonomously but at the same time to profit from NATO's experience as the most successful military alliance in history. Moreover, it would permit the EU to further evolve its military integration along the lines of its various pooling and sharing activities.

Sticking to the development of military and civilian integration, cultivating outstanding scientific and technological achievements:thoughts concerning the management of scientific and technological achievements in military medical university

The role of Military Medical University featuring both battlefield and market service determines the necessity to seek balance between military and civilian planning for scientific and technological innovation.In the management of scientific and technological achievements,Third Military Medical University sticks to the development mode of military-civil integration.First,it establishes the management concept suit for its roles and characteristics,organizational strategy,policy and system.Secondly,it implements transitional development.Thirdly,it serves social development and military medical services.As a result,a series of outstanding scientific and technological achievements have been obtained,and remarkable progress and results have been achieved. Key words: Scientific and technical achievement; Management achievements; Reward; Military and civilian integration

Choice and Practice of the new transform moed of science and technology achievemevts of military medicine

With the development of civil military integration,military scientific research institu tes are facing the challenge of constructing a new mode of translating scientific and technological achievements into practice and enhancing translational efficiency.This paper began with the evolution of translation mode in military institutes and discussed the flaws and insufficiency of current mode,then a triple helix translation mode,which encompass government,industry and research,was introduced and fully explained for future reference. Key words: The miliary scientific research institution; Achievement transformation Pattern; Practice

Critical analysis of spoilers and neighbouring states for peace implementation: peacekeepers' failure to protect civilians in eastern DR Congo

Using Stephen J. Stedman's concept of spoilers as the main analytical framework, this paper offers insights into the failure of the United Nations peacekeeping mission in terms of civilian protection for a lengthy period in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. This failure arises not only from peacekeepers' failure to fully analyse the ambiguous status and relationship of spoilers and neighbouring states that are hostile to the peace process but also the United Nations' and peacekeepers' continuing support of spoilers and neighbouring states in three areas of implementation: military integration, military operations, and complacency regarding the chronic culture of impunity for key spoilers. Such support calls into question the neutrality of mediators and of the United Nations. The vicious cycle of violence created by spoilers and neighbouring states is likely to continue unless the United Nations develops appropriate preventive and proactive measures.

A United States of Europe? Amerykańscy ojcowie zjednoczonej Europy u progu zimnej wojny (1945-1957)

It was George Washington who many authors claim first expressed the wish, often reported by Americans, that „one day, on the model of the United States of America a United States of Europe will come into being”. In fact, the idea seems to have been launched by 19th century European federalists, yet it could not materialize until the dawn of the Cold War. Not only did the Truman administration’s reappraisal of US global security interests and its role in the world lead to their support, but to their relentless promotion of Europe’s economic, political and military integration. Out of their mixed idealistic and pragmatic motivation, the Washington establishment argued that, if united along the American model, a federal Europe would overcome its traditional problems (national rivalries and wasting its economic potential) while, on the other hand, it would also reduce US responsibility for the well-being of the Western world. However, as post-war normalization set in, the leaders of Western Europe grew increasingly skeptical of American federalist visions, while Washington responded with ever more resolute threats of withdrawing its forces from Europe. It was not until the ultimate failure of the EDC/EPC project that the Eisenhower administration modified its European policy, coming to terms with the end of federalism and the triumph of functionalism.

한반도 통일 시 한국군 주도 군사통합 방안 - 독일, 예멘, 베트남 사례를 중심으로 -

This study provides the unified Korea with military integration method in order to prepare the reunification of South and North left only divided country in the world after World War Ⅱ and the sudden change in N. Korea. And also, it presents preceding conditions for military integration by case study of Germany, Yemen and Vietnam. Agenda includes theoretical consideration, a lesson from the cases of reunified countries, national defense policy and military strategy for the unified Korea, some military integration types and preparatory task list, and conclusion ; the best military integration method to fit the Korean peninsula issue. Preparatory task list to accomplish consensual unity of absorption presented as conclusion in this paper includes following: First, the most important thing is maintaining strategic superiority by overwhelming military force since only overwhelming power guarantees stability of unification. Second, diplomatic effort should be concentrated in shaping international condition for reunification - 4 powers around the Korean peninsula support reunification of South and North - since reunification is almost impossible without their support. Others, installing promotion organization and training professional to lead military integration, estimate of initial the unified Korea military force, efficient method for assumption and management of N. Korea military force are extra issue to solve after military integration As if any international politics scholar could not forecast reunification of Germany, the Korean peninsula reunification would be also happen without any warning. Therefore, the future unified Korea is crying out for understanding and bond of sympathy on reunification and military integration in order to mitigate risk of trial and error and make reunification progressed by our intend.

Armed-Group Amnesty and Military Integration in South Sudan

Since the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, the government of South Sudan has sought to neutralise the threat that armed groups pose to stability through their integration into the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), rather than coercion. Although successful in part, this approach has nevertheless led to the continued proliferation of armed groups. In this article, Lesley Anne Warner analyses how the government of South Sudan and the SPLA have administered the amnesty and integration process, concluding that military integration is a process that is managed, but not yet fully mastered.