Military Enterprise Research Articles

Governance of Digital Transformation: As observed in two cases of military transformations

The transformation of a modern socio-technical system is challenging. Notably, the digital transformation of an enterprise's business or operational model is an arduous journey toward success. Recent studies illustrate that 70% of business enterprise digital transformations fall short of their objectives. Without revenue-based performance indicators, the digital transformations of military organisations are, if possible, even more challenging. However, governance methods should assist in the complex transformation of interrelated features like human behaviour, business processes, information, data, and technology. Are they applied, and how feasible the standard Information and Communications Technology (ICT) governance methods are in supporting digital transformation in the defence sector?
 
 The paper studies how feasible the contemporary ICT -governance methods are for military organisations while executing digital transformation. The research implements the action research method since the researcher has participated in two journeys of military transformation. First, a review of these two cases shows the military utilisation of the governance methods and models. Second, the standard methods are reflected against the most challenging transformation problems to see if they could provide support. Third, the methods are challenged by the range of variety in complex system transformations to test their flexibility.
 
 Based on the research on two digital transformations, military enterprises seem to fall short in applying central ICT governance standards and methods. Therefore, they are not getting the best available support. Secondly, the contemporary governance methods do not address all the pain points in military transformation. Hence, the utilisation degree and transformation benefits are not well correlated. Thirdly, modern governance tools are inflexible in addressing various situations, transformation goals, and organisational maturity. In summary, the research surfaces some new gaps within the contemporary ICT governance toolbox when applied to the complex socio-technical transformation in the defence sector.

Experience of Material Incentives for Workers of Military Factories in the Early Years of the NEP (on the Example of the Tula Cartridge Factory)

Based on the methodology of the activity approach, the article examines the processes of material incentives for workers in the early years of the NEP. It deals in detail with the issues of material incentives for workers in the conditions of the NEP economy on the example of a large industrial enterprise - the Tula Cartridge Factory. How did the gradual tightening of rationing took place at this time? How did this process affected different groups of workers? What practices at the workshop level were used to regulate earnings? The purpose of the article is to clarify these and other interrelated issues affecting the stimulation of labor. In his research, the author proceeded from the principle of historicism and the methodology of the activity approach, according to which attention is focused on the practical activities of people, the mechanisms of their interaction. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that it comprehensively highlights the process of organizing financial incentives for employees at a large military enterprise in the early period of the NEP, which is of particular relevance in the context of modern challenges. In the initial period of the NEP, the Tula Cartridge Factory underwent a general improvement of production processes. An important part of this work was to restore the effectiveness of material incentives in relation to labor productivity, primarily by increasing production standards. As it appears on the example of the TPZ, within the historical context of the early NEP, a relatively acceptable level of material incentives for industrial labor was achieved in Soviet industry.

Research on the Endogenous Mechanism of Political Relations of Military Industrial Enterprises to Innovation Performance Driven by Innovation

Taking the military industry listed companies from 2010 to 2019 as a research sample, comprehensively use high-level team theory, investment decision theory, human capital theory and other related theories to deeply explore the influence mechanism of political connections on military industry enterprise innovation performance. The research results show that: for military enterprises, the politically connected characteristics of senior managers will promote the innovation performance of enterprises. Managers’ overconfidence plays a part of the mediating effect in the influence of political connections on enterprise innovation performance. At the same time, the inflow of R & D personnel has produced a negative moderating effect in the relationship between political connections and corporate innovation performance. Further research shows that, from the perspective of the level of political relevance, politically connected managers at the central level have a negative impact on corporate innovation performance. The negative moderating effect of the inflow of R & D personnel in the political connection and enterprise innovation performance is related to the political connection at the central level.

The Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict on Chinese Military Industry Sector -Based on Event Study

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has had a tremendous impact on the world economy. This paper uses the event study and selects 51 military enterprises in Shanghai and Shenzhen from February 14 to March 4, 2022. The date of the event was set as February 15, and within eight days of the event, the CAAR as a whole was positive. So, the Russia-Ukraine conflict on the Chinese military industry sector had a positive impact, but the impact of the shorter duration, was mainly affected by investor sentiment, and the overall performance of hedging demand. In the long run, the military industry sector will still be driven by fundamentals. Investors need to include the Chinese military industry sector in their portfolios to avoid the risk of geopolitical conflict. It is also important to note that due to the relatively short duration of events, the portfolio needs to be dynamically adjusted and the risk of late price declines cannot be ignored.

Social Responsibility, Risk Management and Financial Performance of Military Enterprises

How to make a benign interaction between military enterprises’ social responsibility and financial performance is of great significance for military enterprises to actively undertake social responsibility, but the academic research on corporate social responsibility and financial performance has not reached a consistent conclusion, and there is a lack of intermediate variables in the study of the relationship between the two. Taking the listed companies of the A-share military industry in 2011-2019 as the research sample, the relationship between military enterprise social responsibility and financial performance and the role mechanism of risk management were explored. It is found that the social responsibility of listed military enterprises positively affects financial performance; corporate social responsibility will promote corporate risk management, which can significantly improve corporate financial performance, that is, risk management plays an intermediary role between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. The research conclusion provides practical guidance and experience reference for military enterprises to clarify the relationship between social responsibility and financial performance and its functional mechanism.

Generating realistic cyber data for training and evaluating machine learning classifiers for network intrusion detection systems

Cyberspace operations, in conjunction with artificial intelligence and machine learning enhanced cyberspace infrastructure, make it possible to connect sensors directly to shooters independent of human control. These technologies serve as the pivot around which cyber data from the military’s Internet of Battlefield Things, for example, will be turned into actionable insight and knowledge and, ultimately, an information advantage for the military. As such, network intrusion detection systems must detect, evaluate, and respond to malicious cyber traffic at machine speed. Generative adversarial networks and variational autoencoders are fit as generative models with labeled cyber data from a real military enterprise network. These generative models are used to create realistic, synthetic cyber data. A combination of real and synthetic cyber data sets are then used to train several machine learning models for network intrusion detection. Purely synthetic data is shown to be statistically similar to the real data. There is no statistically significant difference in the performance of classifiers trained with real data versus a combination of real and synthetic data; however, classifiers trained with only synthetic data underperformed. To avoid a decrease in intrusion detection performance, classifiers must be trained with at least 15% real data.

Tripartite Game Analysis of Military-Civilian Technology Transfer from the Perspective of Technology Characteristics

Given the enterprise technology corporation technological learning problem of challenging to reduce the efficiency of technology transfer based on evolutionary game theory, from the nature of technical knowledge, military field, and civilian field of technology spillover, recessive and technical complexity, and other technical features, construction of bounded rationality under the condition of the private enterprise, the enterprise, and the government's three evolutionary game models, the influence of different technical characteristics on the three parties is analyzed by Matlab numerical simulation. The results show that intratechnological recessive only negatively inhibits the cooperative behavior of private enterprises. Both technology spillover and technology complexity promote the evolution of noncooperative behavior between military and civilians. The evolution speed of government support behavior is faster under high-intensity technology spillover. Finally, it is suggested that the technology transfer can be effectively promoted by strengthening the technology level of the private military enterprises, improving the technology transferability of the military enterprises, and perfecting the property right incentive mechanism of technological innovation.

Russia’s Private Military Enterprises as a Multipurpose Tool of Hybrid Warfare

ABSTRACT This article covers the emergence, evolution and use of private military enterprises in Russia. Although formally illegal, there exist a diverse private military enterprises market in Russia with several providers more or less intertwined with state authorities. Building on previous research, the authors conclude that Russian private military enterprises gradually evolved from grassroots origins into a suitable tool for a wide range of hybrid warfare and counter-hybrid warfare operations. Moreover, the authors found that Russian private military providers recently underwent a transformation that turned them into a multipurpose tool usable in Russia’s geopolitical confrontation with the West. Russian PMCs have recently been seen in many African countries, where their activities contribute to two purposes — first, the commercial interests of their owners and donors. Second, the advance of Moscow’s geopolitical and economic interests. This modus vivendi is made possible by a peculiar, non-transparent relationship between the Russian state or specific state authorities (especially armed forces and intelligence services) and the owners of allegedly private military enterprises – the so-called hybrid model of the economy. Its essence is the leverage the state has over the privateers – an ability to summon them at any time in support of the state’s strategic goals in exchange for privateers’ impunity and tolerance of their de facto illegal business activities.

An Evolutionary Game Simulation of a Composite Subsidy Policy to Promote Military-Civilian Integration: A National System of Innovation With Chinese Characteristics

Collaborative innovation involving military and civilian actors is a key component of National Systems of Innovation. It is an approach that is explicitly promoted in China under the name of Military-Civilian Integration. To more effectively promote Military-Civilian Integration, it is necessary to study the impact of government subsidies on enterprise-level behavior. The research reported in this paper analyzes a composite subsidy policy’s influence on the cooperative innovation behavior of military and civilian enterprises with game theory. First, during the early stage of development, an R&D subsidy can stimulate firms to invest in technological innovation, but it harms the long-term and stable development of civil-military cooperation by encouraging free-riding behaviors. Second, as military-civilian integration continues and deepens, the input-output rate of the R&D will increase, and this makes the role of tax subsidies increasingly relevant. Third, the composite application of scale and tax subsidies will be most effective in reinforcing innovation during the Industrialization Stage. Fourth, further simulations show an apparent heterogeneity in the responses of the military enterprise and the civilian enterprise to the three kinds of subsidy that we have considered. Civilian enterprises are more sensitive to subsidies, while military enterprises are more sensitive to technology spillovers. Therefore, the government should build a military-civilian integration platform to share resources in ways that maintain security confidence and improve the R&D input-output rate. The government should strengthen confidentiality management, training, and risk prevention and control measures for military-civilian integration projects, to reduce the risk of technology spillover.

What Affects the Growth of Military Enterprises in China: Research and Development?

Sustainable growth of military enterprises is key to developing the national defense industry. Therefore, we selected the financial data of 90 military enterprises listed in China. Using the factor analysis method, we obtained the growth evaluation index from the four dimensions of profitability, debt repayment, operation, and R&D (research and development). The results show that R&D is the critical factor for the growth of military enterprises, and profitability is a short board. In the industrial field, the growth of military shipbuilding enterprises is better than that of other fields, mainly because of the high attention paid to R&D. Regarding the conversion of military-oriented enterprises to civilian production, this study emphasizes the importance of improving profitability and ensuring scientific research incentives. The results of this study are also consistent with the stock market performance of military-listed enterprises, which means that the higher the growth score, the better is the market performance. At the same time, the growth evaluation results of military enterprises have guiding significance for enterprises and market investors.

Numerical research of flame propagation conditions in narrow channels using the technology of thermal impulse treatment of turbine blades

The analysis of the main modern trends in the development of views on the issue of cleaning of the cooling channels of turbine blades in gas turbine engines in the process of manufacture and repair at military repair enterprises has been carried out; the usage of the method of thermo impulse treatment with detonating gas mixtures for cleaning of the cooling channels of turbine blades in gas turbine engines is proposed.
 Cleaning the cooling channels of turbine blades of modern gas turbine engines is one of the most complex processes in their manufacture and repair. At the manufacturing stage, the cleaning process is necessary to remove microparticles of ceramics and cutting chip that are produced during the formation of the output edges of the cooling.

ЎЗБЕКИСТОН ССРДА СУДЛАР ТОМОНИДАН МЕҲНАТ НИЗОЛАРИНИНГ КЎРИБ ЧИҚИЛИШИ (26.06.1940 йил фармони мисолида)

Using the example of the Uzbek SSR, this article reveals the process of militarization of enterprises and institutions on the eve of the attack of Fascist Germany on the Soviet Union, restrictions on the constitutional right of citizens to freely choose a profession and work, cruel exploitation of the population and the use of tens of thousands of prisoners aslabor by the despotic Soviet regime. The article also highlights the emergence of judges as victims of repression, the strengthening of party and state control over the judicial system based on archival sources.Index Terms:People's Commissariat of Justice, Supreme Court of the Uzbek SSR, people's Court, judge, investigation, sentence, prison, correctional labor, fine, working week, labor discipline, prisoner, military enterprises, decree

A simple and effective assembly sequence design method

Assembly sequence design is a very complex problem in military enterprises due to the particularity of the military industry and the batch production. This paper proposed a method based on the existing expert knowledge and experience used to plan the assembly sequence. The method of assembly sequence design method is quantitative calculated based on five indexes, including assembly element benchmark index, assembly adjacency index, assembly process complexity index, assembly accuracy index, symmetry index of assembly primitives. And then construct geometric interference matrix to analyze the geometric feasibility of the assembly sequence. Finally, the procedure of assembly process sequence planning of flat-plate fuze is taken as an example to verify the effectiveness of this method. This method is suitable for the assemblies with less number of parts. It has been proved that this method based on the existing expert knowledge and experience, can quickly plan the assembly process sequence of parts.

Livonian Mercenary Warfare and Fiscal Responses to the Military Crisis of 1558–1561

AbstractIvan the Terrible's 1558 invasion of Livonia plunged the eastern Baltic into military crisis. The ensuing conflict has most often been examined in terms of competition between the burgeoning powers that, by 1561, had occupied and partitioned the territories of the Livonian Confederation. The present study instead explores the fiscal and military responses of the Livonians themselves. An institutional approach to the dissolution of Old Livonia is eschewed in favor of one that foregrounds shifting networks of regional power holders endeavoring to defend their interests against a messy backdrop of mercenary warfare, military enterprise, factional rivalry, personal ambition, ad hoc negotiation, and desperate expediency. The Livonian experience reveals much about the struggles of small European polities and regional elites faced with the escalating financial demands of warfare in an age of emerging states.

Improvement of the mechanism for managing the investment activities of an industrial concern

Competitive development of enterprises of the military industrial complex is determined by the implementation of promising investment projects. Amid a global reduction in military spending, military industrial enterprises need to improve their investment performance. This can be achieved due to a combination of factors, the strategic orientation of investment projects to the target guidelines for the organization’s activities being the most important of them. In this regard, the issue of creating an efficient system for managing the investment activities of an enterprise becomes urgent, because such system would contribute to the strategic focus of the ongoing investment projects and efficiently and quickly meet modern challenges. An economic mechanism for managing investment activities and special business processes, as well as procedures for the development and implementation of investment projects and programs by the life cycle stages described through algorithms have been developed for this purpose based on L. Hurwitz's theory of economic mechanisms. The strategic analysis of the activities of a Russian military industrial concern has allowed to formulate the concept of managing the entire concern and to determine the principles, methods, and tools of the business process. Improving the system for managing a set of projects as part of implementing the strategic objectives of the concern has required to improve, streamline, and unify the entire strategic management toolkit in order to increase the investment performance, with due consideration of the role models of responsibility centers and the current legislation. The automated information systems for strategic development and investment project management have been designed based on the outcomes of the research.

Variable investment strategies for Chinese listed military enterprises: an empirical study based on double-market network analysis

ABSTRACT As one of the industries that have been developing fast in the last few decades, it is found that the Chinese military industry presents a rapid growth in production market, while an opposite one in stock market. It is worth investing in the Chinese listed military enterprises which are stepping at a prosperous stage. However, how to reasonably select and invest them based on the ‘poor’ stock performance? To address this issue, this paper first proposes the multiple double-market networks and further derives the sealed and the open double-market network models. The disturbance analysis is carried out taking the military expenditure as the exogenous disturbance. Furthermore, the whole military industry and the individual listed military enterprises in China are empirically investigated. After that, the efficient, the inefficient, the relatively stable and the disturbed military enterprises can be recognized based on their network efficiency values. Moreover, a time-lag effect is found. A sharp increment of military expenditure may lead to the improvement of overall performance in the next year. Based on this, we give the variable investment strategies for investors to select the network efficient listed military enterprises and help them cope with the sharp changes of military expenditure.

SYDNEY'S SCIENTIFIC BEGINNINGS: WILLIAM DAWES' OBSERVATORIES IN CONTEXT

The voyage of the 'First Fleet' from Britain to the new colony of New South Wales was not only a military enterprise, it also had a distinct scientific purpose. Britain's fifth Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne, had selected William Dawes, a promising young Marine with a propensity for astronomical observations, as his protégé. Maskelyne convinced the British Board of Longitude to supply Dawes with a suite of state-of-the-art instruments and allow the young Marine to establish an observatory in the new settlement. The Astronomer Royal may have had a dual motivation, one driven by strategic national interests combined with a personal investment linked to the suggested re-appearance of a comet in the southern sky. With the unexpected assistance of the French Lapérouse expedition, between 1788 and 1791 Dawes established not one but two observatories within a kilometre of Sydney's present-day city centre. Motivated by persisting confusion in the literature, we explore the historical record to narrow down the precise location of Dawes' observatories. We conclude that the memorial plaque attached to Sydney Harbour Bridge indicates an incorrect location. Overwhelming evidence in the form of contemporary maps, charts and pictorial representations implies that Dawes' observatory was located on the northeastern tip of the promontory presently known as The Rocks (formerly Dawes' Point), with any remains having vanished during the construction of the Harbour Bridge in the 1920s and 1930s.

Causes and Solutions: Corruption in Chinese Military Enterprises

Causes and Solutions: Corruption in Chinese Military Enterprises

Нормативно-правовое регулирование жизнедеятельности работников военно-промышленных предприятий России во второй половине XIX — начале XX в.

On the basis of historical documents that were not previously introduced into a wide scientific circulation, the features of the normative legal regulation of the life of workers of military-industrial enterprises (arsenals and factories) of Russia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries are reconstructed. The dependence of the social relations considered in the article on the development of civil and military legislation of the Russian Empire is shown. The publication found that the legal regulation sought to cover most aspects of the life of workers in military enterprises. The military authorities gave legislative incentives to impeccable and high-quality work, designated socio-economic guarantees for workers in the event of injury, injury or retirement. The corresponding punitive norms of the military legislation were applied to the workers of the military-industrial enterprises who were careless about the case, and sometimes committing antisocial actions. In general, civil and military legislation were harmoniously combined and successfully regulated the life of workers of military-industrial enterprises of Russia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. Effective legislative regulation helped boost productivity in military factories and arsenals, and ultimately ensured the strength of domestic weapons and increased Russia’s national security.

A comparative analysis of the corporate culture of foreign and Russian military-industrial complex enterprises

Subject. The military-industrial complex is a fundamental industry of the Russian economy. On the one hand, it ensures the national security, and, on the other hand, makes the military-industrial enterprises implement the culture, which is loyal to the State and society, being driven by sanctions and internal factors. Objectives. We herein conduct the comparative analysis of the corporate culture practices in Russia and leading countries exporting weapons in order to identify applications and concepts that exist in Russia. Methods. The study relies upon such methods as dialectical, structural analysis, traditional techniques for economic analysis and synthesis, and the modeling method. Results. We conducted the comparative analysis of the way the corporate culture of military enterprises evolves in Russia. We review global practices of using the model in the largest military corporations, discovered their similarities and differences of the applicable directions and concepts. Conclusions and Relevance. The human rights protection policy, corruption counteraction policy, discrimination counteraction, protection of information and assets, insider risk counteraction are implemented in a common and versatile manner. These approaches are used by major corporations in the USA, EU, United Kingdom and Russia. In the mean time, the Russian companies do not focus on special rights of minorities and inclusivity, which are so popular in the USA, EU, and the Commonwealth of States.