Military Enterprise Research Articles

Nuovi dati sul popolamento nella pianura di Tarquinia durante la romanizzazione. Il caso della località "Il Giglio"

During works for a communal athletic-ground at Tarquinia in the district “Il Giglio”, which took place between 2000 and 2001, some slight remains of ancient structures of the Late-Republican and Early-Imperial Age were accidentally discovered. The Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Etruria Meridionale then undertook extensive excavations, documenting a farm and an interesting hydraulic system, part of which had already been found not far from there, at Tarquinia in the district “Gabelletta”. The part of the plain of Tarquinia that is located at the foot of the hill, where Corneto was later established in the Middle Ages, was intensively cultivated with a drainage system and very extensive canalizations, because of the natural fertility of the soil and the richness of water-supplies in this region. It is thus likely that the flax for which Tarquinia was famous in antiquity was cultivated in these fields, and that, towards the end of the second Punic War, this farmland supplied Rome with the flax to make the sails destined for the military enterprise.

Zooplankton abundance and biomass dynamics in the Kola Bay (Barents Sea)

318 The Kola Bay is the largest fjord of the Barents Sea. The large size of the bay and heterogeneous bottom relief, hydrological conditions, and runoff determine differences between different parts of the ecotope of the bay. The first hydrobiological studies in the Kola Bay were carried out in the early 20th century [2]. After that, there were no regular studies on the biota of this water area until the 1990s. At present, public services and industrial and military enterprises exert a strong impact on the Kola Bay [3]. Apparently, estimation of the state of the bay requires data on the key functional characteristics of its main components. Zooplankton plays a special role in marine biocenoses, serving as the main intermediate between microalgae (phytoplankton) and higher trophic levels. The main parameters reflecting the state of planktonic communities are their taxonomic composition, abundance of organisms, and biomass. The purpose of this study was to describe seasonal and annual oscillations of the quantitative parameters of zooplankton in the Kola Bay. Samples of mesozooplankton collected during expeditions of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute in 2001‐2005 (Fig. 1) and data from the archives of the institute served as the material for the study. A standard Juday net (mouth area, 0.1 m 2 ; mesh size, 168 µ m) was used for sampling. Trawling was carried out in the 100-m layer or from the surface to the bottom. Formaldehyde (40%) was used for preservation of the material. Simultaneously, we measured the temperature and salinity of the surface level of water by means of a CTD profiler. The zooplankton samples were treated by standard methods [6]. The aquatic area of the Kola Bay is conventionally divided into three parts differing from one another in morphometric parameters and the biological conditions of the pelagial: the southern, middle, and northern bends. Figure 2 shows the seasonal abundance and biomass dynamics in different parts of the bay.

Being there: war, women and lantern slides

The construction of the wartime gaze in New Zealand during World War One was an exceptionally complex process. Technological advances, the surveillance needs of the military enterprise, the restoration of the wounded and the desire of the public to see war photography ensured that photography was used in diverse and contradictory ways for a number of wartime audiences. The purpose of this article is to examine one ‘forgotten’ photographic practice, the Dunedin Photographic Society lantern-slide initiative, part of an ambitious attempt to serve the living. If we widen our field of vision to include a range of overlooked photographic practices, and if we appraise the uses of photographic material between both the home front and the frontline, as well as the domestic and public spheres, we can pinpoint a pivotal intersection between the history of photography in New Zealand and the creation of wartime photographic memories. And yet the lantern-slide example and its subsequent disappearance points to the difficulties involved in researching and discussing vernacular photographies in material as well as theoretical terms. The historical dilemma is almost insuperable. As one technology supplants another, the technologies that underpinned older photographic practices are abandoned and almost impossible to retrieve.

Major Failures of Process and Judgment: National Security Policy Making in the Bush Administration

The failures of process and judgment that help explain the war in Iraq are varied. Established patterns of policy making were overshadowed by mechanisms operating outside the formal system, notably by Vice President Richard Chaney. Also, an arrogant defense secretary overpowered senior military officers as well as the Department of State and its secretary. While it is difficult for Congress to constrain a president once a major military enterprise has been approved, Congress has been even more compliant that usual in this case. There are no panaceas, but manageable changes can strengthen the system and make another Iraq far less likely. The roles of the secretary of state and national security adviser need to be strengthened, and career military officers and civil servants must be encouraged and supported in their efforts to offer independent views to the political leadership. Most important is a policy environment open to varied perspectives rather than driven by narrow dogma.

Efficiencies from knowledge management technologies in a military enterprise

PurposeThe debate about the differences between government, commercial and military knowledge management initiatives continues. Many consultants and vendors posit that the different objectives of government, military and commercial organizations require different philosophies, methodologies and technologies to achieve success. Many agree that technology is not the most important element of knowledge integration. However, they also agree that knowledge management technologies can enable knowledge integration and contribute to efficiencies in organizations. This study provides empirical research to contribute to this theoretical and practical discussion.Design/methodology/approachThis study explores the perceived differences of the impact of knowledge management technologies between commercial, military and government users. Analysis of variance is used to compare means of responses among the three groups. This study applies hypothesis testing through a case study of an enterprise in the military sector, the United States Department of the Navy's (DON) Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR).FindingsThe primary conclusion of this study is that there is a significant difference in expectations among contractors, government civilian and uniform military knowledge workers on expected efficiencies from KMTs. Contractors and uniform military have similar expectations. Government civilians have significantly lower expectations. Contractors have the highest expectations from KMTs.Research limitations/implicationsThere are a few studies that compare government and commercial sector knowledge management expectations and practices. In addition, case studies and anecdotal data provided by vendors and consultants communicate the value of knowledge management technologies. Still there is a need to grow the body of knowledge on the impact of KMTs on efficiency. To that end there is a growing commitment to empirical and conceptual research by scholars in knowledge management.Practical implicationsImplications for scholars and practitioners are posited.Originality/valueThere is still a lack of empirical research on the impact of knowledge management technologies on competitive advantage in government organizations. This study adds to understanding of this area of research.

Only Connect: The Rise and Rise (and Fall?) of Atlantic History

July/August 2006 Historically Speaking 19 eral-purpose technologies necessary to sustain rates of productivity and economic growth comparable to those achieved during the early post-World War II decades and again during the information technology bubble that began in the early 1990s. I have also argued that the defense efforts and wars in which we have been engaged in the late 20th and early 21st centuries —and in which we are likely to be engaged for the next several decades—are unlikely to induce the development of new general-purpose technologies. The ability of the United States to sustain rapid productivity and economic growth in the future will require the design and implementation of civil institutions capable of mobilizing the necessary scientific, technical, and financial resources. As of yet, however, the United States has demonstrated little capacity to mobilize and direct public resources for the generation of new commercial general-purpose technologies . Unless it does so, I am forced to conclude that when the history of American technology development in the next several decades is eventually written, it will be written in the context of slower productivity and economic growth than the relativelyhigh rates that prevailed in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s and during the productivity bubble that began during the early 1990s. Vernon W. Ruttan is RegentsProfessorEmeritus in the departmentof appliedeconomicsandin the department of economics, andadjunctprofessorin the HubertH HumphreyInstitute of PublicAffairs, University of Minnesota. He is the authorofIs War Necessary for Economic Growth? Military Procurement and Technology Development (Oxford University Press, 2006). He has been electedaYellowof the AmericanAcademy of Arts and Saences and to membership in the NationalAcademy of Sciences. 1 Waldemar W Kaempffert, "War and Technology," AmericanJournalof Sociology 46 (1941): 431-444. 2 Nathan Rosenberg, Technology andAmerican Economic Growth (Harper and Row, 1972); Merritt Roe Smith, Harpers FerryArmory andtheNew Technology (Cornell University Press, 1977). '' ThomasJ. Misa, "Military Needs, Commercial Realities and the Development of the Transistor, 1948-1958," in Merritt Roe Smith, ed., Military Enterprise and TechnologicalChange: Perspectives on the American Experience (MIT Press, 1966), 253-288. ' For the best single account of the development of the Internet see Thomas P. Hughes, RescuingPrometheus (Pantheon, 1998). Only Connect: The Rise and Rise (and Fall?) of Atlantic History Trevor Burnard Stocks in Atlantic history are high. "We are all Atlanticists now," declares David Armitage with blithe disregard for the perils of hubris. The topic has developed the type of institutional apparatus that signals it is more than a passing fancy. Courses on "The Atlantic World" abound; positions in Atlantic history have been advertised at an increasing number of institutions; and postgraduate programs for Atlantic history specialists are now appearing . Atlantic historians gather at conferences at exotic locations around the world; research centers with an Atlantic focus are created every year; and funding opportunities to do Atlantic history are becoming more frequent. Perhaps most telling, major universities , research libraries, and scholarly organizations have begun to treat Atlantic history as a subfield, making it possible for a cadre of historians to advance their careers, meet lots of agreeable people who share their own predilections in interesting and stimulating places, and network through joint participation in seminars and fellowships. The Atlantic way allows budding historians a multitude of new research and job opportunities . This is a remarkable turnabout, considering the dim prospects facing English-speaking historians of the early modern era in the late 1970s. Waterfront view of Bridgetown, Barbados, 1695. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [reproduction number LCUSZ62 -1 24469]. For a graduate student in early American history, topics and areas that had previously been at the cutting edge of scholarship were now passé. The scholarship of the 1960s and 1970s led away from a broadening vision. The work of scholars influenced by the Annales school was extraordinary , ushering in a golden age of scholarship. But a major failure of social history in all its multitudinous varieties was a loss of focus. Historians concentrated so intently on the details of small-scale communities that, as Bernard Bailyn put it in an extremely influential 1982 jeremiad , previously "discrete and easily controllable" fields of knowledge had become "boundless" and "incomprehensible," the "wider boundaries" unclear. Historians coming into graduate...

Imágenes recientes de la "Conquista del Desierto". Problemas de la memoria en la impugnación de un mito de origen

This article refers to the problem of political memory in Argentina through recent controversial interventions of the narrative about the so-called The Conquest ofthe Desert, the military enterprise that resulted in the domination of indigenous people in Patagonia in 1879. These interventions, that range from a public space takeover —on allegorical monuments- to some works of visual artists, make reference to the last military dictatorship as well as to some recent political facts in Argentina. The case is analyzed as the process of transformation of one of the civilizing narratives of modem Argentina that placed the military figure in its center. This figure starts to be displaced by the critical discourse about the violation of human rights perpetrated by last dictatorship (1976-1983) and, therefore, it modifies the hegemonic discourse of the national genealogy established by conservative traditions in our country.

The Business of Civil War: Military Enterprise, the State, and Political Economy in the United States, 1850–1880

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The Business of Civil War: Military Enterprise, the State, and Political Economy in the United States, 1850–1880

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The post-war American technological development as a military enterprise

This paper argues that the basic industrial innovations that shaped the modern American technology was conceptualised and developed as a military enterprise. The ‘military–industrial–academic’ complex created a scientific‐driven process of innovation aimed simultaneously to win the cold war against the Soviet Union, to push the science frontier and to consolidate the American leadership in the world. After the collapse of the Soviet Union new initiatives and conceptions about future wars were formulated. The terrorist attack of September 11 gave a special momentum to new military questions that seem to be pushing again the American science for a new wave of industrial innovations

Military-Industrial Relations in Imperial Germany, 1870-1914

This article examines both the structure of the German armament industry and military-industrial relations in imperial Germany. As in other European countries, before 1914 the structure of the armament industry was mixed: state arsenals and naval dockyards on the one hand and private enterprises on the other hand supplied the armed forces with rifles, guns, and naval vessels. The relationship between the military and private enterprises, of which the Essen firm of Krupp was the most important one, was never really smooth. Whereas armaments were of little importance from a macroeconomic point of view, armament firms such as Krupp did, however, benefit from both the production and, especially, the export of arms, which was supported by the government in order to keep up a modern arms industry and to increase its influence in foreign countries.

Le trésor de « Délos 1905 » (RRCH 465)

Summary. — The hoard was unearthed in 1905 during the excavations of the French School in a house near the theatre on Delos. It consisted of 650 coins, one of them of Juba I, while the rest were Roman denarii. The Roman pieces can be divided in two groups, the first with denarii of Republican monetales, dated from 147 to 40, and the second, more numerous, with 604 coins, issued for the legions of Marc Antony. This group provides the dating of the hoard to the period of the battle of Actium. The Delos hoard can be compared with other finds from the Actium area itself and Euboea (Styrra) which show the same composition. Such hoards are rare in Greece (in total, four) and must be closely connected to the movements of Antony's army in the aftermath of the naval battle. The composition of these hoards reminds us of another group consisting of Roman coins alone which have been found for the most part in the region of Macedonia. The deposition of all of them can be dated to particular military events, dating from 54 to 42 B.C., and they all consist of a very large number of denarii issued within the span of a century. The same conclusions can be drawn concerning the Macedonia and Actian finds. The denarii, coming to Greece in the hands of the Roman soldiers, went into everyday circulation through local trade and were then gathered by the local authorities in order to fulfil their obligations toward the state. In turn, Rome paid them back in order to finance her subsequent military enterprise. Thus, we find only a very small number of denarii of this period in local circulation.

Richelieu's Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624-1642

Acknowledgements Introduction: war, government and society in France, 1624-1642 Part I. The Military Context: 1. The French art of war during Richelieu's ministry 2. France at war, 1624-1642 3. The size of the French army Part II. The Administrative Context: 4. Paying for war 5. Recruiting and maintaining armies during the Thirty Years War: military enterprise 6. The French rejection of entrepreneurship 7. The civil administration of the army: the structures Part III. Responses and Reactions: 8. The management of the war effort, 1635-1642: commissaires de guerres and intendants 9. The ministry and the high command 10. The army and the civilian population Conclusion Bibliography Index.

Moving horizon Nash strategies for a military air operation

Dynamic game theory has recently received considerable attention as a possible technology for formulating control actions for decision makers in an extended complex enterprise that involves an adversary. Examples of such enterprises are very common in military operations. Enterprises of this type are typically modeled by a highly nonlinear discrete time dynamic system whose state is controlled by two teams of decision makers each with a different objective function and possibly with a different hierarchy of decision making. Because of the complexity of such systems, the traditional solutions from dynamic game theory that involve optimizing objective functions over the entire time horizon of the system are computationally extremely difficult, if not impossible, to derive. We discuss a solution approach where at each step the controllers limit the computation of their actions to a short time horizon that may involve only the next few time steps. This moving horizon solution, although suboptimal in the global sense, is very useful in taking into account the possible near-term control actions of the adversary. To illustrate this solution methodology, we consider an example of an extended military enterprise that involves two opposing forces engaged in a battle.

Introduction: Framing the Asia Pacific War with an Even Hand

AbstractThe powerful hold the glory of war has on the human imagination is good news for book publishers, filmmakers, and creators of video games—not to mention those invested in military enterprises whose vastness lies almost beyond comprehension. They enjoy economic, political, and cultural markets that seem only to expand with the passing of time. For the purposes of this special issue, that steady and expanding market is bad news because our hope is that governments and people in general will learn from the lessons of war and spend less time on the glory of its violence. We aspire to work with an even hand and begin with an awareness just how blinded we can be by human nature to the realities and memories of war of .the other side.. We also believe that including more attention to the human dimensions of war in our teaching and writing—while placed within the familiar military and historical contexts—will soften the powerful hold that war has on the way we see ourselves and others. The selected letters and diaries introduced in this special issue are offered as a starting point and framework to do just that.

The Extensive Side of Nineteenth-Century Military Economy: The Tent Industry in the Northern United States during the Civil War

Because most histories of military-industrial relations have rested on the examples of arms production and shipbuilding, balanced accounts of military procurement and technologies during the nineteenth century are difficult to find. In fact, weapons and ships accounted for a relatively small fraction of all the goods and services consumed by nineteenth-century armed forces. This article, which describes the tent industry in the United States during the Civil War, suggests that many military enterprises of the period were characterized by an industrial dynamic that was relatively extensive rather than intensive. In the U.S. tent industry, the leading military contractors were mercantile firms, which stood at the center of disintegrated production and distribution networks. Featuring relatively low-capital production arrangements, large numbers of women workers, and powerful mercantile intermediaries who linked manufacturers and army purchasing agents, the Civil War tent business is an example that challenges traditional accounts of the economic foundations of nineteenth-century military capability.

Les Cortes en temps de guerre—une médiation interactive entre le roi et les corps sociaux du royaume de Portugal aux XIVe et XVe siècles

SUMMARY In this article, Maria Helena da Cruz Coelho shows how the pressure put on the Crown by the endemic state of war in later medieval Portugal advanced the regular participation of the Cortes in public affairs. The article establishes the almost unbroken series of wars, external and internal, which arose from dynastic competition with the other Iberian monarchies, the ongoing wars between England and France and the beginnings of Portuguese colonial expansion into Morocco and the Azores. The effects of royal demands for money and manpower on the communities are analysed and their reflection in the agendas of the sessions of the Cortes, where military-financial issues predominated, is noted. These pressures thrust the Third Estate into a leading position, since it represented the ruling oligarchies of the urban communities, which generated much of the revenues and manpower. The analysis of the records of the Cortes shows how a strong royal administration was enabled to function through a continuous process of negotiation with the Estates, which made the urban oligarchies partners in government, and enabled them to protect their group interests, as the price of their support for the ongoing military enterprises of the monarchy.

John Alexander Simpson

3 NOVEMBER 1916 * 31 AUGUST 2000 JOHN SIMPSON was an experimental physicist whose broad view of science, education, and the politics of nuclear energy played a significant role in those activities throughout the second half of the twentieth century. He worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II and was a founding member and the first chairman of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago, formally established 7 August 1945, the day after the atomic (nuclear) bomb burst at Hiroshima. This activity led to his participation in setting up the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists the same year, with its familiar doomsday clock on the cover to show the estimated risk of nuclear annihilation during the cold war at any given time. Over the years the articles published in the Bulletin tracked the military and political implications of the bomb, commenting on possible rational courses of action. It was widely read and served as a guiding light through the long years of darkness. Henry Luce was so impressed with the concept of the Bulletin that he provided the Atomic Scientists of Chicago with two full pages in the 25 October 1945 issue of Life magazine to expound a reasoned argument presenting their case. Simpson joined the faculty of the University of Chicago in 1945 as an instructor in the physics department and immediately took leave of absence to work as an unofficial adviser to Senator Brian McMahon of Connecticut, an association leading to the McMahon Act of 1946, which placed nuclear energy in civilian hands, rather than leaving it as a military enterprise. The McMahon Act was a fundamental step in the history of governmental administration of nuclear energy. Simpson was continually aware of the future implications of the activities of the present. His efforts concerning the handling of nuclear energy were a direct consequence of this world view, and the ongoing success of his scientific work reflected it. He was a booster of his students and his colleagues and of the University of Chicago, and he would urge people to think about what they wanted to be doing ten years in the future in order to lay plans for getting there. He brought the present writer and others to Chicago and nurtured them through the fledgling years of their careers. When Simpson was appointed to the Compton Chair in physics in 1974 he used the funds that came with the chair to establish the Compton Lectures for the public. Junior staff members are honored by appointment as Compton Lecturer for a quarter. It is a substantial responsibility, and the lectures are inevitably excellent, with gratifying public response. In 1982 he established the Space Science Working Group in Washington, D.C., so that the space science laboratories around the country could communicate more effectively with NASA and Congress. He was the first chairman of the group, which came to be a useful means of conversing with the government. Simpson applied the same visionary approach to his scientific research, looking ahead even as he was in the midst of a scientific success arising from earlier planning. He took up his position as an active faculty member in the physics department at the University of Chicago in 1946, and became intrigued by Scott Forbush's discovery of modest time variations of cosmic rays. Cosmic rays had been studied since their existence was established in 1912. It was shown in 1929 that they are particles, rather than rays of some sort, and during the postwar years that they are made up of protons with a small number of heavier nuclei, all traveling at nearly the speed of light. They have tremendous energies, and they penetrate into the atmosphere, where they make hard collisions with the nuclei of the atoms of air, producing an energetic spray of downward-moving protons, neutrons, mesons, electrons, positrons, and gamma rays-cosmic shrapnel. At the bottom of the atmosphere mu mesons streak through the air, knocking out occasional electrons to create positive and negative ions. …

Regularization and the Chinese People's Liberation Army: An Assessment of Change

Over the past 20 years, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) has been creating and expanding a set of legal norms and regulations designed to improve the administration, supervision, and overall quality of the Chinese armed forces. The pace of change has accelerated recently with the issuing of new and revised combat regulations for the PLA in 1999 and the transfer of most military enterprises to civilian control. Accordingly, an assessment of the regularization achieved to date can provide an important framework for the ongoing debate about the state of professionalization within the PLA and the army's role within the Chinese political system. This article primarily will focus on the attempts to develop and implement a comprehensive set of norms and legal code to standardize such basic elements of the military as doctrine, training, military administration, operational codes, and norms and standards of military discipline necessary to carry out all of the above.1

The Business Operations of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army

Intended to lighten the burden on the national budget, military enterprises spawned corruption and sapped military discipline. But who will pay the soldiers now?