Military Detachments Research Articles

Рассказ Ремезовской летописи «О древнем пророчестве» в контексте идеологических построений русских книжников

The purpose of the study: To demonstrate the ideological justification for the annexation of Siberia to Russia in the story of the Remezov Chronicle, “On the Ancient Prophecy”, associated both with the traditional motive of revenge for violation of borders by the Tatars, and with fundamentally new reasoning that corresponds to the historical situation of the late 17th century. Research materials: Siberian chronicles of the 17th century: Esipov Chronicle, Stroganov Chronicle, Remezov Chronicle. The main place is occupied by the story found in the Remezov Chronicle about the “Ancient prophecy”. Results and novelty of the research: Russia’s advance into Siberia in the 17th century had pragmatic economic grounds, but the Siberian chronicles were obliged to have shown other, more sublime reasons. The first Siberian chronicles believed that the reasons for Russian successes were Divine Providence, and the invasion of military detachments was associated with the need to conduct missionary work. But only the Remezov Chronicle of the late 17th century first offered the reader logical reasons for the need to conquer the vast, rich lands of Siberia. Without denying the factor of Divine agency, there was a traditional motive of revenge on the Tatars for violating sacred borders during the invasion of the 13th century. The Russians took revenge for the Tatar yoke. This idea of sacred boundaries is very early for Russian literature. The destruction of the Siberian kingdom of Kuchum by the Cossacks was a logical aim in Moscow’s fight against the Horde. The original idea was mainly framed as the need to conquer Siberia to prevent a new Mongol-Tatar invasion.

Цинский фронтир казахов: Средний и Старший жузы между двумя империями во второй половине XVIII – первой половины XIX века

The article deals with the history of cross-border interaction between the Qazaqs of the Middle and Senior Zhuzes, or Hordes, and the Chinese Qing Empire in the second half of the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries. Based on archival and published materials, as well as previously conducted research, the policy of the Qing Empire towards the Qazaqs is highlighted. The Qing Empire approached the borders of the Qazaq Zhuzes after it destroyed the Dzungar Kaganate and seized its territories. The eastern pasture areas of the Qazaqs, previously captured by the Dzungars, now were in the possession of China, which sought to establish its control over them. The Chinese authorities tried to prevent the relocation of the Qazaqs to the former Dzungarian territories, repeatedly sending special military detachments against them, but after the withdrawal of the Chinese troops, the Qazaqs used to return to these nomadic areas. These "territorial disputes" contributed to the establishment of contacts between the two countries. The conquest of the Qazaq Khanate was not the goal of the Qing Empire; it was content with recognizing the formal vassalage of the Qazaqs. In the first half of the 19th century, the Qazaqs of the Middle and Senior Zhuzes were relatively independent from the Qing Empire. Unlike the Russian Empire and the Khanate of Kokand, the Qing Empire at that time was the only state interested in preserving the Qazaq statehood; Qing tried not to interfere in the internal political life of the Qazaqs. The article examines the development of diplomatic and trade relations of the Qing Empire with Abylai Khan and his descendants and gives an analysis of archival documents reflecting the confrontation between Russia and China for political supremacy in the Qazaq Steppe. The inclusion of the Qazaq lands in the Russian Empire has been studied.

"FIRST PRECEDENT": OSSETIANS IN THE RUSSIANTURKISH WARS OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

The article examines the multifaceted process of voluntary entry of Ossetia into the Russian state. Based on numerous archival sources, the author concludes that the annexation of Ossetia to Russia was the only possible positive vector of development for it. At an early stage in the formation of Russian-Ossetian relations in the second half of the 18th century, cooperation in the military sphere was especially fruitful. During the Seven Years' War in 1760, by decree of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, a detachment was formed from the Caucasian highlanders, among whom were Ossetians. In 1763, in Mozdok, a mountain team of ―Mozdok Cossack Brothers‖ was formed from Ossetians and baptized Circassians, numbering 214 people. A significant military detachment of Ossetians as part of the regular units of the Russian army took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Caucasian squadron was formed in St. Petersburg, in which, along with other highlanders, there were Ossetians. In 1828, on the initiative of the Ossetians themselves, a military detachment was formed, the members of which heroically proved themselves during the Russian-Turkish war. The creation of the Ossetian military detachment was the first event of its kind in the Caucasus, which makes this fact of particular importance in the context of the entire history of Russian-Caucasian relations.

Rethinking Igor Stravinsky historically and theoretically — III

The article is a continuation of the author’s reflections on the phenomenon of musical polymorphism (the beginning is in Vol. 124, 2019; the continuation is in Vol. 128, 2020). Stravinsky’s use of the environment, space, motion, dissonance, and Janus morphemes is considered as his inheritance from a tradition dating back to the work of his great predecessors. The musical tableau Sadko by RimskyKorsakov, the introduction Dawn on the Moscow River to Mussorgsky’s Khovanshchina, and Borodin’s symphonic poem In the Steppes of Central Asia are a clear confirmation of this. In Sadko Rimsky-Korsakov reveals himself as the founder of musical polymorphism. The multi-element polymorphism of Mussorgsky’s Dawn on the Moscow River forms the basis of the first tableau in Stravinsky’s Petrushka. In the Steppes of Central Asia is an example of a multi-elemental, polymorphic structure, recreated outside an existing object: a native caravan crossing the desert, guarded by a Russian military detachment. Its stereophonic nature appears in the displacement of the textural elements to the rear and the foreground, their spatial compression or expansion, changes to the acoustic volume, sound coloration. Introductory violins octave unison in In the Steppes of Central Asia displays its hidden timbre-polyphonic nature. In the historical perspective, this compositional discovery by Borodin foreshadows a similar approach in Stravinsky’s musical language. The timbrical layering of the unison can be traced in Dances of the Young Girls from The Rite of Spring, The Lullaby in the Storm from The Fairy’s Kiss. The rhythmic ostinato features of Rimsky-Korsakov’s and Borodin’s scores are developed by Stravinsky to the elaborated part of his musical language. The structures with more or less constant, exact repetitions are used in The Rite of Spring, Three Tales for Children, Three Pieces for String Quartet, The Soldier’s Tale, The Wedding, Symphony of Psalms.

Осада Далматовского монастыря во время крестьянских волнений 1842 г.

The article deals the peasant unrest of 1842–1843, known as the potato riots. The epicenter of the riots of 1842 was in the Trans-Ural uezdes (districts) of the Perm Governorate (Kamyshlovsky and Shadrinsky). The peasants seized the volost boards and churches, demanded from the rural authorities and the clergy to issue them a "sales charter", according to which they were transferred to serfs. Fearing the anger of the crowd, several country authorities fled to the Dalmatov Dormition Monastery to find refuge outside its walls. However, peasants from the surrounding villages began to gather in the town of Dalmatovo, they captured the Dalmatian volost head and the clerk and demanded that they be given a "sales charter" under the threat of torture. At this time, the treasurer of the monastery, Hieromonk Nicholas, ordered the gates of the monastery to be locked and threatened the rebels that he would fire a cannon. Then, as part of a religious procession, he proceeded to the volost administration house and freed the captive country authorities. After that, he, not meeting resistance, returned with them to the monastery. These events were portrayed by some Soviet historians, such as Nicolay Druzhinin, Sergey Tokarev, as a heroic siege of the Dalmatov monastery. However, an analysis of archived and published sources demonstrates that there was no siege in fact, the peasants were not going to seize the monastery and did not interfere with the movement from it, and the firing from the monastery was carried out with blank charges. When the military detachments arrived the next day, most of the peasants fled, several dozen were arrested without resistance and put on trial. Thus, we are dealing with a historiographical myth based on soviet ideology and an uncritical attitude towards the sources and works of other historians.

The Brigade of the Great Hungarian Plain The crimes of the most notorious military detachment during the wave of paramilitary violence called the Hungarian White Terror in 1919–1921, and the further life of a radical right-wing paramilitary commander

In 1919–1920s, paramilitary violence was an almost natural phenomenon in Hungary, like in many other countries of Central Europe. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire the new right-wing government, establishing its power with the help of the Entente powers, could difficulty rule the quasi anarchistic conditions. In 1919–1921, Hungary was terrorized by irregular military formations that were formally part of the National Army, and radical right-wing soldiers committed serious crimes frequently by anti-Semitic motivations. One of the most notorious military detachment was organised by young first lieutenant of the Air Force Iván Héjjas, who, with the help of his armed militiamen, abusing the anarchistic conditions due to civil war, build up his own quasi private state in the town of Kecskemét and in its neighbourhood, the Great Hungarian Plain. His rule lasted for two years, his subordinates murdered and/or robbed hundreds of people, mainly of Jewish origin, but later they were given amnesty. Héjjas later became an influential radical right-wing politician of the Hungarian political scene in the period between the two world wars. The present research article makes an attempt to reconstruct the wave of paramilitary violence of Iván Héjjas’s detachment, and also examines of the further life of a used-to-be radical right-wing paramilitary commander and politician who gradually became member of the Hungarian political elite, despite his notorious past.

West Alash and its role on the way to the idea of the Kazakh State

In the modern development of independent Kazakhstan, despite the global economic crisis, the pandemic, and other difficulties, scientists pay special attention to the problem of differentiation of the pages of our history that have not yet been opened and thoroughly studied. And particular importance among them is attached to famine in Kazakhstan in the 1920s and 1930s and the history of Alash Orda. In connection with the new requirements for the social sciences and increased access to previously closed archival documents, historians make a significant contribution to the elimination of «white spots» in the history of Kazakhstan. In recent years, as a result of activities of the creative community of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the names of many social, political and cultural figures, unreasonably punished during the period of Stalin’s cult of personality, have been returned. The leaders of the national movement in the early 20th century were the leaders of Alash Odra, who defended justice, equality, and national statehood in the Kazakh steppe. The main goals of the Alash movement were the following: preservation of the Kazakh nation, ensuring its integrity, preventing its division into classes and groups; the revival of the Kazakh statehood; return of the seized lands of the Kazakh peasantry; establishment of complete equality of all the nations living in the territory of Kazakhstan; creation of a national military detachment, etc Complete and realistic reconstruction of the past history is one of the main tasks of historical sciences today, including the history of national movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries that occupies a significant place. This relates, first of all, to the Alash movement in Kazakhstan. In this article, the authors describe West Alash, which was Alash Orda’s part, and Zhahansha Dosmukhamedov, who was one of its leaders, and his hard work on the way to realizing all these goals.

От Уполномоченного императорского российского правительства в Монголии И. Я. Коростовца до Уполномоченного НКИД РСФСР в Монголии О. И. Макстенека: к 100-летию российско-монгольских дипломатических отношений

Introduction. An urgent issue of Mongolian studies today is the role of Russian-Mongolian diplomatic relations in promoting the statehood of Mongolia in the first quarter of the twentieth century. The revolutionalry movement in Inner Asia, in particular, and the social-political history of modern Mongolia, in general, are closely associated with the efforts of Russian diplomacy and, especially, with a number of diplomats who greatly contributed to the promotion of Mongolian direction of the Russian politics in the East. The aim of the present article is the study of the activities of Russian diplomats, namely I. Ya. Korostovets, the Plenipotentiary of the Imperial Russian Government in Mongolia, and O. I. Makstenek, the Representative of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR in Mongolia. Accordingly, the research has been conducted along the following lines: i) history of the issue, ii) examination of 1912 Russian-Mongolian agreement, iii) description of the events in Outer Mongolia between 1917 and 1920, and iv) analysis of Makstenek’s report as a source on the history of Mongolian Revolution of 1921 and the Soviet-Chinese relations. Conclusions.Both Korostovets, on behalf of the Russian Imperial Government, and Makstenek, on behalf of the RSFSR, played a significant role in establishing the regional system of international relations in the Baikal region. The 1912 Russian-Mongolian Agreement, which was in fact the result of Korostovets’ efforts, was instrumental in promoting Mongolia as a subject of international law and in initiating the movement of Mongolians to their de facto and de jure independence from China. Makstenek’s report shows much effort the Soviet diplomat took in preparing the Mongolian Revolution of 1921. Besides receiving and delegating Mongolian revolutionaries to Soviet Russia, taking an active part in preparations to the First Congress of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party and in the formation of military detachments of Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army, Makstenek conducted negotiations with the Chinese authorities in Urga and Maimachen, i.e. in fact initiated the diplomatic proceedings designed to prepare the presence of Soviet troops in Mongolia.

Болярството в българските земи под византийска власт (XI–XII в.)

During the Byzantine rule (11th – 12th c.) Bulgarian boyars retained a certain role in the rule of their native country. They had their own military detachments and felt full fledged masters in their own lands. Among the boyars there are representatives of the noble Bulgarian families – for example the family of the Kavkhans.

Пограничная армия поздней Римской империи в середине IV в. (на примере Исаврии и рейнской границы): к вопросу о методах размещения войсковых подразделений

Introduction. During the whole 4th c. the Late Roman frontier military units constantly took part in military campaigns against different enemies of the Empire, hovewer the author of this paper asks the question how precisely frontier military units managed their service, i.e. which functions they exercised and how they interacted to local civilian population of the province where they stood in. The author believes that a set of functions depended foremost on the location landscape. Methods and materials. The author applies the comparison approach, i.e. compares the peculiarities of two regions where the frontier armies stood: Isauria at the southeast of Asia Minor (mountain landscape) and Upper Germany at the Rhine frontier (mainly plain territory). The source accounts are “The Life of St. Conon of Isauria” (hagiography), an important inscription of Julian the Caesar (future Emperor Julian the Apostate) from Upper Germany (epigraphy) and the work of Ammianus Marcellinus “The Deeds” (Res gestae). Analysis. The author compares evidence on the military arrangement of two provinces and considers how their frontier units defended these lands from external and internal enemies, how they interacted to local population and how precisely they located in its forts. Conclusions. As a result the author concludes that the Roman administration could not place a large number of regular military units in Isauria, because this province had not enough fertile plain lands, this region suffered from the lack of food supply. The hard and cruel mountain landscape enforced to make the bands of irregular city militia – in the case of Isaurian assaults citizens formed military detachments, which were temporarily attached to regular units called vexillations. In contrast, at the Rhine frontier, where there were enough fertile flat lands, the Roman administration might place many regular units and, moreover, this region received detachments from expeditionary troops. In other words, the Roman administration had enough food supply to maintain a high number of regular frontier garrisons.

APPROVAL OF THE NOBILITY AND THE COSSACKS AS THE ANCESTORS OF THE STATE SERVICES IN UKRAINE AND POLAND, FROM KIN. XV ST. – TO THE LUBLIN UNION OF 1569

The essence, content and features of the genesis and establishment of the nobility and Cossacks in Ukraine and Poland from the end of XV – before the formation of the Commonwealth after the Union of Lublin in 1569, as social classes, which became the source for the formation of state (civil) service in these states. Ukrainian, Polish and Russian sources of kin are analyzed. XV – XVI centuries. on the emergence of the nobility and its social stratification and the establishment of the Commonwealth as a noble state, as well as on the origin of the phenomenon of the Cossacks and the Cossack state in Ukraine. The views of domestic and foreign historians and lawyers on the essence, content and purpose of the nobility and the Cossacks in the society and state of that time are generalized. It is emphasized that the nobility in Poland originated in Ser. XIV century. «From medieval chivalry, quite different in its mass, thanks to the acquisition of privileges from the monarch, which were no longer granted to a particular group, but to the general chivalry». But already in the XV-XVI centuries. the gentry becomes the defining political and military force of the Polish-Lithuanian state, is divided according to its social and property status into magnates, middle gentry, petty gentry and impoverished gentry, the so-called «Nakedness». At the same time, it is the middle nobility, first of all, the nobilitated, who become the basis of the civil service. The origin of the word «Cossack», which began to be used among the Tatars and the local population in the XIII-XIV centuries, has Turkic roots, and meant a horseman, a landless mercenary, as a member of the horde. In the XV century «Cossacking» became a form of uniting the Tatars with other peoples in self-governing military organizations for crafts. And only at the beginning. XVI century Cossacks began to form into military detachments of Slavs under the leadership of Predislav Lyantskoronsky to defend the outskirts (Ukraine) from arbitrariness and looting of the «steppe» (nomads). Further development of the Cossacks in the Ukrainian lands contributed to the formation of a pro- European militarized model of public service and the development of the Cossack state.

The Armenian Armed Organizations in the Eastern Anatolia and Caucasus during the First World War

Russia took the advantage of the contribution of the Armenian armed organizations in order to possess Istanbul, straits around it, Eastern Anatolia, to weaken Turkey, to be strengthen in the Southern Caucasus, organized the rebellion of the Armenians living in Turkey against the government. Russian ruling circles put forward the Armenian matter in order to take advantage of them. Armenians involved in the war to create their own government by obtaining the territory including Van, Bitlis, Tigranakert, Erzurum, Kharberd and Sebastya, as well as Cilicia from Turkey, to solve their Armenian problem. But in fact, Russia, France and England tried to blow to Turkey pretending to try for building an independent Armenian government. The grade of contribution of Armenian military units in the First World War can be characterized as following: 1. Creating the Armenian volunteer units. 2. Establishing the regular battalions and infantry regiments and forming the national corpuses. The organizations of Hnchak and Dashnaksutyun actively participated in creating the Armenian volunteer units. Dashnaks mobilized 40 000 people to destroy the Turkish people. They established tens of khumbas. The Armenian volunteer units were commanded by Andranic Ozanyan, Dro, Amazasp, Keri, Checho, Vardan. Armenian volunteer units which were supposed to move in 4 directions, should act in the directions where the Armenian people were densely populated. These 4 Armenian volunteer units fight against Turks in all important combat operations from Sarigamish to Erzurum. The same time Russian army and Armenians triggered the rebellion of the local population against the Turkish government. 50000 of Armenians were fighting in French, England and USA armies. The Eastern legion of Armenians was established in French army on November 1916. On November 15, 1918, the Eastern Legion was named Armenian legion. The number of the Armenians in the legion riched to 4000. In the beginning of 1916, there was an announcement about subordination of the military detachments to army and establishment of infantry regiments based on that. Establishment of the separate Armenian corpus started at the end of December 1917. In 1917, 8 Armenian shooter regiments were established. From the mentioned 8 regiments two Armenian shooter divisions, the special Armenian division of Andranic, 3 infantry brigades of western Armenians in the Southern Caucasus region, some guerrilla troops in Erevan, Igdir guerrilla infantry and rider regiments, Zeytun regiment in Tbilisi were established.

The appearance of broadswords in the Middle Kama region in the I–II centuries AD

In modern archaeology researchers try to go from existing finds description and systematization to considering possible variants of the processes or even the events that led to certain objects of material and spiritual culture or their change. In the III centuries AD broadswords appeared on the territory of the Middle Kama region; the weapon that would be distributed in VIIIX centuries AD. There are no grounds for linking the origin of broadswords with the development of the armament complex of the local population; broadswords were more likely to be external borrowings. This paper considers a version of broadswords appearance among the population of Prikamye in the III centuries as a result of a contact with military detachment representatives who committed a transit migration through the territory of the region. The starting point of the migration beginning could be one of the Trans-Urals regions. A military detachment, moving along the banks of the Belaya, Kama, Volga rivers and their tributaries, could not only become a source of the weapon, it could also engage a part of the Pyanoborsk population to their movement to the west. The activities of the detachment representatives as well as of those who were attached to it led to the formation of the Andreevsko-Piseralsky community in the Oka-Sursk interfluve.

Sentiment Analysis of the Indonesian Police Mobile Brigade Corps Based on Twitter Posts Using the SVM And NB Methods

The Brimob Corps is a special police force, just like the special military detachments held by the TNI such as Paskhas and so on. At present brigade corps police national is busy being discussed in the real world and cyberspace, especially on social media twitter. Many opinions about the brigade corps police national so there are positive and negative opinions. Social media twitter is now one places to spread information about brigade corps police national. This study cases uses text mining techniques with support vector machine (SVM) method which aims to classify public sentiments towards brigade corps police national on twitter. The dataset used is tweet in Indonesian with keyword “Brimob” with a total dataset of 1000 tweets. Text mining, transform, tokenize, stemming, and classification, etc. techniques are useful for building classification and analysis of sentiment. RapidMiner and Gataframework are also used to help create sentiment analysis to measure classification values. Accuracy values obtained with support vector machine (SVM) approach 86,96%, with precision values of 86,96%, and recall values of 86,96%.

Military Themes in Selected Eighteenth-Century Prayer Books in Relation to the Emblem Tradition

This paper was inspired by the lack of studies that would show examples of military-erotic symbols in religious literature associated with the emblem tradition. The works discussed here, namely prayer books by Andrzej Gabriel Kasperowicz, anonymous Atak niebieskiej twierdzy [The attack of the heavens or The attack into the fortress of heavens] and Wojsko serdecznych afektów [The army of heartfelt affections] by Hieronim Falęcki, retain high formal and semantic discipline; as a result, they are examples of interesting phenomena of Baroque culture. In the first part of the study, Słomak presents three prayer books in which the concept is based on an analogy with the organisation of the army of Christ. In the second part, she presents a book in which the theme of war is combined with the theme of “holy erotica”. In part three, she discusses a print whose composition refers to the structure of military detachments. It is conceived as a collection of “affections” whose task is “to conquer” heaven and the hearts of readers. Characteristically, the formula of the discussed books will be understandable only if we reconstruct their reference to the popular allegorical images (to be found in the collections of emblems, in many treatises on religious themes or in descriptions of the great ceremonies of that era); therefore, it is necessary to take into account the emblematic model that clearly influenced their final shape.

M.R. ЉTEFANIK AND THE SLOVAK NATIONAL MOVEMENT

The article presents a review of Milan Rastislav Štefanik, famous political and public figure, one of the founders of the Czechoslovak state, and his contribution to the development of the Slovak national movement. M.R. Štefanik’s national views were rooted in ethnic tension in Slovakia and previous tradition of struggle for national rights. The author shows that his national convictions was formed in childhood and was influenced by famous fighters for Slovak national rights, who included his relatives. The article proves that when M.R. Štefanik was a student, he recognized, that achievement of Slovak national independence was possible only in alliance with Czech national movement. The article gives an attempt to reveal an essence of M.R. Štefanik’s Czechoslovakist viewpoint and trace a practical realization of this concept in his political activity. It is mentioned about M.R. Štefanik’s active actions before creation of the Czechoslovak National Council. After it he became Slovak representative. It was shown how Milan Rastislav Štefanik assisted to create Czech and Slovak military detachments. According to the article, it greatly contributed to the process of unification of both Czech and Slovak national movements. Milan Rastislav Štefanik believed that only politically and economically allied with Czechs, Slovaks can be free and independent nation. The article proves M.R. Štefanik’s decisive role in the Slovak national movement in the early XX century. It also proves that he was influenced by T.G. Masaryk’s political theory and he assisted to unifications of Slovak and Czechs for the purpose of creation of common state. To achieve the goal M.R. Štefanik tried to unify Slovak and Czech movements, simultaneously he fought for equal rights for Czechs and Slovaks. M.R. Štefanik’s activity was aimed to fully realize Slovak national rights in common Czecho-Slovak state. M.R. Štefanik tried to defend his own view on Slovak future in the common state.

Fade Margin Estimations for Malaysian Armed Forces Military X-Band Satellite Communication Links

The satellite communication (satcom) operating in X-band frequencies has the potential to enhance communication capabilities of Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) and the Malaysian National Security Council (NSC). The satcom can be deployed during catastrophic instances, crisis incidences and certainly for the use of military operations. The satcom can facilitate the delivery of critical high-speed data, voice and video services between military bases, headquarters and also military detachments. The paper highlights the predicted fade margin requirements by the Malaysian Military satellite communication in order to accomplish specific operational quality of services (QoS). This is of utmost importance considering that both the uplink and the downlink will be facing severe rain attenuation due to copious heavy rainfall events, typically endured by tropical region countries. A prediction technique, recommendation ITU-R P. 618-12 with value proposed by ITU-R P. 637-6 had been employed in order to generate the desired results. Local data acquired from the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia had also been utilized in the generation of the fade margin estimations. The findings from the studies can offer insight of how to ensure/ enhance the satellite communication links reliability.

ASSESSMENT OF THE INTEGRAL INDEX OF HEALTH DISORDERS IN RUSSIA EMERCOM PERSONNEL

Relevance. To assess the state of combat readiness of personnel of the EMERCOM of Russia it is extremely important to regularly monitor their health status. Since health disorders can be associated with various causes – morbidity, traumatism, disability, death, – there is a need for a comprehensive assessment of the state of health. Intention. Develop an integral indicator of health disorders in personnel of the EMERCOM of Russia for regular monitoring, taking into account the likely risks associated with the specifics of Russia subjects and activities of the EMERCOM subdivisions. Methods. Information on the health status of the personnel of the EMERCOM units (the Federal Fire Service (FFS), the State Inspectorate for Small Boats, rescue military detachments and search and rescue units) was analyzed. Using the methods of statistical analysis, frequency distribution analysis, data equalization methods and mathematical modeling, an integral index of health disorders in the personnel of the EMERCOM of Russia was proposed. Results and Discussion. Parameters of the integral index of health disorders of personnel in the Emercom divisions have been estimated. Based on the example of FPS EMERCOM Russia, the proposed indicator for subjects of Russia and EMERCOM services was tested. An average risk of health impairment for FFS personnel was 18  10 –3 per year, an optimal risk was less than 12  10 –3 , allowable– 12–24  10 –3 and an unacceptable risk was more than 24  10 –3 . The proposed indicator aloow easy comparisons of health disorders in Emercom personnel between Russia subjects and various Emercom units. Conclusion. The proposed integral index for health disorders in Emercom personnel can be used for a differentiated prevention of health disorders in Emercom personnel and assessment of combat readiness of the EMERCOM divisions.

Crise syrienne : regards sur le soutien psychologique des réfugiés

In August 2013, in the acme of the Syrian crisis, the French State decides on the implementation of a medical surgical structure bound for the Syrian refugees, positioned within the camp of Za’atari in Jordan, a few kilometers away from the Syrian border. In front of the obvious fact of the psychic wounds of this bruised, saddened population and in exile, the medicopsychologic urgency will override the surgical aspect, so the device will evolve allowing the implementation of a binomial psychiatrist/psychologist. The operation “Tamour” is atypical because it places the action of the Health service for the benefit of the refugees in the center of its mission, and not in its kingly mission of support of the armed forces. The psychological problems of the Syrian refugees are in direct link with the related traumatic experiences of the civil war horrors (torture, rape, executions, bombing raids), but also with the insecurity and violence of life in the long course on a refugee camp of more than 140,000 people. We will also develop the particular work with children through mediations, distinct from the support for adults. Finally, particular attention will be paid on the experience of the military detachment, disarmed and without enemy, dispossessed of their warrior ideal, risking a difficult identification with the exiles statute of Syrian refugees.

Na krawędzi konfliktu zbrojnego. Incydent raciborski z czerwca 1945 r. i jego bezpośrednie reperkusje

On the Edge of an Armed Conflict – the Raciborz Incident of June 1945 and Its Direct RepercussionsDespite the fact that already in the middle of April 1945 the Military Council of the 1st Ukrainian Front formally consented to handing over to the Polish side the administration of Lower Silesia and the left–bank part of the Opole region, the Poles did not assume authority in the town of Raciborz and the right–bank part of the country until 12 May. The part of the county adjoining Czechoslovakia was still governed by the Russians, who did not counter the penetration of those terrains by the Czechs. The Poles too did not treat the border with particular reverence. On the morning of 8 June, a Polish military detachment entered the locality of Hat’ and temporarily detained seven Czechoslovakian functionaries. Two days later, the Czechoslovak army crossed the frontier and seized nine localities. Financni straž also appeared in the occupied terrain. The Czechoslovak campaign produced decisive counteraction. On 13 June the Polish government demanded from Prague immediate withdrawal under the threat of far–reaching consequences. At the same time, it dispatched the 1st Armoured Corps towards the border. Despite the fact that on the morning of 15 June the Czechs retreated as a result of trilateral talks, Polish detachments continued to concentrate and were entrusted with the task of seizing the Zaolzie region. Ultimately, the Russians put an end to this operation.