Пограничная армия поздней Римской империи в середине IV в. (на примере Исаврии и рейнской границы): к вопросу о методах размещения войсковых подразделений

The study of national symbolic boundaries addresses the ways citizens engage in the exclusion of some groups from the national community.1 National community is embedded in institutions and practices that are concerned with the “moral regulation of social life.”2 As such, it includes in traditions, rituals, texts, discourses, and collective memories that reinforce and construct symbolic boundaries around the national community.3 Symbolic codes are the underlying common constituents of these cultural practices that divide the world into those who are “citizens” or “friends” and those who are “enemies.”4 Symbolic boundaries are thereby constructed around the “national community” both internationally and intra-nationally. For example, enemies do not only reside outside of the territorial confines of the nation-state but may also lie within, reflecting the “internal structure of social divisions,” as well as particular national myths, narratives, and traditions.5 It is therefore possible to create a two-dimensional typology of symbolic boundaries within the national community: friends/enemies and internal/external. Through boundary-maintaining processes, social agents are located in one of four cells, which are internal friends, internal enemies, external friends, and external enemies (figure I.I).6

In a number of countries Special Care Units (SCUs) have been established to meet the particular needs of patients with dementia. The criteria for SCUs are poorly defined and often not met. To assess the frequency distributions of dementia, psychiatric and behavioural symptoms and the use of psychotropic medication in SCUs and Regular Units (RUs) across different regions. By means of a structured interview, comprising the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale and Lawton's Physical Self-maintenance scale, a representative sample of 1163 nonselected nursing home patients was assessed. In addition, information was collected from the patients' records. Overall SCU patients were significantly more likely to be younger, to have higher level of functioning, to have dementia, to exhibit clinically significant psychiatric and behavioural symptoms and to receive psychotropic medication. There were significant differences across regions in terms of psychiatric and behavioural symptoms and the use of psychotropic medication. The ratio of accommodation in SCUs to that in RUs varied across the regions. Patients in SCUs and patients in RUs are distinct nursing home populations. Regional differences, which might be due to diverse ratios of SCUs, are evident.

Introduction. During the Great Patriotic War, in the general context of a significant mass volunteer movement of Soviet people, the volunteer movement of the Don Cossacks arose and developed quite actively. It manifested itself in various organizational and structural forms as common, in the form of the voluntary entry of the Don Cossack men and women into fighter battalions, regular and irregular military units, partisan detachments, and special in the form of separate volunteer Cossack cavalry divisions.Materials and Methods. Documents and materials containing information on various aspects of the volunteer movement during the Great Patriotic War in the Rostov Region were identified, analyzed and used. Various research tools are used: complex and multifactorial approaches, descriptive, comparative-historical and historical-systemic methods.Results. The participation of the Don Cossacks in the volunteer movement during the Great Patriotic War was very significant. The Cossack volunteer movement began almost immediately after the outbreak of war. In the Don villages, at numerous rallies of local residents, resolutions were adopted calling on the Cossacks to enlist in the ranks of volunteers of the people’s militia. Two Cossack cavalry divisions were formed from the Don Cossack volunteers. During the war, fighters of Don volunteer Cossack units and formations demonstrated personal courage and bravery, high morale and level of combat training, sustained power and response to orders, were awarded a great number of military orders and medals.Discussion and Conclusion. The volunteer movement of the Don Cossacks was considered in a number of monographic studies and scientific articles devoted, in general, to the study of events during the Great Patriotic War on the Don and the participation of its inhabitants in the war. In historiography, there are also some works in which some aspects of the formation of Cossack regular and volunteer military units were studied. In this study, on the basis of a complex and multifactorial approach, a comprehensive analysis of the participation of the Don Cossacks in the volunteer movement during the Great Patriotic War as part of special Cossack cavalry formations was carried out.

This paper focuses on the archaeological evidence for western imperial campaigns between the reigns of Diocletian (A.D. 284–305) and Honorius (A.D. 395–423). Military campaigning is an ephemeral and rapidly changing process of human interactions. Although Roman campaigning is often well-documented, archaeological evidence is not especially well-suited to documenting events within a particular year, though it is very useful in enhancing our knowledge of resources and processes. This paper analyses the army’s actions, and then discusses how the archaeological evidence contributes to our understanding. There were enormous differences between the resources available to Rome and her enemies in the 4th c. West, even if frontier culture was similar.

This paper describes a probabilistic method based on Markov models for assessing the number of spare transformers, regular units and mobile units, required for a group of distribution transformers. The proposed method uses two criteria in determining the required number of spare transformers. The 1st criterion assumes that a pre-determined level of the group availability is given and the number of spare units is determined when the calculated group availability exceeds the pre-determined level of the group availability. The 2nd criterion uses a cost/benefit analysis method in calculating the number of the spare units. In the 2nd criterion, the number of spare units (optimal number) is determined when the total cost (spare unit capital costs and unit outage costs) is minimum. The proposed method is also used to evaluate the impacts of multi-transformer stations (stations with transformer redundancy) and station capabilities for use of mobile unit transformers on the number of spare units. Two distribution transformer groups of the Hydro One's distribution system are used to illustrate the proposed method of assessment and to compare the results obtained using the two criteria.

This paper describes a probabilistic method based on Markov models for assessing the number of spare transformers, regular units and mobile units, required for a group of distribution transformers. The proposed method uses two criteria in determining the required number of spare transformers. The first criterion assumes that a pre-determined level of the group availability is given and the number of spare units is determined when the calculated group availability exceeds the pre-determined level of the group availability. The second criterion uses a cost/benefit analysis method in calculating the number of the spare units. In the second criterion, the number of spare units (optimal number) is determined when the total cost (spare unit capital costs and unit outage costs) is minimum. The proposed method is also used to evaluate the impacts of multi-transformer stations (stations with transformer redundancy) and station capabilities for use of mobile unit transformers on the number of spare units. Two distribution transformer groups of the Hydro One's distribution system are used to illustrate the proposed method of assessment and to compare the results obtained using the two criteria.

Introduction. The scope of this paper is 1) to consider the forms of military service of the Persians within the Byzantine army during the first half of the 9th c., 2) to arrange the chronological order of events related to the involvement of the Persians in Byzantine military service as precisely as possible. The author means the Persians called Khurramites who were representatives of the anti-Islamic and anti-Arabic national movement at the north-west of Iran (territories of modern provinces of East Azerbaijan and Khamadan in the Republic of Iran). Methods. The author considers the single events (Byzantine military campaigns, in which the Persians took part, and also the facts of Persians’ arriving in Byzantium) in a more or less strict chronological order. The researcher turns to an analysis of event history and makes a step-by step, consecutive representation of the process of Persians’ arriving to Byzantine military service. The sources were works of Arabic, Armenian, Georgian and Greek authors (chroniclers, geographers, hagiographers) and seals (evidence of sigillography). Analysis. In 833/834 Byzantine Emperor Theophilos received a group of Persian refugees, who escaped from the Arabs and came to Byzantium. These Persians were headed by two chiefs, Theophobos and Naser, obviously, Naser was Theophobos’ father. Part of the Persians with Naser as a chief located in the Byzantine theme (a military-administrative and territorial district) of Anatolikoi, while another part subordinated to Theophobos located in the theme of Armeniakoi. In 837 Theophilos hosted another group of the Persians, who were commanded by Babek. Conclusions. The analysis shows that both in 833/834 and 837 Theophilos established regular military units of the Persians called thourmai, while Persian leaders mentioned above became Byzantine military officials, that are tourmarchoi, i.e. that were those Persian leaders who commanded over Persian ethnic tourmai. These ethnic units continued their existence up to the mid-10th c.

1. Extracellular recording techniques were used in the chinchilla to study the discharge properties of utricular afferents, including their discharge regularity, background discharge, and responses to both externally applied galvanic currents and centrifugal forces. 2. A normalized coefficient of variation (CV*), independent of discharge rate, was used to classify units as regularly (CV* less than 0.10), intermediate (0.10 less than or equal to CV* less than or equal to 0.20), or irregularly discharging (CV* greater than 0.20). In some circumstances, it was useful to recognize a group of very regularly discharging afferents (CV* less than 0.05). The CV* ranged from less than 0.020 to greater than 0.60. Regular units outnumbered irregular units by an approximate 3:1 ratio. The distribution of CV*s was bimodal: there was a major peak at CV* = 0.03 and a minor peak at CV* = 0.3. 3. Background rates were measured with the head in a horizontal position. Those of regular units usually fell between 40 and 80 spikes/s (mean: 54 spikes/s); those of irregular units were more broadly distributed (mean: 47 spikes/s). 4. Units were categorized in terms of the tilt directions resulting in increased discharge. There is a broad distribution of excitatory tilt directions with some units excited by ipsilateral rolls, others by contralateral rolls, some by nose-up pitches, and still others by nose-down pitches. In the chinchilla, there are almost equal numbers of units excited by ipsilateral or contralateral tilts. This is in contrast to previous findings in the cat and squirrel monkey, where the former units predominant by a 3:1 ratio. The difference can be related to the fact that the medial zone of the macula, where units excited by ipsilateral tilts reside, makes up a smaller proportion of the sensory epithelium in the chinchilla than in the monkey. 5. Galvanic sensitivity (beta *) and discharge regularity (CV*) were related by a power law, beta* = (CV*), with an exponent, b = 0.70. 6. Responses to sinusoidal centrifugal forces in the frequency range, f, between DC and 2 Hz were characterized by their gains (gf) and phases (phi f), taken with respect to peak linear force. Response linearity was studied by varying the amplitude of a 0.1-Hz sinusoid from 0.05 to 0.4 g. Nonlinear distortion was small (approximately 10%), as was the variation of gain (+/- 10%) and phase (+/- 5 degrees) with amplitude. 7. Response dynamics vary with discharge regularity. Very regular units are tonic. Their gains are typically 50 spikes.s-1/g and almost constant (+/- 10%) over the entire frequency range. Phases hover near zero with small (5 degrees) phase leads at low frequencies and slightly larger (10 degrees) phase lags at high frequencies. Irregular units are more phasic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

This paper will examine the problems of nation‐building in Italy in later nineteenth century Italy, focusing principally on the ideas and policies of the man who dominated the country in the 1880s and 1890s, Francesco Crispi. It will be my contention that Crispi and many of his political contemporaries on both the left and the right were strongly conscious of the mobilising and nationalising potential of “the other”, and to an extent manipulated and deliberately exaggerated threats posed both by internal enemies — principally the Catholics and the socialists — and external enemies — above all France. Crispi's attitude to France and the French was complex and highly ambivalent, and I will suggest — using as evidence his speeches, writings, and political actions, above all when prime minister in 1887–91 — that there was an element of disingenuousness in his repeated claims that France was bent on destroying Italy. What Crispi was trying to do was to create a climate of tension that would not only bring the population together, but might also lead on to a war, in alliance with Germany — a war that would finally cement the country's “moral unity”.

This article reconsiders the Taiwan Strait conflict by encouraging a deeper exploration of the construction of sociopolitical imaginaries of enmity through editorial political cartoons. It does so, moreover, by emphasizing the need to attend to the triadic China–Taiwan–US relations, rather than just focusing on cross-Strait developments. Through this study, we focus on editorial political cartoons as visual schematic elements that aid in describing and explaining overarching discursive practices. We show how the political cartoons of China’s Global Times and Taiwan’s Taipei Times analysed in this article reflect the evolving dynamics and contemporary tensions in China–Taiwan–US relations. Furthermore, these cartoons underscore the importance of visual media in co-constructing conceptions of ‘friends’ and ‘foes’ that ultimately influence those very dynamics and, at least partially, aid in explaining those tensions. We reveal the existence of several parallels between the political imaginaries represented by the cartoons of both outlets, especially concerning the construction of an ‘external enemy’: the United States in Global Times and China in Taipei Times. However, notable differences also emerge, including the contrasting representation of the US role, as well as the predominant portrayal of ‘internal enemies’ and a higher degree of dehumanization in the Taiwanese outlet.

This paper describes a probabilistic method for determining the number of spare transformers (regular spare transformers and mobile unit substations) required for a group of distribution transformers in order to meet a predetermined level of the group availability. The method is based on a Markov model and accounts for a number of factors that affect the number of spare units. The factors include the use of both regular spare transformers (RSTs) and mobile unit substations (MUSs), type of transformer failure and the various parameters of regular transformers, and spare transformers. Sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the factors that affect most the number of spare units. The proposed method is illustrated using a sample system of the Hydro One's distribution stations.

This paper describes a probabilistic method for determining the number of spare transformers (regular spare transformers and mobile unit substations) required for a group of distribution transformers in order to meet a pre-determined level of the group availability. The method is based on a Markov model and accounts for a number of factors that affect the number of spare units. The factors include the use of both regular spare transformers (RST's) and mobile unit substations (MUS's), type of transformer failure and the various parameters of regular transformers and spare transformers. Sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the factors that affect most the number of spare units. The proposed method is illustrated using a sample system of the Hydro One's distribution stations.

This chapter provides an overview of the workings of Roman law and administration in order to establish the institutional framework in which legal interactions between marginalized religious groups and the Roman authorities took place. It first discusses the sources of law that were available in the Roman world and establishes that regulations could be created in a variety of ways, an important number of which were both flexible and reactive in nature. Subsequently, the workings of different trial procedures are discussed, alongside alternative ways of maintaining public order. Finally, the chapter delves into the workings of Roman provincial administration, discussing the interplay between the emperor, governor, and the local population in particular. It argues that these levels of government were often highly dependent on each other, and that frequent negotiation and re-negotiation was therefore necessary. Roman administration, then, was characterized by a significant degree of flexibility, as well as a reliance on precedent and local custom that led to notable legal diversity within the empire.

This chapter deals with the knowledge provincials had, and the use they made, of Roman criminal procedure in the provinces of Asia Minor during the imperial period. This will be examined through two main categories of evidence: (1) petitions to emperors complaining about Roman soldiers or functionaries’ abuses against local population, (2) funerary inscriptions including provisions claiming that fines should be paid to the imperial treasury in case of desecration. This evidence supports the view that (unlike part of scholarship has been assuming for a long time) Roman criminal procedure still included accusatorial features under the Principate and that a formal accusation was needed for a proper criminal investigation to be launched. It is argued that provincials were deeply aware of what Roman criminal law was and could explicitly refer to some specific provisions in order to defend their own interests and even to challenge decisions made by the Roman administration.

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