Military Assets Research Articles

TNI MARITIME DIPLOMACY TO MAINTAIN REGIONAL SECURITY STABILITY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF MAINTAINING STATE SOVEREIGNTY

Indonesian maritime diplomacy is the implementation of foreign policy that is not only related to various maritime aspects at the bilateral, regional and global levels but also uses maritime assets, both civil and military to fulfill Indonesia's national interests in accordance with the provisions of national law and international law. The use of military assets in Indonesian maritime diplomacy is carried out by the Indonesian Navy as one of the main components of national defense which besides having duties in the field of defense and security at sea, also carries out naval diplomacy duties in order to support foreign policy policies set by the government. The objectives of this study are (1) to analyze the cooperative maritime diplomacy of the TNI in order to maintain regional security stability in order to maintain state sovereignty; (2) Analyzing the TNI's persuasive maritime diplomacy in order to maintain regional security stability in order to maintain state sovereignty; (3) Analyze the TNI's coercive maritime diplomacy in order to maintain regional security stability in order to maintain state sovereignty. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The results of this study are (1) The facilities and infrastructure that are owned are still limited, Pusinfomar TNI as the TNI's Balakpus Puspa which is still young is facing a long challenge to become a maritime security data center at the national and international level in supporting the TNI's cooperative maritime diplomacy tasks. Awareness of the importance of maritime information data has not grown nationally so that maritime data has not been properly managed between agencies and Ministries/Agencies and there has not been an exchange of information with regional countries in supporting the TNI's maritime diplomacy tasks through information exchange cooperation with domestic maritime data centers and regional countries Indo-Pacific; (2) The implementation of TNI's persuasive maritime diplomacy in the form of sea security training courses has not been carried out with all regional countries, especially with Vietnam and China, it is necessary to carry out training sessions with the two countries as a form of cooperative maritime diplomacy by using sea power assets in peacetime and building CBM in accordance with their respective national interests as well as to show Indonesia's role as the largest country and founder of ASEAN; (3) The bilateral and multilateral Patkor has not yet been fully implemented as a form of coercive maritime diplomacy between the TNI and neighboring countries in the face of the vastness of Indonesia's sea boundaries and the strategic bangling situation in the Indo-Pacific region, especially in the SCS region where ZEEI LNU borders with ZEE Vietnam and Malaysia

Deterrence under Surveillance: Indian Space-based ISR Capabilities and Pakistan’s Nuclear Deterrence

India is rapidly building up its space-based Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. Although Indian military assets in space are in contention to Chinese space program, they are expected to make Pakistan apprehensive about the future of its nuclear deterrence. Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons to deter its much larger and stronger archnemesis India from violating its territorial integrity. Pakistan’s nuclear deterrence and strategy is aligned with the Perfect Deterrence Theory, a diversion from Classical Deterrence Theory used in the understanding of deterrence relationship between the USA and USSR during the Cold War. The study addresses the impact of India’s space-based ISR capabilities on Pakistan nuclear deterrence and posture. The growth of Indian military space program along with its great interest and investment in supersonic cruise missiles and ballistic missile defense program indicates that India is building up its First Strike potential against Pakistan’s strategic assets and installations. The developments will have a tremendous impact on deterrence stability in South Asia as it will increase the likelihood of a nuclear escalation in future.

Using Deception Baked by Military Assets to Delay Transition from Western Hegemony to Multipolarity

The period of colonial and neo-colonial domination of Anglophone and a bunch of other Western Europe countries is going to its very end. The collapse of Soviet Union by 1990 made possible the development of USA hegemony and with Eastward expansion of its military brunch NATO. In spite of human capital of EU it managed to become vassal to US, grace to incompetence and corruption of its leaders. In the modern era, powered by computer revolution, the economic gap between western Caucasian race dominated states and rest of the planet shrinks, and national “Brain Power” of each nation become the driving power for progress, prosperity and obvious for a multi-polar world. Confronted to this new reality, US makes extraordinary efforts to maintain its hegemony and status quo using the entire arsenal of political, economic and military assets, with disdain for morality or fairness for effectiveness reasons. In contradiction to a reasonable approach of the problem, understanding the roots of the difference in National Brain Power , and take necessary corrections, while integrating in the new world order as a smart power, US under military industrial stake holders pressure, decided to use its military assets, in which it invested $1tn every year, and to push the world towards a path of the and destruction, at the opposite of the path of cooperation and development the new emerging powers are proposing, that for sure is prone to a bd finality, accelerating the decay of the “western civilization capitalist model.

A Detailed Review on Cyber Security

Cyber security is critical in protecting people who use the internet through various electronic devices in their daily lives. Some causes have occurred worldwide, causing people to experience issues when connecting their devices and systems to the internet. Hackers pose a significant threat to extremely sensitive data such as biotechnology and military assets; cyber security plays a critical role in securing such data. Misuse of the internet has become a current issue in many areas of life, particularly in social media, universities, and government organizations. The Internet is extremely beneficial to students in educational institutions and employees in various organizations. People can obtain information from the internet by using an internet source. They must, however, be protected when using the internet and secure against unauthorized access. In this paper, we discussed various aspects of network security and cyber security in the modern era. We also attempted to cover threats in organizational intranets.

Forecast of Trends in the Development of Military Assets and Their Use in Future Wars

Forecast of Trends in the Development of Military Assets and Their Use in Future Wars

Military Medical Role in Civilian Disaster

US military medical units have responded to natural disasters (eg, hurricanes, earthquakes), relieved overwhelmed civilian health care systems (eg, during the COVID-19 pandemic), and provided support to stabilization efforts after civil unrest. The military will continue to assist civilian agencies with future medical response to similar disasters, contagious outbreaks, or even terrorist attacks. The keys to an effective disaster response are unity of effort, prior coordination, and iterative practice during military-civilian exercises to identify strengths and areas of improvement. Critical care advanced practice nurses are likely to work concurrently with military medical colleagues in multiple scenarios in the future; therefore, it is important for these nurses to understand the capacities and limitations of military medical assets. This article describes the capabilities and collaboration needed between civilian and military medical assets during a variety of disaster scenarios.

Military Response to Medical Crises-Consensus Recommendations for Military-Civilian Transitions of Care.

The threat that New York faced in 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded, prompted an unprecedented response. The US military deployed active-duty medical professionals and equipment to NYC in a first of its kind response to a "medical" domestic disaster. Transitions of care for patients surfaced as a key challenge. Uniformed Services University and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai hosted a consensus conference of civilian and military healthcare professionals to identify care transition best practices for future military-civilian responses. We performed individual interviews followed by a modified Delphi technique during a two-day virtual conference. Patient transitions of care emerged as a key theme from pre-conference interviews. Twelve participants attended the two-day virtual conference and generated best practice recommendations from an iterative process. Participants identified 19 recommendations in 10 "sub-themes" related to patient transitions of care: needs assessment and capability analysis; unified command; equipment; patient handoffs; role of in-person facilitation; dynamic updates; patient selection; patient tracking; daily operations; and resource typing. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unprecedented military response. This study created 19 consensus recommendations for care transitions between military and civilian healthcare assets that may be useful in future military-civilian medical engagements.

SNAKE ISLAND – BLACK SEA STRATEGIC AREA

In this article, we will analyze the strategic importance of the Snake Island for the entire Black Sea area and even the European and NATO countries, which are non-riparian states. Utilizing historical analysis as a research method, we will objectively state the importance of the island throughout history while also pointing out some contemporary elements. In addition, we will focus on the political, military, and economic factors that motivated Russian forces' decision to launch an attack on the first day that hostilities broke out between Ukraine and Russia. For this reason, after Ukraine had already lost both control of the Crimean Peninsula and free access to the Azov Sea, the seizure of Snake Island by Russian forces was most likely planned well in advance, as a tactical operation with strategic implications, for the purpose of cutting off Ukraine’s maritime routes and denying access to all of its sea lines of communication. Another factor of great importance is the island's location, which presents the possibility of basing military assets on the island in order to conduct intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) operations and even pose a threat on the eastern frontier of NATO with the probable deployment of mobile multi-layered missile systems

Concept of Military Asset Management System in Indonesian Armed Forces

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a very fast-growing technology and has a huge impact on our daily life, including military performance. In the military, IoT known as the Internet of Military Things (IoMT) or Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) has the function create network communication to increase readiness in the military and can apply to all aspects of military asset management and uses the interconnection, real-time, and intelligent innovation of the IoT technology to build a military asset management system. The research purpose is to analyze the Military Asset Management System (MAMs) in Indonesian National Armed Forces. The research applies a qualitative research methodology. The literature review method and the interviews were used to obtain data and analyze to describe or explain the phenomenon of problems with the Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) and Military Asset Management system (MAMs) in supporting the operation of the Alutsista Indonesian National Armed Forces. The research result shows that the integration of asset management in the Indonesian National Armed Forces is still not centralized, which it means needs more time to collect material asset data and of course, will impact the readiness of the military. In this case, Complex Aerial Mission Simulation (CAMS) can be a reference for Indonesian National Armed Forces to develop a Military Asset Management System (MAMs).

군사자산의 재해대응 지원에 관한 소고

본 논문은 대규모 재해재난의 대응 수단으로서 군사자산이 참여하는 문제를 다룬다. 재해대응은 인도주의적이고 인간의 생명 보호라는 보편적 가치를 추구하기에 국방의 참여가 비논쟁적이지만, 한편 비군사적 위협 중 가장 빈번하게 군사자산이 투입되고 있다는 것이 이슈이다. 또한 기후변화로 대형 재해가 빈번해지면서 자국 내 재해뿐만 아니라 해외 재난 시에도 여러나라의 군사자산 지원이 당연시 되고 있다.BR 이에 본 연구는 재해재난이 대표적인 비군사적 위협임에도 불구하고 군사적 참여가 점차 확대되는 원인을 살펴보고, 그 이면에 작동하는 국제정치적 갈등 혹은 전통적 안보와 연관된 문제를 분석한다. 즉, 군사자산 사용 그 자체에 대한 논쟁은 물론, 이것이 국가의 소프트파워 경쟁의 수단이나 하드파워 경쟁의 촉매로 작용할 수 있다는 것이다. 또한 군사적 민감성에 의해 오히려 구호활동에 차질을 빚게 되거나 재해대응이 국제적 군사훈련 확대의 명분으로 작용할 수도 있다. 이러한 논의를 통해 재해대응에서의 군사작전이 보다 인도적, 중립적, 이타적, 효율적 방법으로 발전되기 위해 국제사회가 나아갈 방향을 제시한다.

Emergent behavior in the battle management system

ABSTRACT Many countries including Ukraine use battle management systems (BMS) like Delta that enable command to share situation awareness information; this study focuses on the distribution of information across a warfighting network. Similar to natural systems, where autonomous agents, such as ants and bees, follow a set of simple rules, a BMS is a network of bases and electronic warfighting platforms that have military assets as agents within the network, guided by the defense doctrine. The rationale for the workability of such a system is based on each subsystem being reliable when multiple subsystems interact. However, the potential permutations and combinations of interactions can cause unpredictable negative or positive feedback loops, resulting in unpredictable and unwanted outcomes. The results of emergent behavior are unexpected and sometimes unwanted in areas such as intelligence, and wireless networks. Understanding emergent behavior is imperative in understanding complex engineering systems, and to present new insights, and take practical steps toward improving complex systems design and analysis. This paper presents the BMS and networks with examples of user-defined system integration of the network soldier concept. We believe that Ukrainian and other armies can directly benefit from utilising meta cybernetics, meta metasystem model analysis to control emergence.

Military humanitarian and disaster governance networks in Southeast Asia: framework and analysis.

Behind humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) efforts are governance networks of actors working together to facilitate, coordinate, and deliver joint aid and response initiatives. Militaries are key stakeholders in these networks because of their unique capabilities, particularly in Southeast Asia. This paper explores the role of military governance networks in shaping HADR affairs. It presents a framework for examining military-to-military relational structures in humanitarian and disaster contexts using network theory and social network analysis. It also assesses the nature of military ties and their influence on two capability areas essential to humanitarian activities in the region: (i) the distribution of military assets and equipment used in HADR; and (ii) the coordination of HADR exercises and training. This paper seeks to provide insights into how governance network features and properties affect the capacity of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) militaries to use available resources efficiently and to achieve shared objectives in regional disaster response.

Channel-Based Trust Model for Security in Underwater Acoustic Networks

Underwater acoustic networks are often used in mission-critical scenarios, such as military underwater networks and assets deployed for tsunami prevention; hence, an attack performed against these types of networks can easily lead to disastrous consequences. Nevertheless, countermeasures to possible network attacks have not been widely investigated so far. A reputation system, where a node gains trust each time it exhibits a good behavior, and loses trust each time it behaves suspiciously, is an effective way to identify possible attackers in the network. The main challenge when applying a reputation system in an underwater network is to understand whether the network performance degrades because a node is acting maliciously intentionally, or because of the changed channel conditions, causing a large packet drop. For instance, when a ship travels close to an underwater network deployment, it causes an increased packet loss, and so does the change of environmental conditions, such as a drop of temperature, the presence of rain or the increase of the wind speed. This behavior of the acoustic channel can be characterized with a hidden Markov model, whose parameters are obtained observing the time evolution of the acoustic channel in a sea experiment. This article presents a trust model based on the knowledge of the channel state, inferred from the perceived noise and received signal strength, in which misbehavior and correct behavior are considered differently according to the actual channel state. We evaluate the model both analytically and through simulations, implementing the trust mechanism in the DESERT Underwater Network framework.

Protection of Indonesian Fishermen from China's Threat in the North Natuna Sea Region During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The economic importance of the North Natuna Sea is premised not only on its function as one of the largest marine sources in Indonesia but also as an important location for the Indonesian military to conduct large-scale exercises. Amidst the ongoing outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, unauthorized fishing by Chinese flagged boats continues to be pervasive in the Indonesian EEZ off Natuna Islands. Chinese coast guard and military vessels were constantly and visibly present in those waters, testing the patience and perseverance of Indonesia’s authorities. The purpose of this article is to find out the cause related to the problem of protecting Indonesian fishermen in catching fish in the region. The Indonesian government is committed to ensuring rapid mobilization of its military and naval assets in the area when required to protect the fishermen. The method used in this research employed the qualitative method and critical content analysis. The legal consequences of ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) with Law No. 17 of 1985 concerning the ratification of UNCLOS, Law No. 32/ 20014 concerning about the sea are the substance of law regulation. The type of data used is secondary data, namely data obtained through literature study. The study matches that Indonesia must develop fishermen with the spirit of defending the country, especially in areas where the waters are partially located within China’s nine-dash line.
 Keywords: fisherman, North Natuna Sea, Covid-19 pandemic

조선후기 함경도 사노비의 존재양태와 국가 정책

The social stratification system of the Joseon dynasty was closely related to the dynasty’s institution of drafting individuals for dynastic services. The state regularly surveyed households throughout the country, enlisted male individuals above the age of 16 and under 60, and then mobilized them for dynastic labor services required by the government, in the form of providing them with adequate status and duties. But not all individuals were economically suited for obligations laid out by the government, so individuals in those situations were legally exempted from such duties. These private citizens(私民) instead delivered their labors and properties to their masters(主家), and by aiding their masters’ performance of their duties they indirectly contributed to the government in their own ways.BR Then, coming into the 17SUPth/SUP century, the government decided to transform those private citizens into public citizens(公民), and have them perform duties assigned to them directly from the government. The first case of this policy was the government’s recruit of Gyeong-Nobi(京奴婢) figures who had been private Nobi figures in the Hamgyeong-do(咸鏡道) provincial region. The Hamgyeong-do province was a border region that was located in the far north of the entire peninsula, so securing enough workforce that could be put to military duties at all time was more than crucial. Furthering such needs at the time was a regime change in China from the Ming dynasty to the Qing. Such transfer of power on the international stage was a big pressure for the Joseon government, and desperate nature of the time called for the mobilization of Nobi figures to deploy as military assets too. In fulfilling such goal, the Gyeong-Nobi figures in this region, who had been private Nobi figures and enjoyed very loose ties with their masters to the extent of having their own separated livelihood, were the first ones to be recruited by the central government. The Joseon authorities would “purchase them and turn them into Gong-Nobi (Public Nobi) figures who would serve governmental offices”[買作公賤, ‘Maejak Gongcheon’], or encourage them to “buy their ways into becoming commoners ”[贖良, ‘Sok’ ryang’] and then enlist them as military personnel.BR This policy of the Joseon government, utilizing methods of either ‘Maejak Gongcheon’ or ‘Sok’ryang, ‘later spread to the entire country, effectively nullifying the previous Joseon convention of having all the Nobi slaves’ offspring inherit the same status with their parents. Now the authorities were instead having them either become a commoner, or having them (remain as slaves but) assume military posts, which had only been manned by commoners in the past. As these former(or current) Nobi slaves became figures under the government’s public control their status continued to elevate, and that brought significant changes to not only the Nobi institution of the country but the entire dynasty’s stratification system as well, during the Joseon period’s latter half.

The War Lords and the Gallipoli Disaster: How Globalized Trade Led Britain to Its Worst Defeat of the First World War, by Nicholas A. Lambert

In February 2022, Turkey closed the Dardanelles and Bosphorus straits to all military vessels. Meanwhile, with Russia and Ukraine responsible for 30 per cent of the wheat traded globally, the anticipated disruption caused by Russia’s invasion of its neighbour has led to a 50 per cent price increase for this vital foodstuff in trading in Chicago. Such is the nature of the interconnections of this trade that repercussions are reported for Australia (anticipating a bonanza), Egypt (resorting to food protectionism to protect its population), and unrest is feared in the Middle East and North Africa. Here is a vivid and unwelcome demonstration of enduring strategic considerations that lie at the heart of Nicholas Lambert’s excellent new book. It situates British decision-making in the First World War in the context not simply of the shifting obligations of alliances and the calculation of how best to deploy military and naval assets, but also the dangers arising from financial entanglements with Russia and the risk of social unrest from price inflation.

Finland’s responses to Brexit: seeking shelter while hedging against changing risks

ABSTRACT Finland has been concerned about the political and security policy implications of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU, not to mention the negative economic impact. The departure of the EU’s third-largest member state with its significant diplomatic and military assets has been described as a loss for EU foreign and security policy and as a rupture of European political cohesion. Drawing on the theoretical literature on small states and Europeanisation, this article investigates how Finland has responded to these challenges and the related risks. It is suggested that the post-Brexit political consolidation of the EU was a priority for Finnish government(s) as the increasingly turbulent global and regional environment yet again highlights the security-policy benefits of Finland’s EU membership. The analysis also points towards the further Europeanisation of Finnish foreign and security policy as a Brexit-related hedging strategy. Finland also sought to hedge against some of the perceived risks embedded in the changing political dynamics of the EU and, relatedly, the loss of a powerful northern political ally in major EU economic matters.

Improving Care During Peacetime, War, and Disasters: A Call for Agile Military Civilian Strategic Alliances.

Improving Care During Peacetime, War, and Disasters: A Call for Agile Military Civilian Strategic Alliances.

Introducing the CYSAS-S3 Dataset for Operationalizing a Mission-Oriented Cyber Situational Awareness.

The digital transformation of the defence sector is not exempt from innovative requirements and challenges, with the lack of availability of reliable, unbiased and consistent data for training automatisms (machine learning algorithms, decision-making, what-if recreation of operational conditions, support the human understanding of the hybrid operational picture, personnel training/education, etc.) being one of the most relevant gaps. In the context of cyber defence, the state-of-the-art provides a plethora of data network collections that tend to lack presenting the information of all communication layers (physical to application). They are synthetically generated in scenarios far from the singularities of cyber defence operations. None of these data network collections took into consideration usage profiles and specific environments directly related to acquiring a cyber situational awareness, typically missing the relationship between incidents registered at the hardware/software level and their impact on the military mission assets and objectives, which consequently bypasses the entire chain of dependencies between strategic, operational, tactical and technical domains. In order to contribute to the mitigation of these gaps, this paper introduces CYSAS-S3, a novel dataset designed and created as a result of a joint research action that explores the principal needs for datasets by cyber defence centres, resulting in the generation of a collection of samples that correlate the impact of selected Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) with each phase of their cyber kill chain, regarding mission-level operations and goals.

Route planning decisions: evaluating reliance on spatial heuristics under risk

ABSTRACT Spatial heuristics play a vital role in the decision-making process of route planning, but the crucial component of risk is often not considered. Whether in transportation logistics or military asset path planning, routes are evaluated in part based on the potential adverse outcomes of each route option. Drivers or dispatchers must consider the risks of inclement weather, adversarial threats, and unsafe roads, among other negative consequences that could negatively impact safe arrival to a destination. In a series of three studies, we replicated well-established route planning heuristics: preferences for shorter paths, initially straight paths, and avoiding regional crossings. We further demonstrated that when probabilistic risk outcomes are associated with paths, known risk probabilities had a dominating effect on decision-making.