Carbon Steel Research Articles

Experiments and Molecular Simulations to Study the Effect of Surface-Active Compounds in Mixtures of Model Oils on CO2 Corrosion during Intermittent Oil-Water Wetting.

Intermittent oil-water wetting can have a significant effect on the internal corrosion of steel pipelines. This paper presents a combined experimental and molecular modeling study of several influential factors on the surface properties and corrosion behavior of mild steel in CO2 environments. The influence of different model oils (LVT-200 and Aromatic-200) and select surface-active compounds (myristic acid, cyclohexane butyric acid, and oleic acid) on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel during intermittent oil-water wetting was determined by measuring the corrosion rate after intermittent wetting cycles. The interfacial tension measurements were performed to study the incorporation of the oil phase along with surface-active molecules in the protective layer formed on the specimen surface. Results showed that the interfacial tension for an aromatic oil-water interface is lower than that for an aliphatic oil-water interface. To understand this result, molecular dynamics simulations of oil-water interfaces were performed in the presence of surface-active molecules and different oils to analyze the structure of the layer formed at the interface. The simulations supported the hypothesis that aromatic molecules are less structured at the interface, which results in the incorporation of more water molecules into the protective layer formed at the steel surface, causing a higher corrosion rate. On the other hand, the simulations revealed that myristic acid in an aliphatic oil forms a well-aligned structure at the interface, devoid of any water molecules. This is in agreement with the hypothesis that the linear molecular structure of myristic acid favors the alignment of molecules at an aliphatic oil-water interface, resulting in a lower interfacial tension and more effective corrosion mitigation as compared to the other two nonlinear compounds tested. It is concluded that an important factor controlling the corrosion behavior is the molecular structure of the oil-water interface, which is adopted by the steel surface layer through the Langmuir-Blodgett process.

Fatigue Properties of Zinc Coated Low Carbon Steel Sheet Joints by the Means of Spot Welding

Fatigue Properties of Zinc Coated Low Carbon Steel Sheet Joints by the Means of Spot Welding

Synthesis and study of the inhibitory properties of a new Schiff base for C45 carbon steel in 1 M HCl

A newly Schiff base 1, 13-bis-[(4-dimethylamino) benzaldehyde 4, 7, 10-trioxatridecane-diimine] (DABT) was synthesized and characterized on the basis of the results of FT-IR, mass spectroscopy (MS), 1HNMR and 13CNMR. The desired performance of the organic compound DABT which is easy, inexpensive to prepare and eco-friendly, as a corrosion inhibitor for C45 carbon steel in 1 M HCl medium was evaluated using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The results suggest that the corrosion inhibition effectiveness increases with increasing inhibitor concentration and decreases with increasing temperature. The polarization experiments demonstrate that DABT exhibits the characteristics of a mixed-type inhibitor and follows the Langmuir isotherm in its adsorption behavior. Contact angle measurement revealed that the inhibitor on the surface of the carbon steel is hydrophobic. The synergistic effect of DABT has been investigated; inhibitory efficiency rises with increasing concentration of KI by competitive adsorption to form a layer of protection on the metal surface. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) combined with scanning electron microscope (SEM) was utilized to interpret the morphological study of the carbon steel surface. A good correlation was found between theoretical [Density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics simulation (MDS)] and experimental findings.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Membrane Residual Stress in Q690 High-Strength Steel Welded Box Section Compressed Member.

High-strength steel (HSS) members with welded sections exhibit a notably lower residual compressive stress ratio compared with common mild steel (CMS) members. Despite this difference, current codes often generalize the findings from CMS members to HSS members, and the previous unified residual stress models are generally conservative. This study focuses on the membrane residual stress distribution in Q690 steel welded box sections. By leveraging experimental results, the influence of section sizes and welding parameters on membrane residual stress was delved into. A larger plate size correlates with a decrease in the residual compressive stress across the section, with a more pronounced reduction observed in adjacent plates. Additionally, augmenting the number of welding passes tends to diminish residual stresses across the section. Results showed that membrane residual stress adhered to the section's self-equilibrium, while the self-equilibrium in the plates was not a uniform pattern. A reliable residual stress simulation method for Q690 steel welded box sections was established using a three-dimensional thermal-elastic-plastic finite element model (3DTEFEM) grounded in experimental data. This method served as the cornerstone for parameter analysis in this study and set the stage for subsequent research. As a result, an accurate unified residual stress model for Q690 steel welded box sections was derived.

Synergistic effect of ZnO nanocomposite of Dodonea viscosa for corrosion inhibition in saline media

Abstract Dodonea viscosa-zinc oxide (DV-ZnO) nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermal gravimetric method (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The most abundant compounds in the plant extract were explored using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). FTIR indicated the existence of the different functional groups, XRD showed that the nanocomposite has the hexagonal wurtzite shape of ZnO nanoparticles, SEM-EDS showed a size of 50 nm, and elemental analysis depicts the existence of the different elements in the extract, which confirms, along with TGA results, the formation of DV-ZnO nanocomposite. The nanocomposite synergistic effect was examined for anticorrosion capabilities using gravimetric, electrochemical, and surface analysis methods. Both the plant extract and the nanocomposite exhibited corrosion inhibition abilities. However, the incorporation of the plant extract with ZnO increased the inhibition efficiency by 20 %. Weight loss and electrochemical methods concluded an inhibition efficiency of 80 % for DV-ZnO nanocomposite. The inhibition of the nanocomposite is due to the adsorption of the inhibitor on the carbon steel surface, which was verified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption was found to follow both Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. Surface examination using atomic force microscopy (AFM) found that the carbon steel surface roughness was decreased from the sample submerged in an uninhibited medium (Sa = 121.20 nm) when adding DV-ZnO nanocomposite (Sa = 22.95 nm) and DV plant extract inhibitor (Sa = 54.73 nm).

A Time-Frequency Domain Feature Extraction Approach Enhanced by Computer Vision for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Monitoring Using Fourier and Wavelet Transform

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a rapidly growing technology that offers several advantages over traditional manufacturing methods, such as high deposition rates and the ability to build large components in a cost-effective manner. However, WAAM is also prone to the generation of defects, so the timely identification of anomalies is important to reduce the waste and get components of high quality. To develop anomaly detection application, the feature extraction process represents a key ingredient which allows machine learning systems to analyze big data. Waveform GMAW welding processes are typically used in WAAM to reduce the heat input supplied to the material and avoid defects such as excessive bending of parts and residual stress. These processes are based on the controlled dip transfer principle, so the waveforms should repeat themselves during deposition. This suggests that the frequency content of the voltage and current welding signals acquired during the process can provide important information about the process state. In this research, an experimental campaign was conducted to collect data for pulsed welding and surface tension transfer (STT) processes during the deposition of mild steel ER70S6, stainless steel 316L, Aluminum 4043, and Inconel 718 alloys. Welding voltage and current signals were acquired during the building processes, and a frequency domain analysis was conducted using the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) with the aim to extract features from signals aiming to better separate the feature space, which means improve anomaly detection performance in detecting defects like arc instability, porosity, geometrical defect due to arc blow and humping. Furthermore, a methodology based on time-frequency analysis enhanced by Gabor filter for texture anomaly detection of scalograms obtained by Morlet Continuous Wavelet Transform is proposed, which showed an improvement of performance in separation between normal and anomalous deposition of several materials under different welding technologies.

Investigating the Effects of Urea-Zinc Sulfate-L Phenylalanine on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel Exposed to pH-4 Sulfuric Acid

Background: Corrosion of mild steel is a risk to material and stability. The practice of corrosion inhibitors is a cost-effective corrosion modification method for mild steel. Organic inhibitors rich in electrons might have an excellent ability to prevent corrosion. This study aims to assess the inhibitory effect of the mixture of Urea, Zinc Sulfate, and L-Phenylalanine, which has a high electron density Methods: MS corrosion was experimentally performed using H2SO4 at a pH of 4. Different gravimetric and conventional techniques, such as polarization, AC impedance AFM, UV, and fluorescence, were used to examine the studied data. Results: According to gravimetric measurements, this combination produced 93% effective inhibition. The findings of the impedance test proved that the mixture of inhibitors that was adsorbed on the metal surface effectively prevented corrosion. Conclusion: Likewise, according to the Polarization measurements, the inhibitor exhibits mixed-type performance with significant cathodic activity. UV, Fluorescence, and AFM findings showed that MS corrosion was suppressed because the inhibitor molecule adhered to the metal's surface and reduced.

Utilization of Extract from Bushcane (Costus Afer) as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel

Corrosion has adverse environmental consequences since it affects the manufacturing sector resulting in enormous economic loss. The corrosion characteristics and mechanism of mild in the solution of hydrochloric acid was studied. Extract of bush cane (Costus afer) was screened for physicochemical and phytochemical properties and utilized as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel, the process was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The presence of OH, NH of alcohols, phenols, or substituents connected to aromatic rings, C=O for amides and ketones, C-N of aliphatic amines, and C=C of alkenes and nitriles were shown using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimum condition was found by minimizing time, temperature, inhibitor concentration and corrosion rate while maximizing weight loss, and inhibitor efficiency. The results obtained revealed that the bush cane extract contain saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid and tannin, which suggests the potency of the extract as a good inhibitor as it contains a considerable amount of phytochemical with basic heteroatom. The statistical significance of the weight loss, corrosion rate and inhibitor efficiency were evaluated using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). it was observed that the regression was statistically significant at the F-value of 94.60, 25.87 and 4.72 respectively. P-value of > 0.0235, > 0.0001 and 0.0265 respectively. The optimum temperature, inhibitor concentration and contact time were found to be 27.9°C, 20.0% and 5 hours respectively at desirability value of 0.637. At this optimum condition, the weight loss was found to be 0.102%, corrosion rate was 1.583mg/cm<sup>2</sup>hr and inhibitor efficiency was 62.9%. From the results obtained in this experiment, It is concluded that the bushcane extract can be used as a corrosion inhibitor for the protection of mild steel.

Effect of a Hybrid Pumice-Portland Cement Extract on Corrosion Activity of Stainless Steel SS304 and Carbon Mild Steel A36.

The change in the corrosion activities of SS304 and the carbon steel A36 were studied during their exposure for 30 days to hybrid pumice-Portland cement extract (CE), to simulate the concrete-pore environment. The ionic composition and the initial pH (12.99) of the CE were influenced by the reduction of Portland cement (PC) content, volcanic pumice oxides and alkaline activators. Because of the air CO2 dissolution, the pH decreased and maintained a constant value ≈ 9.10 (established dynamic ionic equilibrium). The CE promoted the passivation of both steels and their free corrosion potential (OCP) reached positive values. On the surfaces, Fe and Cr oxides were formed, according to the nature of the steel. Over the time of exposure, the presence of chloride ions in the pumice caused a localized pitting attack, and for carbon steel, this fact may indicate an intermediate risk of corrosion. The chloride effect was retarded by the accumulation of SO42- ions at the steel surfaces. Based on electrochemical impedance (EIS), the polarization resistance (Rp) and the thickness of the passive layers were calculated. Their values were compared with those previously reported for the steels exposed to CEs of Portland and supersulfated cements, and the hybrid cement was considered as a PC "green" alternative.

An electrochemical, and surface studies of synthesized Gemini ionic liquid as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in petroleum field

In this work, we study the efficiency of N1, N3-dibenzyl-N1, N1, N3, N3-tetramethylpropane-1,3-diaminium chloride, as anticorrosion. This compound exhibits potential as a prospective remedy to stop the deterioration of carbon steel caused by corrosion in 1.0 M HCl. The synthesis of this compound is described in a comprehensive manner, and its composition is supported by a range of precise analytical approaches such as elemental analysis, and mass spectroscopy. Based on the findings of the investigation, the synthesized Gemini ionic liquid demonstrates a robust capacity to slow down the rate at which the metal corrodes. The Prepared compound was evaluation by electrochemical and morphology study. Our results revealed that elevating the inhibitor concentration led to an augmentation in inhibition effectiveness, reaching up to 94.8% at 200 ppm of the synthesized compound at 298 K. It is crucial to emphasize that the recently prepared Gemini ionic liquid is consistent with the Langmuir adsorption model and function as a mixed inhibitor, participating in the physio-chemisorption process of adsorption.

Study the Effect of “Di-dodecyl amine” as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in HCl Medium

Numerous organic compounds have been investigated for their potential to reduce corrosion under various circumstances. This study investigated the effects of di-dodecyl amine, an organic chemical, on carbon steel metal corrosion at different temperatures while HCl acid was present. The examination was carried out using accepted methods for polarization, weight loss, and corrosion process testing. The obtained findings demonstrated that the corrosion rate reduces with increasing inhibitor concentration, leading to increased inhibition efficiency. Furthermore, as shown in the weight loss technique, the corrosion rate lowers with increasing surface coverage with organic inhibitor at 313 °C. In the anodic and cathodic polarization methods, as well as in the inhibition efficiency, it is observed to see the cathodic and anodic curves through which the occurrence of the potential and corrosion current is known. The current and corrosion potential decreases with increasing inhibitor concentration. The amines and methyl motiveless in this inhibitor's composition give it their efficacy since they may coat the metal surface and stop corrosion

Evaluation of diethyl 4-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate: synthesis, anti-corrosion potential, and biomedical applications

The pursuit of advanced multifunctional compounds has gained significant momentum in recent scientific endeavours. This study is dedicated to elucidating the synthesis, rigorous characterization, and multifaceted applications—encompassing anti-corrosion, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties—of Diethyl 4-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate. The 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative was meticulously synthesized through a strategic reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, ammonium acetate, and 5-bromoindole-3-carboxaldehydein the ethanol medium at 60 C. Subsequent spectral validations were conducted using sophisticated techniques, namely FTIR, NMR, and Mass spectrometry, resulting in data that perfectly resonated with the hypothesized chemical structure of the compound. Its anti-corrosive potential was assessed on mild steel subjected to an aggressive acidic environment, employing comprehensive methodologies like gravimetric analysis, Tafel polarization, and EIS. Concurrently, its antimicrobial prowess was ascertained against a spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Candida albicansandAspergillusniger, leveraging the disc diffusion method and using Gentamicin as a reference standard.The empirical results illustrated a substantial decrement in corrosion rates with ascending concentrations of the organic compound, achieving an apex of anti-corrosive efficacy at 81.89% for a concentration of 2 × 103 M. Furthermore, the compound outperformed Gentamicin in antimicrobial screenings, manifesting superior efficacy against all tested pathogens. The antioxidant potential, quantified using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay against ascorbic acid as a benchmark, was found to have an IC50 value of 113.964 ± 0.076 µg/ml.This comprehensive investigation accentuates the paramount potential of the synthesized dihydropyridine derivative in diverse domains—from industrial applications as a corrosion inhibitor to therapeutic avenues given its pronounced antimicrobial and antioxidant capabilities. The compelling results obtained pave the way for expansive research and development initiatives cantered around this multifaceted compound.Graphical

ADJUSTABLE NITROOXIDATION TECHNOLOGY FOR LOW ALLOY STEEL

The article discusses the production of a surface diffusion nitride-oxide layer on low-alloy structural steel with specified structures and properties. To develop a controlled technology for nitro-oxidation of low-alloy carbon steel, the dependences of the composition and structure of the nitrided and oxide layer on the chemical composition of the steel and the technological parameters of the process were studied. Technical iron was used as a model alloy and samples of industrial steel grades 40X, P6M5 and steel 45 were processed. Saturation temperatures were studied in the ranges above and below the eutectoid temperature for the “Fe-N” system and, accordingly, for the “Fe-O” system and it was found that the best structures are at saturation temperatures below the eutectoid

Eccentric compressive performances of circular steel-reinforced concrete-filled stainless steel tubular column

Steel-reinforced concrete filled stainless steel tube (SRCFSST) columns are predicted to offer excellent durability, load bearing capacity, ductility, fire resistance, impact resistance, and seismic performance. Therefore, eccentric compressive tests of 18 circular SRCFSST columns were carried out to investigate the effects of the slenderness ratio, load eccentricity, and embedment of carbon-profiled steel (CPS) on circular SRCFSST columns. The ultimate strength and ultimate deflection of the composite columns were improved significantly after the CPS was embedded. A finite element (FE) model was established and the FE analysis indicated that the CPS was proved to be an effective means of constraining concrete. Based on the FE parametric analysis, it was shown that the stability coefficient decreased with increasing concrete strength, proof strength of stainless steel, and CPS yield strength, but increased with increasing rotation radius-diameter ratio. The greater the concrete strength, the more similar the N∼M interaction curves of the SRCFSST columns and reinforced concrete columns. The higher the CPS yield strength, stainless-steel ratio, slenderness ratio, carbon steel ratio, or proof strength of stainless steel, the more similar the interaction curves of the SRCFSST columns and profiled steel columns. Finally, the simplified model was refined to forecast the carrying capability of a circular SRCFSST specimen under the eccentric compression.

Dual-Function Hybrid Coatings Based on Polytetrafluoroethylene and Cu2O for Anti-Biocorrosion and Anti-Wear Applications

Corrosion and wear issues of motion components exposed to water-based corrosion mediums, e.g., naval vessels and oil extraction equipment, pose challenges for the lifespan and reliability of the motion systems. In this work, epoxy-based coatings modified with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles were prepared. The anti-corrosion performance of the coatings was comparatively investigated by electrical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel tests in sterile and sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) mediums. Moreover, the tribological behaviors of the coatings were examined under water lubrication conditions. Our results demonstrate that the epoxy coatings lower significantly the corrosion current density icorr and the charge transfer resistance of the electrical double layer Rct of the carbon steel substrate. Interestingly, the hybrid coatings filled with both PTFE and Cu2O exhibit excellent anti-corrosion and anti-wear performance. After being immersed in the SRB medium for 18 days, the icorr of the pure EP coating and hybrid coatings are 1.10 × 10−7 Amp/cm2 and 0.3 × 10−7 Amp/cm2, and the Rct values are 1.04 × 103 Ω·cm2 and 3.87 × 103 Ω·cm2, respectively. A solid tribofilm forms on the stainless steel counterface sliding against the hybrid coating, which is surmised to be essential for the low friction coefficients and wear. The present work paves a route for formulating the dual-function coatings of anti-biocorrosion and anti-wear.

Impact of gravity on biofilm growth and corrosion of X65 pipeline steel by a sulfate reducing bacterium

Desulfovibrio ferrophilus (IS5) corrosion of X65 carbon steel was impacted by gravity. Six o’clock position (6P) had the highest sessile count due to gravity assisting planktonic cell settling in early biofilm formation, leading to most severe static corrosion followed by 9P and 12P. The 7-d weight loss at 6P was 49.6 ± 4.4 mg/cm2 (3.3 mm/a in uniform corrosion rate) followed by 9P with 35.7 ± 2.6 mg/cm2 (2.4 mm/a) and 12P with 20.5 ± 5.5 mg/cm2 (1.4 mm/a). The trend was supported by electrochemical measurements. The weight loss differences reduced considerably when there was agitation, supporting the gravity hypothesis.

Comparison of Fracture Behavior in Single-Edge Notched Beams Reinforced with Steel Bars or CFRP Bars.

To explore and compare the failure modes, deformation behaviors, and load-bearing capacities of single-edge notched (SEN) beams strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and steel bars, static and dynamic three-point bending tests on both types of concrete beams have been carried out in this study. During the static tests, the electro-hydraulic servo machine served as a loading device to apply pressure to CFRP beams and reinforced concrete (RC) beams. During the impact experiments, different impact velocities were imparted by adjusting the drop hammer's height. Thus, information regarding crack propagation, energy absorption, and deformation was obtained. The results from the static tests showed that the RC beams predominantly experienced shear failure. In contrast, the CFRP beams primarily exhibited bending-shear failure, attributed to the relatively weaker bond strength between the bars and the concrete. Impact tests were conducted at three different velocities in this study. As the impact velocity increased, both types of concrete beams transitioned from bending failure to bending-shear failure. At the lowest velocity, the difference in energy absorption between beams reinforced with different materials was insignificant during the bending process. However, at the highest velocity, CFRP beams absorbed less energy than RC beams. The study of structures' impact failure modes and their mechanical characteristics offers valuable references for the anti-collision design and protection of structures.

Investigation of iron dissolution mechanism in acidic solutions with and without dissolved CO2 – Part I: EIS measurements

ABSTRACT Aqueous CO2 corrosion of mild steel is one of the major problems in the oil and gas industry. While current understanding primarily focuses on cathodic reaction mechanisms, less attention has been given to the impact of aqueous CO2 on the anodic iron dissolution reaction. In contrast, the mechanism of iron dissolution in strong acidic environments has been thoroughly investigated. Among the reaction mechanisms found in the open literature, a multi-path mechanism was identified that could explain the iron dissolution in strong acidic sulfate solution; both in terms of steady state polarization sweeps and impedance data at various pH values and current densities. However, the role of aqueous CO2 in solutions containing chlorides on the mechanism of iron dissolution had remained an open question. The present study used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as the main technique, to study the mechanism of iron dissolution in strong acid chloride solution with and without the presence of CO2. Results showed that the presence of chloride ions (0.5 M) decreases the rate of iron dissolution by competing with hydroxide ions to adsorb on the metal surface, forming chloride-containing intermediate species that participate in the iron dissolution reaction. The resulting decrease in the availability of hydroxide intermediates, which are more effective at enhancing the reaction rate compared to chloride-containing intermediates, leads to an overall decrease in the rate of iron dissolution. While the presence of CO2 increases anodic current density, EIS investigation revealed that neither aqueous CO2 nor other carbonic species directly react on the bare metal surface to form adsorbed intermediates involved in the anodic reaction. EIS investigation suggested that aqueous CO2 may induce changes in the chemical composition of adsorbed species, rate constants, and surface coverage, thereby altering the kinetics of the underlying reactions.

An ANN Hardness Prediction Tool Based on a Finite Element Implementation of a Thermal–Metallurgical Model for Mild Steel Produced by WAAM

WAAM has emerged as a promising technique for manufacturing medium- and large-scale metal parts due to its high material deposition efficiency and automation level. However, its high heat accumulation and complex thermal evolution strongly affect the resulting microstructures and mechanical properties. The heterogeneous and unpredictable nature of these properties hinder the widespread application of WAAM in the steel construction industry. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) hardness model is developed, based on a thermal–metallurgical model for mild steel. The objective is to establish non-linear relationships between the input process parameters and the desired output, i.e., hardness. The thermal–metallurgical model utilizes a well-distributed heat source model, a death-and-birth algorithm, and a metallurgical model to simulate the temperature field and to calculate the microstructure phase fraction. The temperature prediction errors at four thermocouple positions are mostly below 20%. Because of the limited experimental data, twenty-five simulation experiments are performed using the L25 orthogonal array based on the Taguchi method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals that the travel speed has the greatest impact on hardness. With the dataset from the thermal–metallurgical model, an ANN model to predict hardness is developed. A comparison to experimental data shows excellent performance and accuracy, with the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of ANN predictions within 10% of the targeted hardness.

Experimental Analysis of Heat Transfer Post Quenching of Medium Carbon Steel

<div>Transient temperature analysis is involved in the thermal simulation of the heat treatment process, in which the hot metal temperature changes with respect to time from an initial state to the final state. The critical part of the simulation is to determine the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) between the hot part and the quenching medium or quenchant. In liquid quenching, the heat transfer between the hot metal part and water becomes complicated and it is difficult to determine HTC. In the current experimentation a medium carbon steel EN 9 rod with a diameter of 50 mm and length 100 mm was quenched in water and ethylene glycol mixture with different concentrations. A part model was created; meshed and actual boundary conditions were applied to conduct computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. In order to validate CFD analysis the experimental trials were conducted. Experimental results showed a reduced cooling rate for the specimen, and also a reduction in heat-carrying capacity of the mixture, which is attributed to the addition of ethylene glycol.</div>