Mild Restriction Research Articles

Current parenteral nutrition practice and clinical outcomes of term and late preterm infants: A retrospective study

Limited studies have described parenteral nutrition (PN) practices and clinical outcomes in term and late preterm infants. The aim of this study was to describe the current practice of PN in term and late preterm infants and their short-term clinical outcomes. We conducted a retrospective study in a tertiary NICU between October 2018 and September 2019. Infants (gestation ≥34 weeks) admitted on the day of birth or the following day and received PN were included. We collected data on patient characteristics, daily nutrition, clinical and biochemical outcomes until discharge. A total of 124 infants [mean (SD) gestation: 38 (1.92) weeks] were included; 115 (93%) and 77 (77%) commenced on parenteral amino acids and lipids, respectively, by day 2 of admission. The mean parenteral amino acid and lipid intake on day 1 of admission was 1.0 (0.7) g/kg/day and 0.8 (0.6) g/kg/day respectively and increased to 1.5 (1.0) g/kg/day and 2.1 (0.7) g/kg/day by day 5, respectively. Eight (6.5%) infants accounted for 9 episodes of hospital-acquired infections. The mean z-scores for anthropometrics at discharge were significantly lower than at birth (Weight:-0.72 (1.13) vs - 0.04 (1.11); p<0.001; Head circumference:-0.14 (1.17) vs 0.34 (1.05); p<0.001; Length:-0.17 (1.69) vs 0.22 (1.34); p<0.001). A total of 28 (22.6%) and 16 (12.9%) infants had mild and moderate postnatal growth restriction (PNGR), respectively. None had severe PNGR. Thirteen infants (11%) experienced hypoglycaemia, whereas 53 (43%) experienced hyperglycaemia. The intakes of parenteral amino acids and lipids in term and late preterm infants were at the lower end of the currently recommended doses, especially in the first five days of admission. One third of the study population had mild to moderate PNGR. Randomised trials investigating the impact of initial PN intakes on clinical, growth and developmental outcomes are recommended.

The power of a touch: Regular touchscreen training but not its termination affects hormones and behavior in mice.

Touchscreen-based procedures are increasingly used in experimental animal research. They not only represent a promising approach for translational research, but have also been highlighted as a powerful tool to reduce potential experimenter effects in animal studies. However, to prepare the animals for a touchscreen-based test, an often time-consuming training phase is required that has itself been shown to cause increased adrenocortical activity and anxiety-like behavior in mice. While these findings point at a potentially negative effect of touchscreen training at first glance, results have also been discussed in light of an enriching effect of touchscreen training. The aim of the present study was therefore to shed more light on recently reported touchscreen training effects, with a particular focus on the termination of the training routine. Specifically, we investigated whether the termination of regular touchscreen training could constitute a loss of enrichment for mice. Thus, we assessed fecal corticosterone metabolites (FCMs), exploratory-, anxiety-like and home cage behavior in touchscreen-trained mice in comparison to food restricted and ad libitum fed mice, as a restricted diet is an integral part of the training process. Furthermore, we compared these parameters between mice that were continuously trained and mice whose training was terminated 2 weeks earlier. Our results confirm previous findings showing that a mild food restriction increases the animals' exploratory behavior and shifts their activity rhythm. Moreover, touchscreen training was found to increase FCM levels and anxiety-like behavior of the mice. However, no effect of the termination of touchscreen training could be detected, a finding which contradicts the enrichment loss hypothesis. Therefore, we discuss two alternative explanations for the findings. Yet, the current state of knowledge is not sufficient to draw final conclusions at this stage. In compliance with the refinement endeavors for laboratory animals, further research should assess the severity of touchscreen procedures to ensure a responsible and well-founded use of animals for experimental purposes.

Effect of Maternal Gradient Nutritional Restriction during Pregnancy on Mammary Gland Development in Offspring.

We aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of nutritional restriction on mammary gland development during the embryonic period by gradient nutritional restriction in pregnant female mice. We started the nutritional restriction of 60 female CD-1(ICR) mice from day 9 of gestation based on 100%, 90%, 80%, 70% and 60% of ad libitum intake. After delivery, the weight and body fat of the offspring and the mother were recorded (n = 12). Offspring mammary development and gene expression were explored by whole mount and qPCR. Mammary development patterns of in offspring were constructed using Sholl analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and regression analysis. We found that: (1) Mild maternal nutritional restriction (90-70% of ad libitum intake) did not affect offspring weight, while body fat percentage was more sensitive to nutritional restriction (lower at 80% ad libitum feeding). (2) A precipitous drop in mammary development and altered developmental patterns occurred when nutritional restriction ranged from 80% to 70% of ad libitum intake. (3) Mild maternal nutritional restriction (90% of ad libitum intake) promoted mammary-development-related gene expression. In conclusion, our results suggest that mild maternal nutritional restriction during gestation contributes to increased embryonic mammary gland development. When maternal nutritional restriction reaches 70% of ad libitum intake, the mammary glands of the offspring show noticeable maldevelopment. Our results help provide a theoretical basis for the effect of maternal nutritional restriction during gestation on offspring mammary development and a reference for the amount of maternal nutritional restriction.

Relationship of Reduced Lung Function in Male Chronic Heart Failure Patients

Background: Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world affecting multiple organ systems of the body including lungs.&#x0D; Objective: To observe and compare FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC%in CHF patients of different functional classification with healthy individual.&#x0D; Methods: This Cross Sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka, during 2016. For this, 60 stable male CHFpatients were randomly selected, these study subjects based on staging of the disease (Stage C) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification were further divided into two groups, 30 patients of NYHA Class- Iand 30 patients of NYHA class–II. Age, sex and BMI matched, 30 were apparently healthy subjects were taken as control. All the participants were aged 35-65 years.FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC%of all subjects were measured by a portable Digital Spirometer. For statistical analysis, One way ANOVA and Independent sample‘t’ test was performed by using SPSS for windows version-16&amp; p≤ 0.05 was accepted as level of significance.&#x0D; Results: The mean percentage of predicted values of FVC and FEV1 were significantly lower (except FEV1/FVC%) in chronic heart failure patients in comparison to the healthy control. All the study variables were significantly lower in patients of NYHA class–II as compared to patients of NYHA class–I. In addition, 73.33%NYHA class–Ipatientsand 63.33% NYHA class–II patients had restrictive feature.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study concluded thatsomeventilatory variables decrease in CHF patients andto observe extend of lung damage by comparing NYHA class - I and II patients found mild and severe restriction respectively.&#x0D; AKMMC J 2021; 12(1) : 16-21

Impact of prenatal physical preparation program on respiratory parameters of pregnant women

Background/Aim: Pregnancy is a condition that alters a woman's respiratory parameters. We aimed to verify the impact of a prenatal physical preparation program on respiratory parameters of pregnant women. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with 38 pregnant women over a period of 8 months. It consisted of measuring the respiratory parameters (using the New MIR Spirolab Spirometer) of pregnant women who participated in the prenatal physical preparation program. Each session lasted 45 minutes and took place once a week. The sessions involved low to moderate intensity and assessed the forced expiratory volume second, the vital capacity force, and the peak expiratory flow. Results: After the intervention program in prenatal physical preparation, there was a significant change in the vital capacity force (74 (3.65) before vs 79 (0.54) after; P=0.003); forced expiratory volume (68 (0.63) vs 76 (0.45), P=0.002); and peak expiratory (69 (1.77) before vs 78 (1.12) after; P=0.001) The Tiffeneau index showed (72.8 (4.2) vs 76.19 (13.3), P=0.001). The number of pregnant women with normal spirometry doubled from 47.4% at the start of the program to 94.7% at the end of the program. Similarly, the proportion of pregnant women with mild restriction increased from 42.1% at the start of the program to 2.6% at the end, indicating a total improvement of the obstructive disorders. Conclusion: The regular practice of physical activity allows for improvement of the respiratory parameters of pregnant women. This program must continue to enable these women to maintain their respiratory capacity after childbirth.

Perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic as demonstrated in drawings of Swedish children aged 4-6 years.

To explore the perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic, as expressed in the drawings of Swedish children aged 4-6 years. We analysed 91 drawings with associated descriptions submitted to the Swedish Archive of Children's Art from April 2020 to February 2021. The visual and text analysis resulted in three themes. First, illustrating the virus and embodying the danger showed that young children understood the invisible enemy, combining realistic elements of the virus particle with fantasies of the 'virus monster' that needs to be fought off. Second, life has changed for the worse describes the profound effect the pandemic had on young children's lives also in Sweden, with comparatively mild restrictions and no school closures. Third, the virus spreads across the world, affects people and infects their bodies conveys young children's understanding of the pandemic as an existential challenge affecting the whole world. Children displayed surprisingly high levels of health literacy related to COVID-19, including contagion routes and the importance of hand hygiene. The drawings of Swedish children aged 4-6 years demonstrated the profound, practical and emotional effects of the pandemic on their lives. Drawings also illuminated young children's level of health literacy regarding COVID-19.

Variable-time-step BDF2 nonconforming VEM for coupled Ginzburg-Landau equations

In this paper, we solve the coupled Ginzburg-Landau equations by using a linearized variable-time-step second order backward differentiation formula in time combining with a nonconforming virtual element method in space. Based on the techniques of the discrete orthogonal convolution kernels and the discrete complementary convolution kernels, the unconditional optimal L2-norm error estimate of the fully discrete scheme was presented by using the error splitting technique under the mild restriction on the ratio of adjacent time-steps ratios. Finally, numerical experiments illustrate the correctness of our theoretical analysis.

“ SPIROMETRIC EVALUATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS ”

Background: Chronic hyperglycaemia causes many changes in the lungs such as thickened pulmonary capillary basal lamina and alveolar epithelium causing decreased pulmonary elastic recoil and lung volumes. Aim: of the current study is to know the evidence based signicance of spirometry on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study with 90 Type 2DM patients were selected of age more than 35 years and with duration of diabetes &gt; 5 years. spirometry was done for: FVC, FEV1, FEV1/ FVC. Results: Recorded FVC in Type 2 DM is decreased when compared to the predicted values.Recorded FVC of diabetic patients have a mean of 2.14 ± 0.67 with a range of 1.13 – 4.17 compared to predicted values with mean of 2.54 ± 0.63 with a range of 1.72 – 4.03. Recorded FEV1 in Type 2 DM is decreased when compared to the predicted values. Recorded FEV1 of diabetic patients have a mean of 1.93± 0.63 with a range of 0.95 – 3.33 compared to predicted values with mean of 2.10 ± 0.49 with a range of 1.42 – 3.36. 53.3% of the diabetics had mild restriction of pulmonary functions 14.4% of the diabetics had moderate restriction of pulmonary functions. Conclusion: DIABETES MELLITUS causes decrement in the lung functions in the form of Restriction which is more seen in patients with longer duration of DM &amp; patients with uncontrolled glycemic status.

An Implicit–Explicit Second-Order BDF Numerical Scheme with Variable Steps for Gradient Flows

In this paper, we propose and analyze an efficient implicit–explicit second-order backward differentiation formulation (BDF2) scheme with variable time steps for gradient flow problems using a scalar auxiliary variable (SAV) approach. Comparing with the traditional second-order SAV approach (Shen et al. in J Comput Phys 353:407–416, 2018), we only use a first-order method to approximate the auxiliary variable. This treatment does not affect the second-order accuracy of the unknown function $$\phi $$ , and is essentially important for deriving the unconditional energy stability of the proposed BDF2 scheme with variable time steps. We prove the unconditional energy stability of the scheme for a modified discrete energy with the adjacent time step ratio $$\gamma _{n+1}:=\tau _{n+1}/\tau _{n}\le 4.8645$$ . The uniform $$H^{2}$$ bound for the numerical solution is derived under a mild regularity restriction on the initial condition, that is $$\phi ({\varvec{x}},0)\in H^{2}$$ . Based on this uniform bound of the numerical solution, a rigorous error estimate of the proposed scheme is carried out on the nonuniform temporal mesh. Finally, serval numerical tests are provided to validate the theoretical claims. With the application of an adaptive time-stepping strategy, the efficiency of our proposed scheme can be clearly observed in the coarsening dynamics simulation.

Global Controllability Criteria and Motion Planning of Regular Affine Systems With Drifts

In this article, we give a condition for the global controllability of affine nonlinear control systems with drifts on Euclidean spaces. Under regularity assumptions, the condition is necessary and sufficient in the codimension-1 and codimension-2 cases, and holds for systems of higher codimensions under mild restrictions. We then investigate motion planning problems for codimension-1 affine systems, and give proof of the global existence of the lift to control curves for certain drifted systems using the homotopy continuation method.

Modified subgradient extragradient algorithms for systems of generalized equilibria with constraints

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this paper, we introduce the modified Mann-like subgradient-like extragradient implicit rules with linear-search process for finding a common solution of a system of generalized equilibrium problems, a pseudomonotone variational inequality problem and a fixed-point problem of an asymptotically nonexpansive mapping in a real Hilbert space. The proposed algorithms are based on the subgradient extragradient rule with linear-search process, Mann implicit iteration approach, and hybrid deepest-descent technique. Under mild restrictions, we demonstrate the strong convergence of the proposed algorithms to a common solution of the investigated problems, which is a unique solution of a certain hierarchical variational inequality defined on their common solution set.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

Significance of platelets to lymphocytes and platelets to haemoglobin ratios in patients with systemic sclerosis

BackgroundSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is a progressive autoimmune connective tissue disease. Platelets to lymphocytes (PLR) and platelets to haemoglobin ratios (PHR) are emerging biomarkers used in the assessment of activity and severity of various autoimmune diseases. This study was designed to clarify the association of PLR and PHR with SSc disease activity and its different manifestations. MethodA cross-sectional study involved sixty SSc patients. Demographic, clinical data and investigations were done. ResultsPLR and PHR were correlated positively with ESR (r=0.351, p=0.003*), (r=0.620, p=0.000**), CRP (r=0.417, p=0.001*), (r=0.305, p=0.018**) and SSc activity index (r=0.292, p=0.024*), (r=0.359, p=0.005*). PLR and PHR were highly significantly related to digital ulcerations, musckeloskeletal, and pulmonary manifestations. Also, they had a significant relation to ground glass abnormalities on HRCT, mild restriction in pulmonary function tests and anti-scleroderma-70 antibodies. The cutoff value for PLR was 107.8 with high sensitivity 97.9% and specifity 92.3%, area under the curve (AUC=0.723, P 0.015) on receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). PHR AUC (0.799, P .001), cut value was 23.5 at 95.7% sensitivity and 84.6% specifity. ConclusionPLR and PHR were significantly related to digital ulcerations, musculoskeletal, and pulmonary manifestations and can be considered as predictive biomarkers for the assessment of SSc disease activity and severity.

Some new concepts in fuzzy calculus for up and down &lt;i&gt;λ&lt;/i&gt;-convex fuzzy-number valued mappings and related inequalities

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;In recent years, numerous scholars have investigated the relationship between symmetry and generalized convexity. Due to this close relationship, generalized convexity and symmetry have become new areas of study in the field of inequalities. With the help of fuzzy up and down relation, the class of up and down $ \lambda $-convex fuzzy-number valued mappings is introduced in this study; and weighted Hermite-Hadamard type fuzzy inclusions are demonstrated for these functions. The product of two up and down $ \lambda $-convex fuzzy-number valued mappings also has Hermite-Hadamard type fuzzy inclusions, which is another development. Additionally, by imposing some mild restrictions on up and down $ \lambda $-convex ($ \lambda $-concave) fuzzy number valued mappings, we have introduced two new significant classes of fuzzy number valued up and down $ \lambda $-convexity ($ \lambda $-concavity), referred to as lower up and down $ \lambda $-convex (lower up and down $ \lambda $-concave) and upper up and down $ \lambda $-convex ($ \lambda $-concave) fuzzy number valued mappings. Using these definitions, we have amassed many classical and novel exceptional cases that implement the key findings. Our proven results expand and generalize several previous findings in the literature body. Additionally, we offer appropriate examples to corroborate our theoretical findings.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Trade-offs during the COVID-19 pandemic: A discrete choice experiment about policy preferences in Portugal.

The need to control the sanitary situation during the COVID-19 pandemic has led governments to implement several restrictions with substantial social and economic impacts. We explored people's trade-offs in terms of their income, life restrictions, education, and poverty in the society, compared to their willingness to avoid deaths. We applied a web-based discrete choice experiment to elicit preferences of the Portuguese citizens for these attributes and computed the marginal rate of substitution in terms of avoided deaths. We recorded 2,191 responses that faced the possibility of having 250 COVID-19 related deaths per day as the worst possible outcome from the choice levels presented. Estimates suggested that individuals would be willing to sacrifice 30% instead of 10% of their income to avoid approximately 47 deaths per day during the first six months of 2021. For the same period, they would also accept 30% of the students' population to become educationally impaired, instead of 10%, to avoid approximately 25 deaths; a strict lockdown, instead of mild life restrictions, to avoid approximately 24 deaths; and 45% of the population to be in risk of poverty, instead of 25%, to avoid approximately 101 deaths. Our paper shows that avoiding deaths was strongly preferred to the remaining societal impacts; and that being a female, as well as working on site, led individuals to be more averse to such health hazards. Furthermore, we show how a DCE can be used to assess the societal support to decision-making during times of crisis.

PULMONARY FUNCTION CHANGES IN POST COVID-19 PATIENTS

Introduction: The covid 19 pandemic has exploded since cases were rst reported in China on December 2019.As of July 9 2020, more than 12 million cases of Covid 19 caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2(SARS-CoV-2) have been reported, and cases have been reported in more than 180 countries. Aim and Objectives: To study the common abnormality in pulmonary function tests in post Covid 19 discharged patients and to correlate with the severity of the disease. Material and Method: A single centre, hospital based, observational, crosssectional study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine, KPC Medical College and Hospital, Jadavpur, Kolkata, both indoor and OPD patients from 25th of August 2020 to 25th Of June 2021. Result: In our study, 16(20.0%) patients had Mild restriction at PFT Spirometry Finding-x, 34(42.5%) patients had Moderate Restriction at PFT Spirometry Finding-x, 23(28.8%) patients had moderately severe Restriction at PFT Spirometry Finding-x and 7(8.8%) patients had severe restriction at PFT Spirometry Finding-x. Conclusion: DLCO/Va-x was less in severe disease followed by mild and moderate disease which was statistically signicant. DLCO/Va-y was less in severe disease followed by mild and moderate disease which was statistically signicant.

Pulmonary Functions and Respiratory Symptoms of Wheat Flour Mill Workers in The Duhok District

Exposure to flour dust in flour mill factories may cause diverse lung diseases with different severity of symptoms ranging from simple irritation to allergic rhinitis or occupational asthma; long-term exposure to flour dust can cause chronic lung problems. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of exposure to flour dust on the respiratory system and pulmonary function of wheat flour mill workers in the Duhok district. A cross-sectional study was performed among 63 workers who had direct contact with wheat flour mills. The data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and digital spirometry. The workers’ mean age ± (SD) was 29.79 ± 10.60 years. The current study showed the predicted Forced vital capacity (FVC) mean ± (SD) 105.34 L (±) 25.96 L, and the predicted Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) mean ± (SD) 97.90 L (±) 18.65 L, and the predicted FEV1/FVC mean ± (SD) 95.82 L (±) 17.61 L. About 43(68.3%) of workers were normal,10(15.9%) had mild pulmonary obstruction followed by moderate restriction, 5(7.9%), and 3(4.8%) had mild pulmonary restriction. The mild obstructive disorder is more among normal Body Mass Index (BMI) persons, while restrictive disorders are more among overweight workers. This study showed no significant statistical association between PFTs and respiratory symptoms (sneezing, rhinorrhea, change of voice, dyspnea and cough), BMI, and the duration of working in the wheat flour mills.

On the Girth of Three-Dimensional Algebraically Defined Graphs with Multiplicatively Separable Functions

For a field $\mathbb{F}$ and functions $f,g,h,j\colon\mathbb{F}\to \mathbb{F}$, we define $\Gamma_\mathbb{F}(f(X)h(Y),g(X) j(Y))$ to be a bipartite graph where each partite set is a copy of $\mathbb{F}^3$, and a vertex $(a,a_2,a_3)$ in the first partite set is adjacent to a vertex $[x,x_2,x_3]$ in the second partite set if and only if \[a_2+x_2=f(a)h(x) \quad \text{and} \quad a_3+x_3=g(a)j(x).\] In this paper, we completely classify all such graphs by girth in the case $h=j$ (subject to some mild restrictions on $h$). We also present a partial classification when $h\neq j$ and provide some applications.

Workplace Trauma with Massive Intraorbital Foreign Body, A Dramatic Outcome

Background: Intra-orbital foreign bodies [IOFB] are considered a rare condition, and an enormous challenge to surgeons, as it might be difficult to diagnose in some cases even with the current advances in imaging technology. Retained IOFB can be a cause of major visual morbidity and blindness, especially in the working population. Purpose: In this article, we report a case of IOFB that occurred as a result of workplace related trauma while drilling ceramic. Methods: Case report and literature review using PubMed. Case Presentation: we present a case of a 30 years old male, not known to have any medical illness, the patient presented to the emergency department after getting trauma while drilling ceramic. Orbital computed tomography [CT] showed multiple high-density objects situated in a circumferential pattern around the globe. Results: The patient underwent lateral canthotomy and cantholysis in the emergency department, followed by three exploratory operations to remove intraorbital foreign bodies [FBs] . Luckily, the patient in our case regained a 0.5 visual acuity, with an impressive improvement in the extraocular muscle motility, with only mild restriction in the upper and lower gazes. The patient was followed up for 2 years after the incident, he was stable during that period. Conclusions: IOFB is an ophthalmological emergency, careful history, examination, and investigations are important steps in diagnosing IOFB since it can be easily missed when depending solely on imaging. Timely management is crucial to prevent irreversible complications.

Survey of Grammar-Based Data Structure Compression

A data string can be represented with the help of a context-free grammar such that the string is the unique string belonging to the language of the grammar. One can then losslessly compress the string indirectly by encoding the grammar into a unique binary codeword. This approach to data compression, called grammar-based data compression, can also be employed to losslessly compress graphical data structures, which are graphs in which every vertex carries a data label. Under mild restrictions, grammar-based data compression schemes are universal compressors, meaning that they perform at least as well as any finite-state compression scheme. Some of the theory of universal grammar-based compressors is surveyed. Applications of grammar-based compressors to various areas such as bioinformatics and data networks are discussed. Future directions for grammar-based compression research are outlined, including compression issues arising in highly repetitive databases and issues concerning the compression of sparse graphical data.

Correlation Between Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Baseline with Spirometry Test in Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Background/aim: The sequelae of the post-COVID-19 syndrome can affect lung function. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio is one of the markers of increased inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Based on this, the researchers wanted to assess the relationship between baseline NLR levels and spirometry tests in severe COVID-19 survivors. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design conducted at Prof. Dr. IGNG Ngoerah Hospital Denpasar from January 2022 to July 2022. Univariate analysis displays the mean, standard deviation, and relative frequency for categorical data. Bivariate analysis was performed by chi-squared test. The multivariate analysis used was multiple logistic regression to assess the relationship between baseline NLR levels and covariates with the spirometry test. Results: Subjects who participated in the study were 80. As many as 58 subjects (72.5%), the baseline NLR value was 3.58%, and the median NLR was 5.41% (1.19-514%). On spirometry examination, there were restrictions on 41 subjects (51.2%), mild Restriction in 38 subjects (47.5%), Obstruction in 8 subjects (10%), benign Obstruction in 5 subjects (6.3%). The multivariate correlation between baseline NLR and spirometry results (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF 25-75%) showed no relationship Conclusion: There is no relationship between high baseline NLR and FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF25-75% values. Keywords: COVID-19, CRP, Lymphocyte, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF 25-75