Migration Behavior Research Articles

Educational priorities of low-and middle-income country medical diaspora organisations: A critical discourse analysis.

Rising global migration levels have led to growing diaspora populations. There has been interest in the role of diaspora healthcare professionals (HCPs) from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in development aid to their origin countries, although there has been comparatively less focus on their educational activities. This study examined the stated educational priorities of LMIC medical diaspora organisations, with a particular focus on the tension between promoting professional opportunities afforded by medical migration and contributing to healthcare workforce shortages due to migration away from LMICs.We gathered a textual archive from webpages and public documents of 89 LMIC medical diaspora organisations in high income countries, predominantly the US and UK. We employed Foucauldian critical discourse analysis to examine presented rationales around educational policies and practices, with a focus on encouragement towards, and discouragement from, medical migration. Two discourses dominated this archive. The first was of preservation and framed the educational work of these organisations as a means of providing unity and social networks to diaspora HCPs, with a focus on maintaining their cultural identity and heritage, and medical connections with their origin countries. The second was of aspiration and framed their educational work as providing support to diaspora HCPs to advance their careers and maximise training opportunities, often through directly enabling and supporting migration to high income countries. There was a discursive absence around brain drain with no policies or practices that overtly sought to deter against, or offset the negative effects of, medical migration. Notwithstanding the valuable contributions that LMIC medical diaspora organisations make in global health, the discursive framings that shape their educational work are linked primarily to protecting and progressing diaspora HCPs rather than on LMIC workforce challenges. Further research is needed to examine potential impacts of these positions on HCP migratory behaviours.

Modulating collagen configuration for flexibly regulating cell adhesion and migration behavior

Cell adhesion and migration behaviors are widely involved in physiological processes, and can be mediated by various factors. Collagen is one representative constituents of extracellular matrix, possessing advantages including excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and ease to be engineered, which makes collagen be promising biomaterial for regulating cell behaviors. Furthermore, the biofunction of collagen is closely correlated with its configuration. Whereas, current studies on collagen-based biomaterials for regulating cell adhesion and migration are rare, let alone the exploration of the ralationship between the configurations and these two behaviors. (Human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVEC) plays significant roles in wounds healing and cancer progression. Therefore, we aimed at disclosing the relationships between the adhesion/migration capability and the collagen origin, structure, and molecular state. In summary, results clearly revealed that denaturation disfavors the adhesion/migration of HUVEC cells, while assembly promotes. The expression levels of F-actin and vinculin, together with the quantity of filopodia were positively correlated with the two processes. Finnaly, our study may provide directions for the further designing of collagen-based biomaterials in the treatment of these kinds of severe diseases.

Multi-fractal characteristics of pore system in deep organic-rich shales of the Wufeng-Longmaxi formation in the Sichuan Basin and their geological significance

The heterogeneity of pore system of deep shale reservoir determines the occurrence, enrichment and migration behavior of shale gas within shales. In this study, multi-fractal analysis was applied to analyze CO2 and N2 adsorption data for obtaining multi-fractal parameters including Hurst index and multi-fractal spectrum (D5--D5+) of the deep Wufeng-Longmaxi shales collected from the Sichuan Basin, China, in order to study the connectivity and heterogeneity of micropore pores and meso-macropores as well as their influencing factors. The results showed that pore system of the Wufeng-Longmaxi deep shale exhibits distinct multifractal nature. There exists significant differences in the pore volume (PV) of micropores (<2 nm), mesopore (2–50 nm), and macropore (>50 nm) across different shale lithofacies due to their differences in TOC content and mineral composition. The heterogeneity and connectivity of micropores and meso-macropores within deep shales in the Sichuan Basin are controlled by multiple factors including shale lithofacies, burial depth, and pressure coefficients. Notably, siliceous shale (SL) and calcareous/argillaecous siliceous shale (C/ASL), known as sweet spot for current shale gas exploitation, exhibits characteristics such as relative low micropore connectivity, high micropore heterogeneity, high micropore PV and low meso-macropore connectivity. These suggest that isolated pressure-sealing compartment is easier formed within the overpressured SL and C/ASL. Thus, pressure in these shales is less likely to release during the Yanshanian-Xishanian tectonic uplift process, favoring the preservation of organic matter (OM) pores and residual interparticle pores, which is conducive to the accumulation of deep shale gas dominated by free gas.

Enhancing Urological Cancer Treatment: Leveraging Vasodilator Synergistic Potential with 5-FU for Improved Therapeutic Outcomes.

Backgroud: This study investigates the potential of vasodilator drugs as additive therapy in the treatment of urological cancers, particularly in combination with the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Methods: The study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of sildenafil, tezosentan and levosimendan alone and in combination with 5-FU on urological cancer cell lines. The assessment included MTT assays, colony formation assays and wound healing assays to determine cell viability, proliferative capacity, and migratory behavior, respectively. Results: Sildenafil and tezosentan showed limited cytotoxic effects, while levosimendan demonstrated moderate anticancer activity. The combination of levosimendan and 5-FU exhibited an additive interaction, enhancing cytotoxicity against cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Levosimendan also inhibited cell migration and proliferation, potentially through mechanisms involving the modulation of cAMP levels and nitric oxide production. Conclusions: The findings suggest that levosimendan can be used in conjunction with 5-FU to reduce the required dose of 5-FU, thereby minimizing side effects without compromising therapeutic efficacy. This study offers a new perspective for enhancing therapeutic outcomes in patients with urological cancers.

Study on the adsorption mechanism of fluorescent nano-tracer in sandstone core

Chemical tracer testing technology has increasingly become the preferred method for reservoir monitoring in oil fields due to its low cost and high efficiency. Understanding the migration behavior and adsorption mechanisms of chemical tracers in porous media is crucial for designing tracer injection processes and enhancing the accuracy of tracer test interpretation. This study employs an enhanced Stöber sol-gel method to synthesize fluorescent silica nanoparticles. After surface modification with the silane coupling agent γ-(methacryloyloxy) propyltrimethoxysilane (KH570) and doping with two fluorescent dyes, a multicolor fluorescent nano-tracer (PMFN) was synthesized. This study conducted dynamic and equilibrium adsorption experiments to investigate the adsorption behavior of PMFN on sandstone surfaces. To elucidate the adsorption mechanism of PMFN, we fitted the adsorption equilibrium experimental data using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isothermal adsorption models. The adsorption kinetics were studied using the Lagergren, Elovich, and pseudo-first-order kinetic models. Additionally, we assessed the influence of ionic strength and particle size on the adsorption of PMFN by calculating the DLVO interaction forces between PMFN and the sandstone surface. The results showed that PMFN adsorption on sandstone primarily occurs in the pre-contact stage and is characterized by monolayer adsorption. When the ionic strength of the solution is 0.001 mol/L, the maximum repulsive energy barrier between PMFN and the sandstone surface hinders adsorption.

Unraveling the intercorrelation between pseudo-graphitic phase and Li+/Na+ migration behavior in semicoke-based carbon anodes

Microstructural engineering is regarded as a promising option for fabricating high-performance carbon anodes. Hence, a facile solvothermal-assisted low-temperature calcination strategy was employed to modulate the microstructure of semicoke-derived carbon anodes. Owing to the effective pseudo-graphite phase modulation, the modified carbon anode exhibited a significant increase in capacity, cycling stability and ion kinetics in both lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries. Kinetic analysis and in-situ X-ray diffraction confirmed the “adsorption and intercalation” energy storage mechanism of the obtained carbon electrodes. In addition, by investigating the energy storage mechanism, we found that increasing the pseudo-graphite phase proportion played different roles in lithium and sodium ions storage. For lithium-ion storage, the pseudo-graphitic phase preferentially promotes lithium-ion transport kinetics. Conversely, during sodium-ion storage, this particular structure markedly augments the embedding capacity of sodium. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that different patterns of variation in the activation energy with the carbon layer spacing of lithium/sodium intercalation compounds lead to differences in performance enhancement. This study not only offers a low-cost approach for preparing carbon anodes enriched with a pseudo-graphitic phase, but also provides new insight into the discrepancy between lithium ion and sodium ion storage.

A study on the occurrence modes and distribution characteristics of sulfur and mercury in coal gasification slag

Although coal gasification is recognized as a core technology for clean coal utilization, S and Hg can migrate to gas, wastewater, and slag during the gasification process, causing environmental pollution. It is well known that S and Hg have a strong affinity. Therefore, the interaction between S and Hg during the gasification process warrants further investigation. In this study, the occurrence modes and distribution characteristics of S and Hg in gasification slag were systematically investigated using multiple treatments and various characterization techniques. The results showed that sulfur in the gasification slag exists predominantly as organic sulfur, while mercury mainly exists as HgS/silicate-bound Hg. Although the relative enrichment index of Hg (RE < 0.7) indicates its high volatility, a more pronounced enrichment effect for mercury of fine slag was indicated by its much higher RE than coarse slag. When exploring the relationship among the contents of C, S, and Hg and specific surface area in gasification slag, it was found that the correlation between S and Hg content in fine slag was the strongest, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.96, indicating a significant influence of sulfur content in fine slag on mercury content. Additionally, it was observed that the S and Hg contents in gasification slag increased with the decrease of particle size and density. These results provide an important understanding of the distribution, migration, and transformation behavior of S and Hg during coal gasification, as well as a certain theoretical support and technical basis for the resource utilization of gasification slag.

Interannual site fidelity by Svalbard walruses

The Arctic is experiencing rapid reductions in sea ice, affecting all ice-dependant species. In the present study we examine interannual seasonal movements and habitat use in relation to sea ice coverage for one of the Arctic endemic marine mammals. We tagged 40 male walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) in the Svalbard Archipelago with custom-designed tusk-mounted GPS loggers. Twelve of these animals provided tracks that lasted 1–6 years. Eleven of the walruses displayed clear seasonal migratory behaviour between summer foraging areas and winter breeding areas. Individuals showed high inter-individual variation, but clear site fidelity, using the same areas in consecutive years despite variable sea ice conditions. The walruses swam 5225–10,406 km per year and travelled remarkably similar distances between years on an individual basis. The phenology of migration was not impacted by sea ice concentrations or daylight length but was consistent at the individual level, suggesting endogenous drivers. Sea ice concentrations influenced movement behaviour with animals showing more tortuous paths when in areas with heavy sea ice, possibly searching for polynyas where females reside. Ongoing climate change is expected to drastically change walrus habitat, and it remains to be seen if walruses will be able to shift from their fixed seasonal migratory routines.

Experimental study on migration characteristics of LNAPL in the aquitard under pumping conditions.

Research on the migration behaviors of contaminants in the aquitard has been deficient for an extended period. Clay is commonly employed as an impermeable layer or barrier to stop the migration of contaminants. However, under certain conditions, the clay layer may exhibit permeability to water, thereby allowing contaminants to infiltrate and potentially contaminate adjacent aquifers. Consequently, it holds immense importance to scrutinize and investigate the migration characteristics of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) within the aquitard for the purposes of groundwater pollution control and remediation. To evaluate the environmental risk posed by organic contaminants in the aquitard, an experimental model was formulated and devised to monitor the LNAPL concentration in the aquitard under pumping conditions. The correlation between pumping rate and LNAPL concentration was investigated. A self-developed plexiglass sandbox model was used to simulate the migration characteristics of LNAPL in the aquitard under pumping conditions. Four experimental scenarios were designed, varying pumping rates, aquitard thicknesses, and groundwater level changes. The LNAPL concentration curve was derived by systematically tracking and analyzing LNAPL levels at various locations within the aquitard. The results indicated that higher pumping rates corresponded to increased migration of LNAPL, resulting in greater LNAPL ingress into the pumping well during extraction. A thicker aquitard demonstrated a more pronounced inhibitory effect on LNAPL, leading to an extended penetration time of LNAPL within the aquitard. The drawdown within the aquitard exerted a discernible influence on LNAPL migration, with the LNAPL concentration continuing to decrease in tandem with declining water levels during pumping. These research findings can establish a scientific foundation for the control and remediation of contaminants within aquitards.

Impact and migration behavior of triclosan on waste-activated sludge anaerobic digestion

Triclosan (TCS), a hydrophobic antibacterial agent, is extensive application in daily life. Despite a low biodegradability rate, its hydrophobicity results in its accumulation in waste-activated sludge (WAS) during domestic and industrial wastewater treatment. While anaerobic digestion is the foremost strategy for WAS treatment, limited research has explored the interphase migration behavior and impacts of TCS on WAS degradation during anaerobic digestion. This study revealed TCS migration between solid- and liquid-phase in WAS digestion. The solid–liquid distribution coefficients of TCS were negative for proteins and polysaccharides and positive for ammonium. High TCS levels promoted volatile-fatty-acid accumulation and reduced methane production. Enzyme activity tests and functional prediction indicated that TCS increased enzyme activity associated with acid production, in contrast to the inhibition of key methanogenic enzymes. The findings of the TCS migration behavior and its impacts on WAS anaerobic digestion provide an in-depth understanding of the evolution of enhanced TCS-removing technology.

Research on optimizing the drilling rate for through-tubing drilling and sand pumping tools

The efficient, cost-effective removal of sand in low-pressure and prone-to-leakage oil and gas wells poses a significant challenge that is currently being researched. The limited size of the newly developed through-tubing drilling and sand pumping tool leads to sand plugging when the drilling rate is too fast and low sand cleaning efficiency when the drilling rate is too slow. To address this issue, this paper utilizes FLUENT to simulate the migration behavior of sand-laden fluid within the drilling and sand extraction tool. The DDPM discrete phase model is employed to examine the trajectory and motion of sand particles within the fluid. Through theoretical calculations, it is determined that when the average particle size of the sand solution is 0.05 mm and the inner diameter of the tubing is 50.3 mm, the drilling rate should be kept below 687 mm/min to prevent sand plugging. The validity of the theoretical analysis is confirmed through the construction of a testing platform. This study offers practical guidance for the implementation of the new through-tubing drilling and sand pumping tool in engineering applications. To provide a new solution for addressing the problem of low pressure and easily leaking oil and gas wells.

Elucidating nematode diversity and prevalence in moose across a wide latitudinal gradient using DNA metabarcoding

Parasitic nematodes are ubiquitous and can negatively impact their host by reducing fecundity or increasing mortality, yet the driver of variation in the parasite community across a wildlife host's geographic distribution remains elusive for most species. Based on an extensive collection of fecal samples (n = 264) from GPS marked moose (Alces alces), we used DNA metabarcoding to characterize the individual (sex, age class) and seasonal parasitic nematode community in relation to habitat use and migration behavior in five populations distributed across a wide latitudinal gradient (59.6°N to 70.5°N) in Norway. We detected 21 distinct nematode taxa with the six most common being Ostertagia spp., Nematodirella spp., Trichostongylus spp., T. axei, Elaphostrongylus alces, and an unclassified Strongylida. There was higher prevalence of livestock parasites in areas with larger sheep populations indicating a higher risk of spillover events. The individual level nematode richness was mostly consistent across study areas, while the number and type of nematode taxa detected at each study area varied considerably but did not follow a latitudinal gradient. While migration distance affected nematode beta-diversity across all sites, it had a positive effect on richness at only two of the five study areas suggesting population specific effects. Unexpectedly, nematode richness was higher in winter than summer when very few nematodes were detected. Here we provide the first extensive description of the parasitic nematode community of moose across a wide latitudinal range. Overall, the population-specific impact of migration on parasitism across the distribution range and variation in sympatry with other ruminants suggest local characteristics affect host-parasite relationships.

Distributions of coarse aggregate and steel fiber in ultra-high performance concrete: Migration behavior and correlation with compressive strength

The vertical distribution of coarse aggregates and steel fibers in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) both at fresh and hardened states was investigated to unveil their migration behavior and the correlation with compressive strength. To fulfill this purpose, customized design of specimens and tailored test method were developed. Specimens with two sizes (3–5 mm and 5–10 mm) and varying content (0–50 %) of coarse aggregate and different volume fraction of steel fiber (0–2 %) were proportioned. It was found that higher amount of coarse aggregates was located in the lower part whereas more steel fibers and voids were observed in the upper region of the specimens. Increasing the content of coarse aggregates resulted in worsened uniformness of its distribution, while incorporating steel fibers up to 2 % by volume imposed negligible effects on the heterogeneity. Migration of different phases primarily occurred during the fresh state. Compressive strength of the specimens at the middle layers was up to 30 % higher than those at the top and bottom layers. The inferior compressive strength was primarily ascribed to the worsened distribution of CAs and higher voids in the top layer.

Theoretical Studies on the Dynamical Behavior of Atom/Ion Migration on the Surface of Pristine and BN-Doped Graphene

Using the potential function method, a theoretical model of the interaction was presented, and the interaction force between atoms/ions and (doped) graphene was obtained. Based on the interaction force, the dynamical control equation of atom/ion migration was derived. The dynamical behavior of atom/ion migrating on finite-size graphene surfaces along a specific direction and the regulation of boron nitride (BN) doping on the migration behavior were studied. The results show that the atoms/ions exhibit different migration mechanical behaviors due to different lateral forces inside and at the edges of the graphene surface. In addition, near the normal equilibrium height, atoms/ions are mainly affected by the lateral force, and their migration behavior is also influenced by the initial position, initial height, initial lateral velocity, etc. Furthermore, BN doping can affect the energy barrier of atom/ion migration on the graphene surface and effectively regulate the migration behavior of atoms/ions at the edge of the graphene surface. The research results can provide a theoretical reference for graphene surface localization modification and graphene-based atom/ion screening and detection.

Exploring the role of innate lymphoid cells in the periodontium: insights into immunological dynamics during orthodontic tooth movement.

The periodontal ligament (PDL) experiences considerable mechanical stresses between teeth and bone, vital for tissue adaptation, especially in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). While recent research emphasizes the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in regulating sterile inflammation, their involvement in periodontal tissues during OTM remains largely unexplored. In this study, PDL tissues from orthodontic patients (n = 8) were examined using flow cytometry to detect ILC subtypes. Transwell co-culture systems were used to expose PDL cells to mechanical strain, followed by measuring migration and ratios of sorted ILC subtypes. Statistical analyses were conducted using paired Student's t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn's post-test and one-way/two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-test (p≤ 0.05; **, p≤ 0.01; ***, p≤ 0.001). Our findings demonstrate a significant increase in CD127+ CD161+ ILC frequencies in PDL tissues during OTM, indicating ILC involvement in sterile inflammation induced by orthodontic forces. Co-culture assays show directed migration of ILC subsets towards PDL cells and substantial proliferation and expansion of ILCs. This study is the first to comprehensively investigate the role of ILCs in sterile inflammation during OTM, revealing their presence and distribution within PDL tissues' innate immune response in vivo, and exploring their migratory and proliferative behavior in vitro. The results suggest a crosstalk between ILCs and PDL cells, potentially influencing the inflammatory response and tissue remodeling processes associated with OTM.

Downflow and upflow sand filtration for removing turbid particles with diverse morphological and surface-charge characteristics: Comparisons of filtered water quality and head loss distribution

Besides the physicochemical characteristics (e.g., size, structure, charge nature, etc.) of turbid particles, the filtration flow direction may affect their migration and adhesion behaviors inside the filtration unit. Unfortunately, there has been a lack of research regarding the combined effects of these above factors on filtered water quality and head loss development during filtration. In this study, different turbid particles were prepared by flocculating water samples containing kaolin and humic acid. Filtration experimental results of these flocculated waters revealed that downflow and upflow filtration modes had different durations of effective filtration under identical PAC-dosage cases, and upflow filtration led to faster increases in filtered water turbidity at the breakthrough stage compared to downflow filtration. During 180-min downflow filtration, the average size of residual turbid particles increased, but this did not occur in upflow filtration. Furthermore, differently from downflow filtration, upflow filtration had a more uniform distribution of head loss across all filter layers. The ease of backwashing differed between the two filtration modes, reflected by the different times required for reaching a relatively stable turbidity during 10-min backwashing. Lastly, based on SEM, FTIR and XPS analyses for characterizing the coagulated particle surface morphology, element composition, and functional groups, a series of conceptual models for particle removal by downflow and upflow filtrations were developed to clarify the influencing mechanisms of different turbid particles on filtration. It highlighted the advantages of upflow filtration, including improved distribution of flow resistance, better removal of larger-sized turbid particles, and enhanced pollutant-holding capacity of the filter media.

The Intrinsic Relationship between Photoluminescence and Photocatalysis of MMoO4/MWO4 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) Heterojunctions: Heterojunction Construction, Mechanism Insight and Development Tendency.

The migration behavior of electron and hole pairs determines both photoluminescence and photocatalytic activity, which are two distinct properties of semiconductor materials. The photoluminescence and photocatalytic activity of semiconductor materials also exhibit strong method-dependent behavior under the influence of synthesis methods. In this review, the synthesis methods of MMoO4, MWO4 and MMoO4/MWO4 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) heterojunction composites and their photoluminescence and photocatalytic activities are reviewed for the first time. The effects of different M ions on the photoluminescence and photocatalytic activity of MMoO4/MWO4 heterojunction composites are also reviewed. There is also a discussion about the intrinsic correlation mechanism between photoluminescence and photocatalytic activity. Different M ions result in different coordination environments in MMoO4/MWO4 heterojunction composites, which leads to different photoluminescence and photocatalytic mechanisms of different MMoO4/MWO4 heterojunction composites. This review provides theoretical reference and technical guidance for future research on MMoO4/MWO4 heterojunction composites.

Leaching behavior and kinetics of beryllium in beryllium-containing sludge (BCS)

Beryllium-containing sludge (BCS) is a byproduct of the physicochemical treatment of beryllium smelting wastewater. The pollutant element beryllium within BCS is highly unstable and extremely toxic, characterized by its small ionic radius and low charge density, resulting in a high risk of leaching and migration. This study is the first to investigate the leaching behavior, influencing mechanisms, and kinetic processes of beryllium in BCS under various environmental conditions. The results indicate that, under national standard conditions, beryllium exhibits a rapid leaching phase within the first 5 h, which then stabilizes after 10 h, with the total leached content significantly exceeding the leaching toxicity identification standards. Under mildly acidic (pH ≤ 5) or highly alkaline (pH = 14) conditions, beryllium demonstrates pronounced leaching and migration behaviors. Notably, in acidic conditions, the leaching rate exceeds 80% within 5 h. Combining the treatment process of beryllium-containing wastewater with analytical methods such as SEM, XPS, ToF-SIMS, and FTIR, it is revealed that due to the heterogeneous nature of BCS, the particle aggregates dissociate over time under acidic conditions. The particle surfaces become increasingly rough, leading to dissolution and the emergence of more reactive sites, resulting in a high proportion of beryllium leaching. Under these conditions, the gradual reaction of Be(OH)2 in BCS to form soluble Be2+ and its hydrolytic complexes is identified as the primary mechanism for extensive beryllium migration. The process encounters minimal diffusion resistance and is classified as reaction-controlled. In acidic conditions with pH = 4, the leaching rate of beryllium significantly increases with rising temperature. The leaching kinetics equation is [(1−x)−0.44]=e(18.26−53050RT)·t, with an apparent activation energy of 53.05 kJ mol−1.

Caspase-9 suppresses metastatic behavior of MDA-MB-231 cells in an adaptive organoid model

Caspase-9, a cysteine-aspartate protease traditionally associated with intrinsic apoptosis, has recently emerged as having non-apoptotic roles, including influencing cell migration—an aspect that has received limited attention in existing studies. In our investigation, we aimed to explore the impact of caspase-9 on the migration and invasion behaviors of MDA-MB-231, a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line known for its metastatic properties. We established a stable cell line expressing an inducible caspase-9 (iC9) in MDA-MB-231 and assessed their metastatic behavior using both monolayer and the 3D organotypic model in co-culture with human Foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). Our findings revealed that caspase-9 had an inhibitory effect on migration and invasion in both models. In monolayer culture, caspase-9 effectively suppressed the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells, comparable to the anti-metastatic agent panitumumab (Pan). Notably, the combination of caspase-9 and Pan exhibited a significant additional effect in reducing metastatic behavior. Interestingly, caspase-9 demonstrated superior efficacy compared to Pan in the organotypic model. Molecular analysis showed down regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and migratory markers, in caspase-9 activated cells. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis indicated a cell cycle arrest. Moreover, pre-treatment with activated caspase-9 sensitized cells to the chemotherapy of doxorubicin, thereby enhancing its effectiveness. In conclusion, the anti-metastatic potential of caspase-9 presents avenues for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for TNBC/metastatic breast cancer. Although more studies need to figure out the exact involving mechanisms behind this behavior.

Migration behavior for sockeye salmon adults of early race in the tributaries of Lake Nachikinskoye (western Kamchatka)

Several stages are determined in the early run of sockeye salmon into tributaries of Lake Nachikinskoye: i) maturation of adults at depth, ii) concentration of adults in the mouths of the main tributaries, iii) entry of small flocks of the spawners into tributaries over a short distance, iv) upstream movement of lager flocks, v) thinning of flocks and formation of pairs, vi) spawning, and vii) death of spawned fish. In the large, stable accumulations formed in the mouths of tributaries, salmon choose paths for onward movement in the process of homing, by decoding imprinting information. There, aggregations of spawners are differentiated into separate flocks going to spawn on different spawning grounds. A peculiarity of this population of sockeye salmon is the retention of individuals not ready for spawning in many pits and catches of the rivers, with formation of well-visible compact schools, which dissipate as the fish mature. Filling of the spawning grounds in tributaries is determined by their characteristics, and typically occurs with a dome-shaped dynamics of intensity. The upward long-term trend in filling of the spawning grounds is observed in the lower Taburetka River (before its tributaries), while the downward trend — in the tributaries. Data on the filling for the last 5 years are presented. The greatest contribution to reproduction of the early sockeye salmon in Lake Nachikinskoye is provided by the lower reaches of the Taburetka River (41 %), whereas its tributary, the Verkhnyaya River, contributes 20 % and inputs of other tributaries are noticeably lower. In conditions of degradation for a part of the spawning grounds due to increased anthropogenic impact, all existing subpopulations should be preserved as productive as possible.