Migration Planning Research Articles

Opportunities, incentives and challenges to risk sensitive land use planning: Lessons from Nepal, Spain and Vietnam

This paper addresses one of the most pressing drivers of risk: land use planning and pressures placed on land use by private and public investors. Three case studies are developed, analyzing both private and public investment decisions and the interplay between regulations, acting as various incentives or disincentives. In Vietnam, dynamic urbanization is linked to political liberalization in terms of migration, private industries, land markets and urban planning. This has resulted in rapid urban growth, thereby increasing risk through urban sprawl into hazard prone areas that had previously been kept clear of urban development. In northwestern Spain, the “A Frouxeira” seashore lagoon and wetland are severely threatened by agriculture expansion, dune mining, tree plantations, tourism and the Prestige oil spill in 2002, which placed significant pressures on this fragile ecosystem, leading to social and environmental conflicts. Finally in Nepal, poor food security, landslides and changing climate conditions are pushing people out of mountainous areas to the plains and abroad, leading to illegal settlements springing up in flood-prone riverbanks. Governance is inadequate to prevent these illegal settlements but the city has now become liable for the safety of persons residing in these dangerous areas.These cases highlight how private and public investments at various levels are increasing risks and what public solutions are envisaged, if at all, to address these risks, while highlighting the difficult trade-offs between development, risk and governance. Perhaps one of the strongest arguments in favor of risk sensitive land use planning is its cost-effectiveness, considering the high costs of structural measures to reducing risk. This can include ecosystem-based approaches as part of integrated planning, an often overlooked element of DRR for mitigating hazards, reducing vulnerabilities by providing livelihood resources and even exposure when dangerous areas are converted to green belts. Finally, we conclude that more effective risk reduction is possible through improved spatial planning.

Between global dreams and national duties: the dilemma of conscription duty in the transnational lives of young Korean males

AbstractIn this study, I examine the dilemmas arising from the tension between citizen duties and youthful aspirations in a globalizing world. The state's requirement of military conscription structures the transnational lives of young Korean male migrants. More particularly, the timeline for serving the duty works as a primary temporal reference for the males' initial migration planning and future projections. Drawn from ethnographic fieldwork and in‐depth interviews among a community of young Koreans in New Jersey, USA, my research reveals that their life planning in accordance with this institutional schedule is vulnerable to unexpected changes. The consequences are potentially detrimental to their futures, which not only differ from their individual ideals but also contain a high risk of marginalization both in Korea and in the USA. Building on the transnational migration literature, which focuses predominantly on spatiality, individual rights/agency and the marginalization of women migrants, I am concerned with temporality, citizens' duties and the constraints of masculinity as important parts of unravelling the complexities of transnational life.

Costs and Benefits of Labour Mobility between the EU and the Eastern Partnership Partner Countries - Country Report: Moldova

This Report is one of six studies in the first phase of the EU project on Costs and Benefits of Labour Mobility between the EU and the Eastern Partnership Partner Countries. It aims to provide an informed view on the potential for increased migration flows and their consequences as a result of possible changes in the migration policies of the European Union with regard to Moldova. Since Moldova’s Declaration of Independence in 1990, migration has transformed the country in ways that were impossible to predict. With over a quarter of its labour force now working abroad (a full ten percent of its population), Moldova has become the epitome of a migration-dependent country, with all the costs and benefits associated with this definition. Remittances are as high as one-third of national income, and have helped the country raise its living standards and fuel investment in housing and small businesses. Yet there have also been costs to the large migratory flows, ranging from effects on the macroeconomy to the disruption of social life. All in all, migration has been good for Moldova. This complex socio-economic phenomenon now appears to have stabilized. Further gains for Moldova and its partner countries could be achieved when new agreements are implemented and the institutions dealing with the planning of migration and protection of migrants are strengthened.

EMV: Building the foundation for the future of payments

EMV is a specification jointly developed by Europay, MasterCard and Visa in the 1990s to ensure global interoperability for payment cards using chip technology. It is a move from analogue to digital, introducing a method of ensuring much greater security for transactions. Besides the reduction of fraud, however, there are other benefits in a migration to EMV: the secure chip technology can be embedded within other devices such as key fobs, tablets and mobile phones, and the infrastructure upgrade for EMV can be used to expand functionality and merchant/consumer offers. There are key considerations in migration planning, as with all major projects. For merchants, there is the question whether to support solely contact EMV; and for issuers, of which portfolios to convert, at what pace and whether to segment geographically. This is an extraordinary time in the payments industry, with many new developments happening now. An EMV migration has many benefits, including opportunities to innovate, reduction in fraud and an improved transaction experience.

Core System Transformation and Big Data Re-Architecting

Core System Transformation and Big Data Re-Architecting

Nurse migration and health workforce planning: Ireland as illustrative of international challenges

Ireland began actively recruiting nurses internationally in 2000. Between 2000 and 2010, 35% of new recruits into the health system were non-EU migrant nurses. Ireland is more heavily reliant upon international nurse recruitment than the UK, New Zealand or Australia.This paper draws on in-depth interviews (N=21) conducted in 2007 with non-EU migrant nurses working in Ireland, a quantitative survey of non-EU migrant nurses (N=337) conducted in 2009 and in-depth interviews conducted with key stakeholders (N=12) in late 2009/early 2010.Available primary and secondary data indicate a fresh challenge for health workforce planning in Ireland as immigration slows and nurses (both non-EU and Irish trained) consider emigration. Successful international nurse recruitment campaigns obviated the need for health workforce planning in the short-term, however the assumption that international nurse recruitment had ‘solved’ the nursing shortage was short-lived and the current presumption that nurse migration (both emigration and immigration) will always ‘work’ for Ireland over-plays the reliability of migration as a health workforce planning tool. This article analyses Ireland's experience of international nurse recruitment 2000–2010, providing a case study which is illustrative of health workforce planning challenges faced internationally.

Coordinated capacity migration and expansion planning for semiconductor manufacturing under demand uncertainties

Semiconductor industry is very capital intensive in which capacity utilization significantly affect the capital effectiveness and profitability of semiconductor manufacturing companies. Due to constant technology advance driven by Moore's Law in semiconductor industry, multiple production technologies generally co-exist in a wafer fabrication facility with utilization of a pool of common tools for multiple technologies and critical tools dedicated for a specific technology. Because part of the equipment is common for products of different technologies, production managers have limited flexibility to dynamically allocate the capacity among the technologies via capacity migration. The possibility of capacity migration and interrelationship among different technologies make capacity planning difficult under demand and product-mix uncertainties. This paper aims to develop a dynamic optimization method that captures the unique characteristics of rolling demand forecast mechanism to solve capacity expansion and migration planning problems in semiconductor industry. In semiconductor industry, demand forecasts are rolling and updated when the latest market and demand information is available. This demand forecast mechanism makes forecast errors in different time periods correlated. We estimate the validity and robustness of the proposed dynamic optimization method in an empirical study in a semiconductor manufacturing company in Taiwan. The results showed practical viability of this approach and the findings can provide useful guidelines for capacity planning process under rolling forecast mechanism.

Climate Migration and Urban Planning System: A Study of Bangladesh

Abstract Amid rising global temperatures and a changing physical environment, climate change has led to the development of a new social group called “Climate Migrants or Climate Refugees.” In 1995 approximately 25 million people worldwide were considered to be environment or climate refugees; it is anticipated that this number will increase to 200 million by 2050. Over the last decade rising sea levels, tropical cyclones, flash floods, soil salinity, and river erosion have emerged as the environmental or climatic push factors that have forced highly exposed and vulnerable coastal communities to migrate. In most cases people abandoned their settlements in rural and coastal areas and moved to towns and cities. Such push factors lead to chaotic and overwhelming levels of urbanization with attendant congestion, poor housing, and pollution choking urban areas. Planning systems in developing countries like Bangladesh have found it difficult to accommodate climate change-related migration and uncontrolled urbani...

Implications of rural-urban migration for conservation of the Atlantic Forest and urban growth in Misiones, Argentina (1970-2030).

Global trends of increasing rural-urban migration and population urbanization could provide opportunities for nature conservation, particularly in regions where deforestation is driven by subsistence agriculture. We analyzed the role of rural population as a driver of deforestation and its contribution to urban population growth from 1970 to the present in the Atlantic Forest of Argentina, a global conservation priority. We created future land-use-cover scenarios based on human demographic parameters and the relationship between rural population and land-cover change between 1970 and 2006. In 2006, native forest covered 50% of the province, but by 2030 all scenarios predicted a decrease that ranged from 18 to 39% forest cover. Between 1970 and 2001, rural migrants represented 20% of urban population growth and are expected to represent less than 10% by 2030. This modeling approach shows how rural-urban migration and land-use planning can favor nature conservation with little impact on urban areas.

Pre-migration planning and depression among new migrants to Hong Kong: The moderating role of social support

Background Although it is a well-known fact that migration is a risk factor contributing to psychopathology, little is known about how pre-migration factors may lead to depression among migrants. The present study examined the relationship between poorly planned migration and depressive symptoms, and evaluated the moderating roles of optimism, sense of control, and social support in the relationship between pre-migration planning and depression among new immigrants from Mainland China to Hong Kong. Methods A representative sample of 449 migrants aged 18 and above were interviewed in 2007 using a face-to-face format. The 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression (CES-D) scale was used to measure depressive symptoms, and a series of questions regarding socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education, and household income), optimism, sense of control, and social support were also included. Results A total of 26.5% of our sample scored 16 or above on the CES-D scale, which indicated a clinically significant case of depression. Poor migration planning was significantly related to CES-D scores after adjusting for all socio-demographic variables and three psycho-social factors. In addition, optimism, sense of control, and social support were also significantly related to the CES-D score. It was also found that social support reduced the harmful impact of poor migration planning on depressive symptoms. Conclusions New immigrants to Hong Kong from Mainland China are at risk for depressive symptoms, especially those who are not well prepared for migration; therefore, prevention measures, particularly strengthening their social support in Hong Kong, should be considered seriously by policy makers.

The Serials Data Migration Dilemma

ABSTRACT Data migration from legacy systems to new systems is a complex process. System implementation schedules and complications often limit the time needed to adequately plan and test data migration strategies. To ensure a more successful and less stressful process, Penn State's Serials Department reviewed the library's recent migration of serials data from two legacy systems to a new integrated library system. The primary recommendation was that data migration planning should be a continuous process, rather than a short-term process, to ensure that all data and variables are considered and to provide sufficient time to plan and test data migration strategies.

Migrating from a Non-Object-Oriented to a Traceable Object-Oriented Process

Abstract The migration from a conventional non-object-oriented to an object-oriented development process is a mission that must be carefully planned. In this paper, we relate the experience of CML Versatel in conducting such a migration. More specifically, we: discuss the planning of the migration, describe the object-oriented development process used in this project, give an overview of how the process works on a day-to-day basis, discuss the experience of CML Versatel of making the migration to and using a new object-oriented development process, and define goals for improving the process.

The colonial office and the population question in the British Empire, 1918–62

Dr Smart's comment marked a fundamental shift in the position of the British government toward colonial demographic issues, as the Colonial Office increasingly viewed population growth as a threat to its efforts to strengthen the British empire. As early as the mid-1930s, British colonial officials discussed the problems associated with population growth in potentially overcrowded regions of the empire. These discussions led to a population policy that embraced migration, food supplies, medical services, and family planning. The effort to address population issues continued until the early 1960s, when the British government transferred its support to international efforts under United Nations auspices. This article examines the development of population policy in the British empire from 1918 to 1962 and places it within the larger context of the politics of imperial governance and race. Despite the importance of the British presence in Asia and Africa, little has been written about British involvement in population programmes. The one comprehensive account, edited by a demographer and former colonial civil servant, portrays the development of family planning as a heroic effort against ignorance and poverty. This appraisal reflects the sympathy that many population historians feel for family planning, which they see as a solution to a genuine problem, one that benefits the poor, especially women. There exists, however, an alternative history of family planning, one that considers the influence of race, gender, and power upon population policy. While these studies provide us with a new perspective, they

On Population Studies: Its Origins and Outlook

This essay opens by recounting some early attempts to bridge the gap between the biological and social sciences that is the purview of the science of demography. One such attempt was the creation of a Chair of Social Biology at the London School of Economics that was occupied in 1930-37 by Lancelot Hogben. During the period immediately following a compendium of essays on population studies was published and a single academic post in Great Britain was devoted to Demography. While population issues remained of interest to various individual scholars public attitudes ranged from fears about excessive population growth to fears of imminent population decline. A 1944 Royal Commission on led to a 1946 Family Census directed by David Glass. This in turn resulted in the foundation of the journal Population in 1947. After the first issue the editors of Studies always had plenty of material submitted for publication. Today Studies has been joined by other specialist publications devoted to the topics of population migration and family planning. The value of Studies as a generalist journal will continue to be important as demographic journals continue to fulfill their mandate of keeping the educated public informed about population issues.

Migrating to learn and learning to migrate: a study of the experiences and intentions of international student migrants.

"The research reported here evaluates whether students come to the UK mainly for educational reasons, and therefore perceive their stay as temporary, or whether emigration for study is being used as part of a conscious strategy by people intending to become future labour migrants.... The simplest interpretation of the results appears to be that migration, experienced as a result of international moves for study purposes, does not influence planning of further migration moves. But the research also indicates that migration for education is closely tied to other types of population redistribution and should be treated by population geographers as an integral part of international migration systems." Data were collected by questionnaire survey from 349 engineering students at Hong Kong universities and 82 Hong Kong students studying engineering in the UK.

Migrating to Learn and Learning to Migrate: A Study of the Experiences and Intentions of International Student Migrants

This paper addresses the under-researched issue of international student migration by focusing on two samples of Hong Kong undergraduates, one studying in the UK, the other in Hong Kong. With the return of Hong Kong to Chinese rule in mid-1997, the colony provides an excellent arena for migration studies in the context of economic opportunities clouded by socio-political uncertainty. Sending children abroad for education is sometimes used by parents as a strategy for protecting their children, and indirectly themselves, against any undesirable eventuality associated with the transfer of sovereignty in 1997. The research reported here evaluates whether students come to the UK mainly for educational reasons, and therefore perceive their stay as temporary, or whether emigration for study is being used as part of a conscious strategy by people intending to become future labour migrants. A major aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the migration intentions and perceptions of students studying at universities in Hong Kong with those of Hong Kong students based in the UK. The simplest interpretation of the results appears to be that migration, experienced as a result of international moves for study purposes, does not influence planning of further migration moves. But the research also indicates that migration for education is closely tied to other types of population redistribution and should be treated by population geographers as an integral part of international migration systems. The paper concludes by presenting three paradoxes associated with the presence of Hong Kong students in the UK.

Skill-sets migration planning via Analytic Hierarchy Process

This paper discusses the experiences of applying Saaty's Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in planning evolving skill-sets requirements for a high-tech service company. The high-tech service marketplace is becoming very complex and cannot be supported in a cost-effective manner simply by hiring highly skilled systems-oriented field engineers. It is virtually forcing a service company to make an effort to understand and quantify the factors associated with service complexity and then develop and implement a skill-sets migration plan. Since most of the major parameters (e.g. systems complexity, customer needs complexity, etc.) associated with such a plan are qualitative in nature, the AHP methodology was chosen for this purpose. The AHP approach enables one to deal with both quantitative and qualitative factors in a logical fashion and had, indeed, helped the field service management quantify future skill-sets requirements and allocate training budget to best equip its field force in handling the evolving service marketplace in a cost-effective and efficient manner.

Fertility, Mortality, Migration and Family Planning in Haiti

In Haiti, as in many developing countries, reliable statistical information on the structure and the vital processes of the population has been scarce. Ten years ago it was correct to state that 'the activities of the public and private Haitian sectors in the field of demography have been quite limited. This situation is in no way different from the state of affairs that prevailed before the 1950s', when the first national census, considered a poor one by UN standards, was conducted.' However, since 1970, substantial effort has been devoted to the collection of demographic data, primarily by the Haitian Institute of Statistics with technical assistance from the UN Population Division and the Latin American Demographic Centre (CELADE), and with financial support from the UNFPA. The most important results of recent efforts are the 1971 Census and the Multi-Round Demographic Survey, conducted between 1971 and 1975. The preliminary results of these studies are available and allow the specification of Haitian demographic parameters. In this paper we shall discuss population dynamics (fertility, mortality and migration) in Haiti on the basis of results of the above studies. In addition, we will review findings from recent small-scale micro-surveys which give further insights into factors affecting fertility and mortality. In concluding we will consider recent developments in Haitian family planning programmes and their potential impact on future population trends.

Fertility, Mortality, Migration and Family Planning in the Yemen Arab Republic

Fertility, Mortality, Migration and Family Planning in the Yemen Arab Republic

Social Class, Age, Sex, Mother-Daughter Role Relationships, and Community Satisfaction in a British New Town

Summary This study attempted to determine if relationships exist between certain important sociodemographic variables and community satisfaction in a British new town. A randomly selected sample of 220 adult residents of a British new town were administered a questionnaire containing 60 community satisfaction items and a personal data section. A Likert scale was then constructed and used as the dependent variable in regression and tabular analyses. Significant relationships (p < .05) were found for several variables. The results were discussed in relation to the “settling-in” period subsequent to migration and urban planning policy.