Ukrainian Migration Research Articles

Internal Forced Migration in Ukraine: Legal Aspects

Abstract The article is devoted to the study of the problems of forced internal migration in Ukraine. Forced migration significantly affects the geography, structure and dynamics of the population of Ukraine and its regions, the level of development of productive forces in the regions, the state of the labor market and the socio-economic characteristics of living standards of different categories of the population. At present, migration processes in Ukraine are difficult to track, given that the last demographic census was conducted in 2001, and therefore it is difficult to establish the actual number of people in our country, and, accordingly, almost impossible to determine the number of internally displaced persons. According to the results of the study, the authors conclude that internally displaced persons (under current legislation) have the same rights and freedoms as other citizens of Ukraine permanently residing in Ukraine. However, in practice, internally displaced persons face restrictions on their rights and freedoms due to subjective factors. The basic rights that the state guarantees to internally displaced persons include: the right to employment, pensions, compulsory state social insurance, education, suffrage and economic rights. It is expedient to introduce tax benefits for enterprises founded by internally displaced persons, as well as to provide these benefits for enterprises that employ internally displaced persons.

INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE POLICY OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS IN UKRAINE AS A FACTOR OF REGULATION OF MIGRATORY ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATION

The article points out the key problematic aspects of the functioning and development of the national economy of Ukraine in terms of intensification of migration processes, including external, labor. These are the loss of intellectual and human capital, the formation of a labor market shortage, the degradation of territories, the reduction of revenues to central and local budgets, the aggravation of social problems and the growing burden on budgets, and so on. The urgency of formation and implementation of an effective state policy focused on restraining the volume of external and using the potential of internal migration in Ukraine is substantiated. It is proved that one of the most effective tools of state regulation of the economy in this context is to ensure self-employment by starting and successfully running a private business. At the same time, this requires a significant improvement in the business environment in Ukraine. It is shown that one of the priority components of a quality business environment is the infrastructure to support entrepreneurship. Current proposals to improve the institutional environment to support small business development in Ukraine are substantiated. The priorities of the state policy of improving the associative and public infrastructure of entrepreneurial activity as an important area of ​​support for small and medium enterprises and thus curbing migration processes in Ukraine include: 1) development and increase of competencies of associative business organizations; 2) ensuring cooperation between civil society organizations and associative business structures; 3) strengthening the interaction of government, associative business structures and civil society organizations in the field of transaction cost management. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the substantiation of a new institutional form of stimulating the development of small business in the country, as an institutional tripartite partnership of government officials and collective organizations of business and society. The practical significance of the research results is to use reasonable proposals in order to improve the existing infrastructure in Ukraine to support private business.

Poland as a Priority Country for the Education Migration of Young Ukrainians

Intensification of the integration processes in education helps increase the quality of the international education and enhance the striving of youth to receive education services abroad. The economic cooperation of Ukraine with EU countries is gradually taking shape, resulting in the rapidly growing demand of Ukrainian students for education in European higher education establishments (HEEs). The European education system is a global leader in training highly skilled staff due to the implementation of dual training which founder was German. The practice of combined training and internship has spread across Europe and gained extreme popularity in Polish HEEs, thus laying grounds for the increasing demand for their graduates. 
 In focus of the article is the international education migration of young Ukrainians, first and foremost to Poland, with highlighting the advantages of training in this country that has been recognized as the most optimal one on the European area with respect to professional training. This is due to several reasons: first, the overwhelming majority of Ukrainian graduates from Polish HEEs showed professional competencies and mental fitness for work in companies and enterprises across EU; second, Poland is one of the most attractive foreign partners and investors of Ukraine, which promotes rapid development of collaborative Ukrainian-Polish projects. Poland has been working hard in the latest years to develop and improve the system of education services for foreigners, beginning with language courses for training of professionals with various qualification levels and scientific degrees. The received education services, apart from being an effective means for professional and individual development, can help in the carrier promotion at companies in Poland and beyond. The study covers a social-psychological and economic-statistical analysis of the education migration of Ukraine in the latest years, with determining a range of factors that caused one’s choice of other country for getting education services, and investigating the consequences of Ukrainians’ travels abroad for education purposes.

Youth migration in Ukraine: regional dimension

Purpose. This study aims to analyze the regional differentiation of youth migration flows and typify the regions of Ukraine according to the characteristics of the migratory behavior of the youth. Accordingly, the research questions are as follows: 1) what is the relationship between economic indicators (income, unemployment, investment) and youth migration at the regional level? 2) how do the regions of Ukraine differ in the scale, structure, and dynamics of youth migration flows? 3) what types of regions can be identified, and can they be considered to determine the young people’s intention to migrate? Research methods. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between youth migration and economic indicators at the regional level. To prevent skewed indicators distribution, the city of Kyiv was excluded from the analysis. In order to study the regional differentiation of youth migration, we used cluster analysis and constructed Kohonens self-organizing maps. Based on the analysis of spatial and temporal (from 2002 to 2019) trends, we also developed an empirical typification of the regions according to the migration behavior of young people. Main findings. The analysis of spatial differences in youth migration in urban and rural areas shows the diversity and complicated multidirectionality of migration flows. Youth migration has been found to be linked to unemployment and investment attractiveness at the regional level. The assumption that the migration of young people from rural areas is influenced not only by economic factors but also by the lack of prospects for tertiary education, jobs, and the ‘culture of migration’ has been confirmed. The analysis of the relationship between income and out-migration scale shows some signs of a inverse U-shape curve. In general, the results of the study confirmed that at the regional level, economic indicators (unemployment, investment, and income) affect youth migration in Ukraine, but their impact needs to be studied in the broader context of place-specific human capital and life-course transition. Based on the results of cluster analysis and construction of Kohonen self-organizing maps, five clusters of Ukraine’s regions by the similarity of youth migration were identified. The analysis of youth migrations in 2002-2019 allowed to identify six models of their dynamics (monotonically decreasing, abrupt dynamics with a tendency to decrease, abrupt dynamics without changes, abrupt dynamics with a tendency to increase, monotonically increasing, without changes). According to the combination of selected clusters of regions and models of youth migration dynamics, we empirically typified Ukraine’s regions into three groups that can be considered those that, to some extent, determine the young people’s intention to migrate. However, further research should be aimed at analyzing the individualization of migration behavior and liquid migration of Ukrainian youth. Scientific novelty and practical value. The main novelty of the study is its focus on the spatial dimension of youth migration in Ukraine, particularly identifying the features of regional differentiation of migration flows, factors, trends and regional problems associated with youth migration. The practical value of the obtained results lies in the possibility for certain types of regions to become ‘guidelines’ for the migration policy in the regions of Ukraine.

Освітня міграція студентської молоді: виклики та наслідки для України

The article considers the geographical dimension and the main problems of educational migration in Ukraine. The main problems of mass departure of Ukrainian citizens abroad are identified, since they are the most concerning. The analysis of manifestations of educational migration is carried out. It was found that in addition to the decrease in quality of education and the difficult socio-economic situation in the country, the strengthening of external educational migration is caused by the systemic policy of the countries of Europe, Russia and the United States to attract Ukrainians to study under various programs (scholarship, bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral, postdoctoral). The legal regulation of academic mobility in Ukraine as an institutional form of educational migration is studied, the dynamics of the migration movement of Ukrainian youth of the current population of the country is determined. The main trends of educational migration from Ukraine are analyzed, the list of the world countries that are the most popular among Ukrainian students is defined. Current trends and dynamics in changes in migration priorities of the youth Ukrainian population are considered. The popularity of the western vector of the migration movement among intellectual migrants is emphasized. The statistical analysis of regularities of migration processes in Ukraine and around the world is carried out. The main tendencies, factors and relevant institutions that determine directions and intensity of educational migration are identified. Recommendations for the State policy of Ukraine in this direction are offered. The causes and positive/negative consequences of educational migration for Ukrainian society in the future are summarized. The main components of the institutional environment as a technological basis for the management of educational processes migration in European countries are defined. The directions of the State regulation of educational migration in Ukraine in the interests of preservation and development of intellectual capital and ensuring competitive positions in the international market of educational services are formulated.

НАПРЯМИ ТА ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО МЕХАНІЗМУ ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ МІГРАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ В УКРАЇНІ

The article focuses on the problematic aspects and negative effects of increasing the external migration in Ukraine. The necessity of improving the modern migration policy is substantiated. The directions of the economic instrument of regulation of external migration are offered: slowing down of rates of external migration at the expense of improvement of an employment policy and creation of new workplaces; development of the micro and small business sector using the potential of external labour migrants; increasing the level of readiness of migrants for re-emigration by improving institutional capacity and assisting in the establishment of problematic social, labour and other aspects of migrants abroad; increase in investments in the economy at the expense of external labour migrants; preservation of human potential using the regulation of external educational migration. It is proved that the implementation of state policy measures (creation of conditions for legalization of sectoral labour markets by a high level of informal employment; support of non-standard forms of formal legal employment, development of the intermediary sector in the labour market; initiation of development and implementation of employment programs; preparation of ‘turnkey businesses’, implementation of programs to improve the availability of financial and credit resources for micro and small businesses, the creation of urban venture funds to invest in creative, innovative and technological business projects, start-ups of micro and small business, organizational and resource support for organizations specializing in maintaining ties with the diaspora, grants to NGOs to create and support the operation of Internet platforms, stimulating the creation of special bank deposit programs for migrant workers, resource which is used as a guarantee of financial and credit support for micro and small businesses; introduction of grant programs to support entrepreneurship for certain groups of the population – migrants, internally displaced persons, youth) would minimize risks, control the process of intensification of external migration flows in Ukraine.

Пом’якшення феноменів «розтрати мізків» і «відтоку мізків» в Україні: конвергенція економічних та освітніх трансформацій

The article considers such concepts as brain drain and brain waste and analyzes the current state of professional migration in Ukraine. Brain drain is a phenomenon that describes the migration of highly skilled people to more developed countries caused by globalization, economic imbalances in the world, and the policies of developed countries. Brain loss is a phenomenon that describes the complete or partial loss of competence by a person during working in a position that does not correspond to his or her qualification level.Migration trends in Ukraine were analyzed. The flow of students studying abroad is increasing due to exchange programs and international projects. Regarding professional migration, the main countries that accept emigrants from Ukraine are neighboring Russia and Poland, which coincides with global trends, according to which people most often migrate to neighboring countries with more developed economies.The article also provides examples of combating the effects of brain drain and brain waste in different countries. Ways to reduce the consequences of these can be tax policy improvements, monetary incentives for scientists, or stimulating the economy, for example, through coopetion between universities, government, and business.

Integration of internally displaced persons into host communities in the context of contemporary socio-cultural challenges

The article deals with the problems of integration of internally forced migrants in Ukraine in the context of a protracted military and political conflict. The definition and essence of the concept “integration of migrants” in the context of forced internal migration in Ukraine are considered. The state of forced migration in the country as a result of a long-term military and political conflict is analyzed. Internally displaced person (IDP) is considered as a specific category of internal forced migrants. The main indicators of IDP integration are identified as employment opportunities, access to health care and social services, availability of housing, access to education and training for children and adults, communication and social contacts, and the opportunity to vote. The nature, content and participants of the actual process of integration of internally displaced persons are established. It is specified that the success of integration is determined by the combined active interaction of three main factors: government policy on IDP integration; the willingness of the local community to accept IDPs and the desire of IDPs to integrate into the local community. Indicators and aspects of forced relocation, which should be taken into account by the Government’s policy in the process of developing tools for the integration of migrants, are formulated. The challenges faced by migrants as well as residents of host communities are analyzed. Teachers of the displaced university are considered as a specific focus group for a sociological survey of IDP integration. Indicators of forced migrants’ self-assessment of their integration level into local communities are analyzed. The indicators of integration of teachers in the relocated university are compared with similar indicators in Ukraine as a whole. An assessment of the level of trust of displaced teachers in the local community and migrant colleagues is made. The main reasons for the lack of full trust of migrants in local residents are identified. A sociological survey of displaced teachers of the relocated university shows a lack of their integration into the local community and a negative social and psychological state. The inability to restore the pre-crisis level of well-being, unsatisfactory living conditions, latent social conflicts on political and cultural grounds and a low level of trust in local residents hinder the integration process. Ways to strengthen and deepen the integration of migrants into host communities are identified. The migrants are suggested to be considered a valuable human resource that has professional knowledge and experience, the initiator of starting a new business and a carrier of culture.

MIGRATION PROCESSES IN UKRAINE: VOLUMES, REASONS, CONSEQUENCES

Introduction. Ukrainian migration is caused by the influence of global migration trends, however, it should be noted that there are internal causes in the country – crisis socio-economic factors and military conflicts that force citizens to seek residence and employment abroad. The dynamics of the population of Ukraine is studied, probable scenarios of its reduction are analyzed, it is established that one of the key problems of such situation is growing volumes of external labor migration caused by instability of social and economic environment, decrease of well-being and quality of life. The subject of the research is migration processes in Ukraine, determination of their volumes, reasons and probable consequences. The purpose of the study is to conduct a thorough study of the impact of migration processes on the economy of Ukraine; identification of probable demographic changes, reasons and main trends in the growth of external labor migration. Method (methodology). In the process of research in order to substantiate the provisions presented in the article, a set of general scientific and special methods was used: analysis and synthesis – to compare the main approaches to the interpretation of concepts and methods of determining the volume of labor migration; comparison and grouping – to assess the level of wages in Ukraine and EU countries; graphical method – to visualize the result of determining the amount of population decline and the number of citizens who have received residence permits in the EU-28; abstract – for theoretical generalization and formulation of conclusions. Results. It is established that the main reason for the rapid decline of the population of Ukraine should be considered the growing volume of external migration, which poses a threat to socio-economic development and national security. At the same time, it should be noted that the main reason for the growth of external labor migration is economic and related to the desires and intentions of migrant workers to earn more, that is why the main migration flows are directed to countries with higher levels of development and quality of life. In addition, it should be noted that a number of European countries encourage Ukrainians to work, as evidenced it may be mentioned the annual increase in the number of issued residence permits in the EU-28.

Contemporary Refugee Policy in Russia in 2012–2021: Contradiction between Refuge Legislation and its Implementation in Practice

This paper provides an overview of the contemporary legal framework of the refugee policy in Russia and illustrates its practical implementation based on the most recent cases of Ukrainian and Syrian forced migration flows. The analysis is based on the results of the participant observation, in-depth interviews with experts and refugees, as well as descriptive statistics and document analyses. Also, it is explaining the stages of the path that refugees travel through within Russia in their attempts to obtain asylum or other legal statuses. We show how they are acting within the framework of the law, even if they are likely not to succeed in this.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОПЛАТИ ПРАЦІ ЛІКАРНЯНИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ В УМОВАХ COVID-19

Clearly, the issue of decent wages for health workers is a priority today in the world. Salaries of doctors in public institutions in our country are the cornerstone of Ukrainian medicine: doctors complain that it is low, and the government promises to increase it. Medical workers in Ukraine receive low wages compared to other countries, which is not enough even for basic living needs. There is a lot of debate about how health care financing should work in our country. Obviously, the situation needs to change. After the medical reform in our country, any medical institution that has received the status of a municipal non-profit enterprise can regulate the salaries of employees at its discretion. The formation of a doctor's salary in a state institution begins at the level of bills prescribed by the state, and ends with the decisions of the institution's management, because it decides how the hospital budget will be distributed. Medical and other workers who are directly involved in the eradication of the disease among people on COVID-19, there is a surcharge to the salary of up to 300%. Today, the Government of Ukraine has prepared a number of regulations on the remuneration of medical workers in order to increase the prestige of their work, which is an important step in the future to address issues, especially in the context of COVID-19. Thus, raising wages in general and the medical sector in particular is a guarantee of improving the general welfare of the population, gross domestic product, average life expectancy, reducing migration of Ukrainians, but at the same time you can see the other side of the coin – rising unemployment, inflation, consumer prices, low the level of purchasing power of the population, etc. It is possible to overcome the negative consequences only if the Government of Ukraine will consistently and gradually pursue its policies in the financial, political, economic, social, external and other spheres. It is clear that this is a long-term process that requires a lot of time and effort from both the state and society.

НАПРЯМИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КАДРОВИМ ПОТЕНЦІАЛОМ СТАЛОГО ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ СУСПІЛЬСТВА

The scientific article is devoted to the study of a complex but relevant problem for the period of creating the preconditions for sustainable development - the definition of approaches to providing the economy with strong human resources. It is noted that its formation is always faced with the issues of reproduction of the labor force, the effectiveness of which implies the achievement in total, at the same time high levels of quality of life and vocational training of people. Particular attention is paid to the emergence of new problems that increase the severity of personnel issues in Ukraine: there is a significant increase in labor migration of Ukrainians abroad, reducing the population and working age. However, despite the difficulties of the transition economy, the country has gradual, progressive changes in the entire system of educational infrastructure, attempts are being made to reform the organization of education in educational institutions of all levels: higher education, secondary school, vocational education. In addition to traditional vocational schools in the educational, already competitive environment, there are new educational institutions - technical lyceums, technical schools, colleges. However, a significant part of vocational schools has shortcomings related to the quality of their material and technical base, the level of training of teachers in terms of their mastery of the latest technological concepts and methods of teaching educational material. Improving the system of vocational training should be based on the understanding that innovative development has already become an integral part of the domestic economy and has led to new requirements for personal factors of production. Now there is a need to closely link professional training to specific production conditions of future activities, the entire educational process should be built taking into account changes in the state of production processes, target settings for obtaining the final results of enterprises. Under modern market conditions, the first priority is not the production of more goods and services of one type, but their differentiation and new quality characteristics within one product group. Relevant changes occur in the assessment of the personal factor of production. This is not just about the quantitative certainty of staff, but about the level of training of each employee, his ability to adapt to technical and technological changes. In the process of professional training it is important to form in future employees an awareness of their role and importance in the overall efficiency of enterprises, to bring to their understanding the high probability of losses associated with their possible errors in the production functions. The issue of greening of professional activity should be important in the educational processes of all educational institutions

ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ МІЖДЕРЖАВНИХ МІГРАЦІЙНИХ ЗВ’ЯЗКІВ

The article examines the problems and prospects for the development of interstate migration relations. The assessment of migration processes in the world economy is carried out and the migration processes of Ukraine are analyzed. The directions of influence of migration processes on the economy of the countries are defined. Migration policy is defined as a system of conceptually united tools by means of which the state and its social institutions provide achievement of the purposes of development of processes of external migration corresponding to perspective tasks of social and economic development. The consequences of migration are considered in the context of political, economic and social security. Labor migration has a huge impact on the global political and socio-economic situation. In recent decades, it has become an important factor in economic development, providing flexibility in the international labor market, more rational use of human resources due to their movement between countries, the accession of developing countries to the world production system, interaction and mutual enrichment of cultures. Problematic aspects are revealed, and also directions of the state policy of development of the market of migration services in Ukraine are substantiated. The reasons for increasing migration of Ukrainians are described, namely: low wages, relevance and place of work and demand for the profession, education system, health care and medical care, method, duration and safety of life, observance and protection of rights, ecology, unfavorable conditions for small and medium-sized businesses, arbitrariness of power, unstable political situation, military aggression. It is emphasized that one of the key elements of a free democratic society is an active state policy in the field of migration. Solving the problems of creating proper, comprehensive migration control for modern Ukraine is of great importance.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the volume of labor migration, employment, and remittances

Flows of external labor migration in most cases occur under the influence of the internal economic and political situation in the country; however, in 2020 these trends changed significantly for reasons which did not depend on the socio-economic situation. In order to determine the volume of labor migration in 2020, an analysis was conducted. According to the results, it has been concluded that, despite the restrictive quarantine measures implemented in the European Union (EU) that caused the partial return of migrants to their countries, the rise in unemployment and slow economic growth, labor migrants are highly employed in key occupations of EU that are vital in the fight against coronavirus disease (COVID-19). It has been noticed that EU countries increase the number of officially issued residence permits to citizens of non-member countries every year, and Ukraine has become the absolute leader in the number of received residence permits, as well as the leader among European countries by the volume of the received remittances. An abstract-logical and systematic approach, analytical, comparative, graphical, and critical methods were used in the study. Prospects for external labor migration of Ukrainians to European countries have been identified.

The Public Dimension of Migration Policy in the Conditions of Mondialisation: The Paradigms of Ukrainian and European Diplomatic and Diaspora Engagement Practices of the 21st Century

The article deals with the features of Ukrainian migration policy and Ukrainian labour migration to Europe in the polycentric world order of the 21st century. It also considers the network-based social assistance programmes launched by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine to help Ukrainian citizens stranded abroad due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this article is to perform a systemic analysis of the engagement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine with Ukrainian citizens and Ukrainian migrants abroad, including a range of programmes launched by the ministry and their impact on the management of migration processes during the pandemic. The authors of the article emphasise the effectiveness of the implementation of network-based programmes in terms of mondialisation, whilst also giving recommendations on their possible adaptation and usage of the experience of diaspora policies and the diaspora. Keywords: migration processes, migration policy, diaspora, foreign policy, diplomacy, institutionalisation, mondialisation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, COVID-19.

Analysis of the state of the migration process of the ukrainian population in the context of domestic and international levels

Analysis of the migration process of the Ukrainian population, which takes place within the state and at the international level during 2014–2019 is carried out in this paper. On the basis of scientific works of domestic scientists and institutes the problems which have not been investigated, and also aspects which have been solved partially are defined. The negative consequences of the Ukrainian migration process on the state of the country are identified. The classification of migration flows of the Ukrainian population according to the reasons of movement is carried out. The main regions and countries which, as of the beginning of 2021, are more attractive to compatriots and are characterized by significant influxes of Ukrainians are identified. The main centers of departure – regions and countries – which are characterized by high level of outflow of Ukrainians are determined, the main problems and reasons that motivate the outflow of Ukrainians are highlighted in this paper. The level of growth of the Ukrainian population in terms of migration flows is defined. The investigation of Ukrainian diasporas, territorial location and analysis of their share in comparison is carried out. The main factors that force the Ukrainian population to move, which affects the demographic situation in Ukraine, the level of employment, as well as the amount of cash flows to the country and the state of the economy as a whole are identified. The main regulations and identified solutions to the migration flows of the domestic population, which were approved and implemented in the period from 2001 to 2019 are compared in this paper. On the basis of current and newly introduced strategies, critical analysis of the ways of regulating the migration process of the Ukrainian population is carried out, the main aspects and problems of the implemented migration policy of Ukraine are determined. The results of the work are to identify the main ways to reduce the negative impact of the migration process on the country's economy and related processes, and strategies to benefit from the movement of citizens of Ukraine, namely: introduction of intellectual security, revision of wages by region, stimulating the process of attracting technology in all spheres of activity and formation of the social protection system.

МІГРАЦІЯ З УКРАЇНИ ДО ПІВДЕННО-АФРИКАНСЬКОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ ЯК МОЖЛИВИЙ ЧИННИК РОЗВИТКУ ТОРГІВЛІ

For the last decade external migration flows from Ukraine increased from 5.4 million (2010) to 5.9 million (2019) while, according to author’s calculations, Ukrainian migration to Africa has tripled during the same period. Due to the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, and the corresponding changes in priorities in the international political arena, the development of trade and diversification of foreign economic partners have become crucially important for Ukraine. Many empirical non-Ukrainian studies prove the positive impact of international migration on trade between the country of origin and the destination of migrants. In this situation the issue of involving Ukrainian migrants in establishing economic cooperation between Ukraine and country of Ukrainian migrants’ residence, especially in the trade sphere, is very actual. According to the UN migration data, in the beginning of 2020 the number of Ukrainian migrants among all African countries was the highest in the Republic of South Africa, making 6.7 thousand people. Therefore, the aim of the article is to identify the possible impact of Ukrainian migration to South Africa on the growth of trade in goods from Ukraine to South Africa, as well as the factors that may cause it. The author of the article considers the dynamics of migration from Ukraine to South Africa, as well as the dynamics of exports of goods and services for the period 2000 – 2019 years. Analysis of data by approximation using CurveExpert software allow to trace the correlation between the dynamics of migration from Ukraine to South Africa and export growth: a quadratic relationship with a correlation coefficient R = 0.9345. The ratio of the share of exports of goods and services from Ukraine to South Africa of the 2000 – 2019 period is analyzed, and a conclusion is made about the significant dominance of goods in the overall structure of exports. The analysis of the commodity structure of exports of goods allows to explain the reason for the positive impact of migration on it: predominance of food products, which are in great demand among Ukrainian migrants in South Africa. An additional factor that may further stimulate the growth of trade from Ukraine to South Africa is the entrepreneurial activity of Ukrainian migrants in this country and their great interest in establishing and promotion of trade exchanges between their country of origin and the country of destination.

The Subject of the Migration Process as the Main Component of the Administrative and Legal Mechanism of Migration

One of the conditions for building the rule of law is to improve public management of migration processes in accordance with international standards. Migration is an integral part of any state. Migration processes can be affected by economic, political, social, demographic factors, environmental or man-made disasters. Not the least role in migration processes is played by military conflicts or religious or racial persecution. Migration is the movement of a person to change his or her place of residence or stay, involving the crossing of a state border or the boundaries of administrative-territorial units. The administrative and legal mechanism of migration covers the main elements of the migration process. The main one is the subject. Migrant as the subject is a person through whom migration relations arise. The system of public authorities is treated as a subject of regulation of migration processes on behalf of the state. It is the interaction of the subjects that makes migration relations real. The subjects of migration processes are: public authorities and administration, which are endowed with certain powers in the field of migration management. Individuals who have crossed administrative borders or changed their place of permanent residence can be citizens of Ukraine, citizens of foreign countries, stateless persons, refugees, internally displaced persons. Non-governmental organizations that do not have direct authority to manage migration processes and can have a direct impact on the integration of migrants into the new social environment. The ratio of executive, legislative and judicial power in the system of legal regulation of migration in Ukraine shows that the indispensable attribute of the state-power mechanism, built on the principles of separation of powers, is the executive power. It creates conditions for the implementation of the preventive function of the legislature, initiates changes in the current migration legislation; implements its own executive and administrative functions; supports the exercise of judicial functions by the judiciary and itself acts as an object of judicial influence. The analysis shows that geopolitical migration processes contribute to the expansion of the subjects of migration processes, and that one of the current problems of the modern system of administrative and legal regulation of migration processes is the need to reconcile the interests of the state, its citizens and migrants.

Public management of intellectual migration in Ukraine

Public management of intellectual migration in Ukraine

Українська освітня студентська міграція у контексті глобалізаційних викликів

Глобалізація створила умови для вільного переміщення багатьох людей між країнами та континентами з метою працевлаштування, і це явище має стійкий характер: закриті сьогодні з приводу пандемії «Ковід-19» кордони завтра неминуче відкриються. Цьому сприяє головний економічний ефект глобалізації, який забезпечує більш розвинені країни дешевою робочою силою, а менш розвинуті долучає до сучасних технологій. Мільйони людей, у тому числі й молодь Україні, вже звикли до такого способу життя, який передбачає міграційні поїздки, іноді довготривалі. Останніми роками стає помітною серед українських трудових мігрантів нова група – студентська молодь. Автори статті розглядають цей соціальний факт з різних боків, аналізують його значення для сучасного українського суспільства і дають оцінку з позиції перспектив функціонування українського суспільства. Головним висновком авторів є вказівка на майбутній системний структурний дисбаланс, що загрожує безпеці країни у цілому.