Migration Flows Research Articles

International sanctions and emigration

In this first statistical analysis of how international sanctions affect international migration, we apply two estimation strategies, a panel difference-in-differences model and an event study approach. Our dataset covers 79,791 dyad-year observations, reflecting migration flows from 157 origin countries to 32 industrialized destination countries between 1961 and 2018. We find that UN and joint EU-US sanctions increase emigration from target countries by around 20 percent. Our event study results for joint EU-US sanctions imply a gradual increase in emigration throughout a sanction episode. The impact of UN sanctions on international migration is smaller and less persistent. Moreover, the effects are driven by target countries with limited freedom of political expression, where emigration substitutes for the costly voicing of dissent. Finally, there appear to be no systematic gender differences in the migration effect of sanctions.

Migration flows and concrete walls: an archaeological perspective on early migrant detention facilities. The C.P.T “Regina Pacis” (Italy, Puglia)

ABSTRACT Over the last few decades, Italy has been at the forefront of mass migration flows. Starting from the late 1990s, facilities for the detention and expulsion of undocumented migrants have been established. In this paper, we analyse one of the earliest examples of such structures in the Mediterranean: the former temporary holding facility (or C.P.T. Centro di Permanenza Temporanea) ‘Regina Pacis’ located in south-eastern Italy. In 1997, the structure was repurposed into one of the largest C.P.T in Italy until its closure in 2005. Through an approach that combines archaeology and ethnography, we aim to understand the role that material culture played in subjugating and controlling the life of the migrants, attempting to evaluate, at the same time, the impact that the facility had on its hosting community.

Out‐of‐area home purchase and U.S. internal migration

AbstractThis study demonstrates that out‐of‐area (OOA) property transactions can serve as a proxy for migration. Using micro‐level transaction data, we document that about 35% of migrants make OOA property purchases. The goodness‐of‐fit between migration and OOA purchases is higher for aggregate migration measures and lower for migration flows between disaggregated areas. Furthermore, in most specifications, a one percent increase in OOA purchases is associated with an approximately one percent increase in migration. We characterize the monthly out‐migration from NYC zip codes to surrounding areas after the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic to demonstrate the high temporal and spatial resolution of OOA transaction data.

Migration for Business: A Case Study of Goa

As the government eases out of economic activities and its role as an employer declines over time, there is a growing focus on attracting business and entrepreneurship and creating a conducive environment for their growth. Goa witnesses high rates of in-migration from the rest of India. However, census data reveal that of the total migration to Goa, only 2.7% of it is for business. This study uses census data to analyse the relative importance of population, distance, literacy and gross state domestic product (GSDP) in the volume and direction of migration flows through a gravity model analysis. In the case of population, it is observed that a high population at the source state means a higher degree of outmigration. This may be due to greater competition for scarce resources and lower costs of setting up business in the destination. The highest numbers of business migrants are from the neighbouring states of Maharashtra and Karnataka, which indicates that distance may be a deterrent to mobility, especially among women migrants. Educational attainment is not a very important determinant of migration for business. Similarly, economic growth does not seem to deter outmigration, indicating that better opportunities and cost-minimization at the destination may spur migration in spite of high economic growth in the home state. From the field study, it is observed that the majority of the businesspersons are Hindu males from the general caste. While economic factors serve as important push and pull factors, social factors are an important pull factor and determine the ease of settlement in the host state. They come to Goa for the long term and intend to settle here. They own land and housing. Though many are small businesses, through their consumption and investment activities, they play an important role in promoting growth in the state. The process of migration is self-sustaining as many bring their family members, relatives and neighbours and help settle them in business in related fields.

Orientation-related and temperature-dependent continuous grain boundary migration in multi-principal element alloys

Grain boundaries (GBs) significantly affect the mechanical properties of metals and alloys. In this study, we investigated using molecular dynamic simulations the migration behavior of Σ25 (710), Σ5 (310), and Σ37 (750) [001] symmetric tilt GBs in CoCrCuFeNi multi-principal element alloy (MPEA) and Cu samples subjected to shear deformation. In Cu, the migration of the GBs exhibits a coupled migration pattern, consistent with the Cahn model; while in MPEA, the migration pattern varies with GB angle and temperature. Both Σ25 (710) and Σ37 (750) GBs, along with higher temperatures, induce GB roughening and continuous migration in the MPEA samples. Further investigation to the effects of GB angle and temperature was conducted through microstructure evolution tracing and quantitative analysis. A model was developed to describe the temperature-dependent continuous GB migration and average flow stress in MPEA samples with Σ25 (710) or Σ37 (750) GBs. This work can help understand the mechanical behavior of GB in MPEA and provide valuable insights for the development of high-performance materials.

Depopulation and deep aging: the former Yugoslav and Western Balkans space between the second demographic transition and emigration

The article introduces the tentative concept of deep aging – a label used for a situation when the overall ageing effects of the second demographic transition, due to fertility below replacement level, are topped by the excessive emigration of the fertile contingent (additional loss of active population). Deep ageing thus accelerates population decline. But the loss of fertile contingent may affect the total fertility rates and its apparent rise (TFR). Here, the tempo effect of fertility plays the decisive role. The article first assesses the demographic change in the European macroregions in the period after the fall of the Iron Curtain (1990–2020). It then analyses the changes in the area of former Yugoslavia to assess the extent of population change in the last intercensal period, 2011–2022. Building on the previous research of population loss and migration flows after the break-up of Yugoslavia, the overall population change in the region is being assessed. It is also shown that tempo distortion of fertility rates considerably affects the realistic level of fertility and that approximate completed fertility rates fell less dramatically. Since the migration data are less reliable, the analysis of intercensal change was applied to assess the migration losses across the ex-Yugoslav space. To assess the extent of deep ageing, the intercensal projection of fertile contingent was introduced. The stage of deep ageing is the most pronounced in Croatia and Serbia, especially at the younger fertile group, while the overall loss of fertile population is profound and will certainly affect the further future decrease in population. Similarly difficult demographic situation is in other post-Yugoslav countries, where only Slovenia has not yet slid into the stage of deep ageing.

Migration as an effect of russian aggression against ukraine: understanding the consequences

It has long been no secret that migration processes have a great impact on the number and composition of the population of all countries. These processes have always played and will play a multifaceted role in the development of mankind, acting as a form of human adaptation to the changing conditions of its existence. The war between Russia and Ukraine, which began back in 2014 with the occupation of Crimea along with some areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, has serious far-reaching consequences, one of which is significant migration flows. As a result of hostilities, occupation, and invasion of Russian troops in February 2022, many Ukrainians were forced to seek refuge in other regions of the country or beyond. This led to the emergence of mass internal migration to relatively safe regions of Ukraine and unprecedented in the history of our country external migration to neighboring European states. Accordingly, these migration processes have a great impact on the demographic structure and social situation both in the receiving regions of Ukraine and in the countries that received Ukrainian refugees. It has been demonstrated that the main demographic risks faced by Ukraine pose a threat to stable socio-economic development and have become a serious challenge for Ukrainian society. The most urgent task of Ukrainian migration policy today is the development of political instruments that would encourage and facilitate the return of Ukrainian refugees to their homes. The article uses a systematic analysis based on statistical data of international and public organizations, and statesmen to determine the peculiarities of migration flows in war conditions; induction and deduction - to systematize the key causes and consequences of the migration of the population of Ukraine. The main emphasis is on the analysis of the impact of migration processes on the economic development of Ukraine, social stability and cultural identity of the population.

Discovering the spatial heterogeneous constraints of distance on migration from counties to Shenzhen in China

Distance holds significant importance in the decision-making processes of migration flows. Previous studies have predominantly adopted a global perspective to understand distance constraints. However, same spatial heterogeneity exists in distance constraints, and this heterogeneity contributes to understanding of the effect of regional characteristics in human migration. This study answers three questions: Does distance work for all counties in the same way? Why distance works for some counties but does not for others? And what makes distance decay differently among counties? We adopt geographically weighted regression, binary logistics regression, and random forest regression to analyze the migration from counties all over the China to Shenzhen to explore the spatial heterogeneity of distance decay. The results show that distance does not always work, and that demographics and transportation facilities are important determinants of whether distance works. For counties where distance works, distance decay is nonlinearly related to regional development. This non-linear relationship is due to the game between the appeal of intervention opportunities in the nearest new first-tier city, the constraints represented by the socio-economic development of the source county, and the attractiveness of Shenzhen. This further reflects the dynamic interplay between costs and opportunities, give and gain in the decision process of migration.

An Approach to Analyzing Migration Flow and House Price Data: Exploring Spatial Linkages between Flow, Price, Distance, Age at the Local Level

This paper is intended to elucidate the efficacy of employing a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) methodology to investigate the spatial interrelations among migration flows, housing prices, age demographics, and geographical distances. Utilizing data on migration flows and housing prices from Greater Manchester, UK, in 2011, in this study, we performed statistical analyses and generated a suite of visual mappings to illustrate the spatial dynamics between migration patterns, distances, age brackets, and the segmentation of migration destinations by housing price tiers. The findings reveal pronounced spatial associations among migration destinations, underscored by the interplay of housing price levels with age categories, distance intervals, or the origination points tied to specific housing price ranges. This GIS-based analytical framework offers policy-makers and urban planners a powerful tool for discerning distinct migration trends and locales, thereby facilitating more informed decision-making processes.

Secondary school students’ attitudes of tolerance towards minorities

Continued migration flows are inevitable, and research into favorable conditions for educating students in pluralistic societies is timely. This study attempts to address the operationalization of favorable conditions when educating children in diverse societies. Previous research into the contact hypothesis and acculturation theory has suggested that moderating factors are necessary for contact between groups of “others” to effect positive change in attitudes of tolerance and reduce prejudice. To represent groups of “others”, this study—which analyzed ICCS data from both the 2009 and 2016 cycles—considers lower-secondary students with an immigration background, who speak a different language than the administered assessment in the home, and diversity in terms of socio-economic background. To represent a desirable or “successful” classroom context, the study focuses on attitudes of tolerance held by lower-secondary students towards minorities, investigating whether participation in civic activities in the school or community, or the act of learning in more diverse classrooms, was associated with increased rates of tolerance. Findings supported the stated hypotheses to some extent, as some associations between heterogenous classroom composition (in terms of the share of students from immigrant backgrounds and those who spoke different languages in the home) and increased attitudes of tolerance towards minorities were observed. Student participation in civic activities in school was significantly associated with higher attitudes of tolerance towards minorities in 16 out of 18 analyzed countries. A relation between civic participation in the community and tolerance towards minorities was not found. Overall, students’ rates of tolerance towards minorities increased significantly for the majority of analyzed countries between 2009 and 2016.

The Influence of “The Little Prince” on Communication Between Asylum-Seeking Children and Their Host Community Peers

Since the onset of the Syrian civil war in 2011, Syrians have sought refuge in various nations, with Türkiye notably emerging as a prevalent destination. Due to Türkiye’s “open door” policy, rougbly 3.5 million Syrians have been conferred temporary protected status, with nearly half being children. Given the recent mass migrations, enduring migration flows, and substantial numbers of asylum-seeking children, fostering respect for diversity among children has become crucial. This research, therefore, was conceptualized to offer solutions within school social work aimed at promoting peace for asylum-seeking children facing segregation/discrimination. The study focuses on transforming the attitudes of host community children toward asylum-seeking children through literary works specifically “The Little Prince.” Utilizing a Parallel Mixed Methods Design, 30 participants were selected via purposive sampling. The study investigated: “How does the implementation of school social work through literary works influence respect for differences, tolerance and love among children?” The findings suggest that integrating school social work practices with artistic mediums, particularly literary works, should be considered for social work interventions targeting children and their social environments within educational programs in Türkiye.

Active spread of β-thalassemia beyond the thalassemia belt: A study on a Russian population.

β-Thalassemia is a disease traditionally associated with thalassemia belt countries. Nonetheless, as global migration intensifies, β-thalassemia-causing variants spread far from their origin. We investigated this process to detect some patterns underlying its course. We analyzed β-thalassemia-causing variants and the origin of 676 unrelated participants in Moscow, the largest city of Russia, far away from the thalassemia belt. Our analyses revealed that modern Russia has one of the broadest spectra of thalassemia-causing variants: 46 different variants, including two novel β0 variants. Only a small proportion of the reported pathogenic variants likely originated in the resident subpopulation. Almost half of the variants that supposedly had emerged outside the Russian borders have already been assimilated by (were found in) the resident subpopulation. The primary modern source of immigration transferring thalassemia to a nonthalassemic part of Russia is the Caucasus region. We also found traces of ancient migration flows from non-Caucasus countries. Our data indicate that β-thalassemia-causing variants are actively spilling over into resident populations of countries outside thalassemia belt regions. Therefore, viewing thalassemia as a disease exclusive to specific ethnic groups creates a mind trap that can complicate the diagnosis.

Comparison of Mediterranean and Ukrainian Migration Impacts on V4 Countries

Today’s Europe still resonates with the migration crisis connected with the arrival of migrants from Africa and Asia. Despite its massive impact on Central Europe, the significant migratory flow from Ukraine avoids considerable media attention. This article compares the effect of the Mediterranean migration and Ukrainian migration on V4 countries before the Covid-19 pandemic. There is an significant disproportion in the volumes of the compared migratory flows favouring the Ukrainian migration. However, Mediterranean migration became a substantial issue in elections in particular V4 countries. Our analysis focuses on the causes of different perceptions of both migratory flows and their impacts on recipient countries at the social and foreign policy levels. According to our research, different perceptions of the flows by the people and politicians are connected to the level of immigrants’ cultural and linguistic proximity and their potential integration. As the current situation suggests, the stabilisation of the political situation in Ukraine will take a more extended period, and the subsequent social and economic renewal will take another period. We assume the migratory flows from Ukraine will continue in the following years. Similarly, the Mediterranean migratory flows are likely to continue, probably with the shifts in their intensity, depending on their home countries’ situation and the Schengen regulatory measures. All of the above-mentioned issues put pressure on recipient countries to create a long-term immigration strategy that would enable them to manage the migration flow-related problems without societal destabilisation. The submitted interdisciplinary article uses the theoretical basis of migration studies (immigration policies, push and pull factors) and international relations (neorealism). The methodology of the text is anchored in the analysis of the relevant literature and statistical sources. The title of the article suggests the use of the comparison method.

Re-thinking the Concept of Cultural Competency in Nursing Care of Older Adults.

The influx of migrants to Canada has resulted in a shift in the country's demographic landscape. Individuals often interpret and approach health and wellness through the lens of their cultural heritage, which has led to stereotyping behaviors and discriminatory practices, exacerbating the notion of "Othering". Immigrant older adults are likely to experience discrimination in a more dreadful way in the form of societal isolation and marginalization due to the collective systems of power such as ageism, ableism, and racism. This paper results from continuous thought-provoking discussions initiated by the first author (AM) in her doctoral program at the University of Western Ontario for the Philosophy of Nursing Science course, taught and facilitated by the second author (SM). After studying the course materials on "revolutionary science" and reflection on the process of paradigm shift introduced by Thomas Khun and engaging in critical discussions on a range of relevant philosophical concepts such as bio-power, othering, silencing and ignorance, marginalization, oppression, neoliberalism, health equity, and social justice, we have been prompted to rethink the concept of cultural competence in nursing education and healthcare practices, particularly in the context of nursing care of older adults. Therefore, in this paper, we will critique the concept of cultural competency in the context of an anti-racist and anti-oppressive lens and suggest a pivotal response to move towards an inquiry-driven approach based on cultural humility and respect in the nursing care of older adults.

Analyzing prejudice against immigrants in sending countries: The Brazilian case

AbstractPrejudice against immigrants has been widely studied in the literature, but analyzing immigrant‐receiving countries is not the same as analyzing sending countries, where the number of immigrants is very low. To address this gap, we examine the case of Brazil, a country that has witnessed numerous anecdotal episodes of prejudice against immigrants despite having a very low flow of migrants and therefore minimal material effects on the local population. Our study focuses on the levels of discrimination against immigrants in Brazil, with a specific analysis of four groups—Haitians, Germans, Venezuelans, and internal migrants known as nordestinos. We consider three policy‐related scenarios—housing, health care, and job training. To mitigate social desirability bias, we employ a combination of list and endorsement survey experiments in a face‐to‐face national sample of 1850 respondents conducted in January 2019. The results reveal a widespread negative perception of all groups of foreigners across all scenarios except the local group of migrants. The findings suggest that the Brazilian public's discrimination against foreigners is linked to a pervasive misperception of the social and economic threat immigrants allegedly pose to the nation.

Exploring institutional dynamics in a multi-level analysis in Southeast Europe

ABSTRACT The European Union (EU) integration process of transition economies from Southeast Europe has faced significant political and economic challenges. Two decades in, these challenges persist, leading to slower-than-expected economic development and fostering local frustration, nationalism, populism, and migration flows. This article aims to disentangle the institutional complexities in these regions. Using an exploratory, inductive approach based on 30 qualitative interviews across three Southeast European countries, the research conducts a multi-level analysis. The findings reveal that complex institutional settings are characterised by institutional voids and asymmetries stemming from the transition process and EU integration. The perception of the overall institutional setup is central, negatively influenced by institutional voids and asymmetries but positively impacted by participatory law-making approaches. Additionally, competing institutional logics on the micro-level influence companies’ perspective. This article provides insights into the institutional challenges faced by companies in transition economies, crucial for policy formulation and development projects in the context of EU integration. The key takeaway emphasises the importance of well-designed participatory policymaking, highlighting the need for careful preparation and a foundation of trust.

Schistosomiasis in Migrants: Bridging the Gap in Italy's Treatment Guidelines and Access.

Schistosomiasis is a widespread disease that can cause serious health issues if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Fortunately, there is an effective and safe treatment available: praziquantel. In countries with a high influx of migrants from schistosomiasis-endemic regions, it is crucial to ensure the availability of praziquantel. This discussion will address the barriers and the need for praziquantel in Italy.

Do illegal Migration Affect tourism Arrivals in Greece? A Vector Autoregression Analysis

Introduction: This paper explores the impact of illegal migration on the tourism sector in Greece. Utilizing a Vector autoregression (VAR) methodology, the research examines the relationship between the influx of illegal migrants and the number of tourist arrivals. The study presents the migration as a phenomenon that takes place dynamically the last decades in Europe in general and the Greek territory particular. By providing, empirical evidence on the short-term and long-term impacts of illegal migration on tourism in Greece, this study contributes to the broader discourse on migration and economic stability. The research's findings reveal that illegal migration does not significantly influence tourism arrivals in Greece. This indicates that tourists’ decisions to visit Greece are driven by factors other than concerns related to illegal migration. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the influx of illegal migrants and the number of tourist arrivals Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the main concepts and theories that underpin the research are presented: the Model of cyclicity, Lee’s migration model. Method: The research examines the relationship between the influx of illegal migrants and the number of tourist arrivals over a specific period. The methodology used for this research is Vector autoregression analysis, with monthly data for the period January 2015 to December 2023. This analytical approach allows for the examination of the dynamic interactions and potential causality between the two variables over time. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed reveal that illegal migration does not significantly influence tourism arrivals in Greece. Changes in the number of migrants arriving do not predict changes in tourist arrivals, and changes in tourist arrivals do not predict the number of migrants arriving in Greece. The outcome is positive for the Greek tourism industry, which is of a great importance for the country’s GDP and employment politics. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of tourism. These implications could encompass the socio-economic sector of the country. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by a vector autoregression analysis to the broader discourse on migration and economic stability. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by the findings, that reveal that illegal migration does not significantly impact tourism arrivals in Greece. This indicates that tourists’ decisions to visit Greece are driven by factors other than concerns related to illegal migration.

Adapting and Validating a Survey to Assess Host Communities Support for Migration

Migration presents challenges to receiving communities, as it tests their ability to respond to unexpected expenditures and social stresses. Evaluating the local impact of rapid and substantial migration flows is difficult due to the absence of a validated instrument for assessing community support for migration. Our study adapted and validated a Support for Migration Assessment survey (SMA) based on Social Exchange Theory (SET). The validation of the SMA contributes in two significant ways. First, it establishes an instrument that enables the assessment of support for migration (SFM) by considering community-level factors: trust in institutions (TII), overall community satisfaction (OCS), and perceived negative impact on infrastructure (INF). Second, the SMA extends SET to the context of migration to assess support by a receiving community. We recruited 333 survey participants between January and July 2022 using proportional stratified random sampling to measure locals’ perceptions toward the Venezuelan migrant population in Barranquilla, Colombia. The internal consistency of the factors was calculated with Cronbach’s alpha (α) and omega coefficient (ω), resulting in α = 0.88, ω = 0.89 for TII; α = 0.90, ω = 0.92 for OCS; α = 0.87, ω = 0.88 for INF; and α = 0.84, ω = 0.86 for SFM. After conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, construct validity was confirmed based on the model’s goodness of fit (CFI = 0.939, TLI = 0.935, RMSEA = 0.062, SRMR = 0.076). The adapted survey demonstrates adequacy in assessing perceived community support for migration.

Migration agenda of the Kaliningrad region in the context of socio-economic development of Russia

Relevance. The socio-economic context of the importance of migration policy is represented by a wide range of areas. First of all, the intensity of migration processes significantly correlates with the state of the labor market, influencing the balance of supply and demand. The relevance of the research topic is due to the importance of migration policy, both for the socio-economic development of the state and for ensuring national security in the strategic management horizon. The importance of building an effective migration policy has a significant level of importance for modern Russia. Taking into account the author’s position, the geopolitical situation and the retrospective history of international communications make Russia the center of gravity of migration flows, which requires the establishment of high-quality control not only over their intensity, but also over their structural content.The purpose is to determine the most effective tools for improving migration policy, taking into account territorial specifics.Objectives: to clarify the theoretical and methodological aspects of the implementation of state migration policy in Russia; reveal the features, analytical indicators and organizational mechanisms for implementing migration policy in Russia, taking into account the territorial specifics of the Kaliningrad region.Methodology. The methodological “portfolio” of the study is built on the basis of the provisions of socioeconomic theories of migration process management using quantitative methods of data collection and analysis.Results. A targeted analysis was carried out, as a result of which effective tools were identified for improving migration policy in the Kaliningrad region based on the adaptation of the universal migration project in the Kaliningrad city management system, creating the prerequisites for increasing its effectiveness and achieving target indicators.Conclusion. Improving migration policy is an objective necessity in order to solve a number of socio-economic problems and minimize risks to national security.