Comparison of Mediterranean and Ukrainian Migration Impacts on V4 Countries

The article examines the modern prerequisites of foreign labor migration, analyzes the main factors and the impact on donor countries and recipient countries. Economic, social and political prerequisites are proposed among the main aspects that are considered, which encourage Ukrainians to go abroad with pension provision. The directions of the choice of recipient countries by Ukrainian labor migrants before the Great War and during the period of military aggression were analyzed. The article examines the influence of global economic trends on migration flows, considering the level of wages in Ukraine and the country of migration of Ukrainian labor migrants, the main economic indicators that affect external labor migration, among them are the high level of unemployment and inflation, and the low level of wages. The social prerequisites contributing to the growth of labor migration activity have been identified. Social prerequisites interact with economic, political and other aspects, forming the motive for external labor migration. All the prerequisites created in the study positively and negatively affect the economic and social condition of the donor country and the recipient country. The political situation in Ukraine, in particular conflicts and unrest, is also considered as one of the important factors influencing the decision of citizens to emigrate. The modern prerequisites of the international migration of Ukrainians are a relevant topic in the conditions of globalization and changes in the political, economic and socio-cultural environment. The research is aimed at analyzing the factors affecting the mass migration of Ukrainians abroad. Considering these factors, it is important to develop comprehensive strategies and policies aimed at improving the economic situation in Ukraine, maintaining stability and developing society. Attention should also be focused on the conditions created for the integration and adaptation of migrants to ensure mutually beneficial and harmonious relations in the international community. The article is relevant and important in the context of the modern world, where external labor migration is an extremely large challenge and opportunity for the country.Keywords. external labour migration, prerequisites for migration, labour migrants, remuneration, employment, economic instability, National Bank of Ukraine.

Мета статті – стислий аналіз феномену української зовнішньої трудової міграції з позиції соціології, де він розглядається як складова частина соціальної системи суспільства. З’ясовано роль та значення зовнішньої трудової міграції у внутрішньому системному процесі. Наведено думку науковців і практиків щодо чинників, змісту та перспектив існування зовнішньої трудової міграції в Україні. Результатом дослідження стає авторське розуміння деяких рис можливого стану українського суспільства, яке перебуває в динамічному русі, що розпочався після подій 2014 р. Зроблено висновок, що збереження високих темпів міграції впродовж ще кількох років треба розглядати як головний чинник трансформації соціальної системи в Україні. Її наслідком має бути, насамперед, спрощення елементної бази соціальної системи, зменшення позитивної активності її суб’єктів, активізація процесу «некерованого хаосу» й, нарешті, слабкість системи перед натиском зовнішніх сил.

MIGRATION SYSTEMS, MANAGED MIGRATION, AND TEMPORARY FOREIGN WORKER PROGRAMSLike international trade patterns between exporting and importing countries, the movement of people across national-state boundaries follows a similarlyobservable set of patterns. These human migration flows form the basis for a transnational migration system. A migration system is comprised of the sending (or home) countries where these migration flows originate, and the receiving (or host) countries that are the end destination of these flows.1 Migration flows are transnational because they challenge traditional conceptions of cultural identity and territorial community. Equally important, however, are the bilateral linkages created between sending and receiving countries that preserve national-state boundaries. These bilateral linkages develop when governments choose to regulate how and when people move. One type of bilateral linkage forms between two countries when they agree to a formal labour agreement or temporary foreign worker program. Another type of bilateral linkage occurs through the strategic use of immigration and emigration policies to coordinate migration between countries.In the category of migration systems, Canada represents a receiving (or host) country of thousands of foreign workers each year. Among these workers, some enter Canada with the full rights, benefits, and responsibilities of a permanent resident. Others arrive having been issued only a temporary work permit. In addition to fromal residence rights, permanent residence status gives new immigrants unrestricted access to Canada's labour market. Temporary status has the opposite effect: Temporary employment authorization limits the individual's work to a specific employer and a single work contract. When the contract ends, the work permit is no longer valid, and the worker is required to either return home or reapply for a new work permit. Under Canadian immigration rules, individuals holding work permits are categorized as residents over the entire duration of their employment contract in Canada.Historically speaking, our thinking on immigration matters has focused on the push-pull factors that influence the individual's decision to leave his or her home country and take up residence in another country. Many of these push-pull factors are the result of poverty, political instability, and social discontent experienced by migrants in their home countries. For these kinds of reasons, researchers point to the emergence of a new wave in migration flows. This wave shares two important characteristics.2 First, the characteristics of this new wave show migration flows to originate in many of the world's poorer and developing countries and end in some of the wealthiest and developed countries. Previous migration waves were at one time transatlantic in nature (i.e., between western Europe and North America), and at other times intraregional in nature (e.g., within western Europe). Today's flows are notable for the south-to-north direction that they take. They are also notable because the people who make up these migration flows tend to move to particular places for specific reasons.3Second, the characteristics of this new wave show that crossborder movement is occurring for economic or employment purposes. This type of crossborder movement reveals itself to be increasingly driven by labour market conditions. Workers move for reasons having to do with employment opportunities and/or financial need for a steady source of income, and employers hire them due to labour shortages and costs. Both high- and lowskilled workers are on the move, but the immigration status granted to them reflects an important divide. Citizenship and labour rights are experienced unequally by different groups of workers. Crossborder labour migration is notable because it is highly stratified based on gender, race, and skill level.As a policy prescription, the concept of managed migration turns our attention to the push-pull factors which influence the decisions of governments to support the creation of a migration system between the host and home countries of the foreign worker. …

The object of research is the internal and external migration flows of the Ukrainian people. The solution of the problems put forward in the research, requires scientific systematic approach to the study of both internal and external migration flows, it enables to identify and predict trends and directions of migration flows. The use of the principles and tools of information support to analyze trends in the world market of goods and services, identify critical industries and the ability to involve as many young people as possible to employment in Ukraine are conditions for effective state planning. The study has identified and demonstrated main trends in the internal and external migration. The migration flows of various economically active groups of the population of Ukraine, such as students, workers, etc., are analyzed in the paper. The main ways and causes of migration processes and their influence on the economic and political situation in Ukraine are considered. The promising demographic situation of large cities in Ukraine has been carefully studied. The basic methods of the research are the application of a systematic approach, analysis and synthesis of information and rational use of information technologies to obtain the required results.The paper presents new visualizations of demographic problems. To demonstrate the trends, research was performed in various spheres and analytical platforms, primarily R and Power BI.KeywordsMigration flowsMigration processesLabor migrantsPopulation forecastingR programmingPower BI analytical platform

The full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine on February 24, 2022, which was accompanied by the violation of humanitarian law and the demolition of civilian infrastructure, has led to the emergence of forced migration. Millions of people left the country within a short period. On March 4, the EU Temporary Protection Directive was reactivated in response to the unprecedented flow of migrants from Ukraine. EU countries have opened their borders to migrants from Ukraine, providing them with shelter and assistance. Poland and its neighbouring states, such as Romania, Moldova, Hungary, as well as the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Austria, received the highest quantity of migrants. The wave of migration has had a noticeable influence on the functioning of labour markets and employment, even in those regions of Ukraine which have not been exposed to military activity. Comprehensive studies show that external migration, among other factors, will significantly affect the demographic situation in Ukraine due to the increase in the number of people who do not plan to return from abroad. A key factor in the crisis is the fact that the majority of these people is youth of employable age and children. Besides, educational migration from Ukraine to EU countries has also increased significantly. The influx of immigrants who have established themselves in the nations of the European Union have significantly impacted the labour markets of these countries, putting a considerable strain on the public funds of the host countries. The question of Ukrainian immigrants’ ability to engage in activities such as schooling (including access to educational opportunities for children), employment, residence, and healthcare in both the immediate and long-term future is coming to the fore. Ukrainian and international scholars alike have done numerous studies on external migration from Ukraine; nonetheless, the forced migration resulting from the full-scale military invasion of Ukraine has yet to be adequately examined. Subsequently, the article is intended to examine the displacement circumstances in Ukraine and the EU and to evaluate the consequence of compulsory external migration in Ukraine and the EU.

The situation with the COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedentedly dangerous in terms of its geographical coverage, comprehensive impact on all spheres of human life, and absent clear forecasts for its future development. Understanding of this threat and self-protection with preventive behavioural strategies reduces both the likelihood of being infected and the spread of the coronavirus, which is the main purpose of the ordered quarantine. Preventive behaviour means minimized face-to-face interactions, wearing a mask in the street and public places, washing hands and using hand sanitizer, and avoiding face self-touch; the precautionary measures in Ukraine and in the most countries of the world are based on these WHO recommendations. The data were collected from the 20th to the 24th of March 2020 with the help of Google Forms. It was the beginning of epidemic in Ukraine: the number of confirmed cases increased from 41 (March, 20th) to 102 (March, 24th), there were 3deaths (according to Worldometer). On March 11, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine announced quarantine: restriction of mass events, quarantine in educational institutions and closing of air routes to some countries. The study involved 120 participants (42 men and 78 women, age 18 - 58 years): 96 students and 24 parents (residents of Lviv). The study was aimed at analyzing the emotional experience and behaviour of students during COVID-19 quarantine and identifying psychological factors inducing preventive behaviour. A special questionnaire was developed for the study. The questionnaire was consisted of four parts: 1) experiencing the threats (personal and social) in an epidemic situation; 2) adhering to preventive behaviour; 3) searching for information about the epidemic; 4) the features of routine behavior in quarantine. The used methods were: TIPI S. Gosling (Ukrainian-language version TIPI-UKR (Klimanska & Haletska, 2019), Positive and Negative Affect Questionnaire (OPANA) (Klimanska & Haletska, 2020), COPE inventory (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989), and an associative experiment where the word «coronavirus» was the stimulus. Coding and frequency analysis of associations were done using QDA Miner Lite 2.0.7. It was found that dominant (48.3% of all associations, 60% of the participants) was the category of negative experiences (anxiety - 14.6%, fear - 12.9%, danger - 8.9%, etc.). The second most important category was "Information" (31.7% of all associations, 40% of the respondents), and the third one was "De-awfulizing" (10.8% of associations in 14% of the respondents). 35% of the respondents had a positive vision of the future, 39% had a negative vision of the future, 14% dared not make predictions. 42% of the participants were highly concerned about the economic impact of the quarantine, 32% were about the political situation in Ukraine, and 32% were about their own financial well-being. Concerns about the economic situation in Ukraine were even greater than concerns about one's own financial situation. Adult respondents were more concerned with their financial well-being than with their own lives. The adhering to preventive behaviour was high enough: 48% of the students tried not to leave their home at all, more than 78% often washed their hands and actively used hand sanitizer, 49% controlled themselves not to touch their faces, 30% of the students said they always or almost always wore a mask, but, at the same time, 45% of the participants wore mask very rarely. Three groups of respondents with different level of adhering to preventive behaviour were identified with the cluster analysis (the discriminative analysis confirmed that 96% of classification were correct): 1) "Preventive behaviour without masks" (40%): adhering to hygiene, not leaving home, but, in fact, ignoring wearing a mask; 2) "Risky behaviour" (16%), with low rates of preventive behaviour; 3) "Preventive behaviour" (46%), strictly adhering to preventive behaviour. One-way ANOVA and Scheffe test were used for the comparison of these groups. Those, who adhered to preventive behaviour, tended to experience negative affects, depression, anxiety, and disappointment. They also had lower emotional stability, and higher anxiety about their financial well-being, and were concerned about the political situation in Ukraine. Members of these group demonstrated higher interest, attentiveness and alertness, as well as more interested in different information about coronavirus and the epidemic situation in general. So, this group may be identified as the mostly influenced by mass media. We can assume that interest in information and focused search for it, in a combination with the predisposing features of the affective sphere and personality traits, are predictors of adhering to preventive behaviour. Information about the threat level and the high probability of negative consequences of infection are powerful factors in the formation of preventive behaviour. Interest, attentiveness, mobilizing, conscientiousness and agreeableness are important personal factors for conscious and rational response to the challenges of the COVID-19 epidemic. These factors indicate existence of internally motives for effective preventive behaviour; these motives are sustainable in time and relieve traumatic and distressing emotional experience. &nbsp

Purpose. This study aims to analyze the regional differentiation of youth migration flows and typify the regions of Ukraine according to the characteristics of the migratory behavior of the youth. Accordingly, the research questions are as follows: 1) what is the relationship between economic indicators (income, unemployment, investment) and youth migration at the regional level? 2) how do the regions of Ukraine differ in the scale, structure, and dynamics of youth migration flows? 3) what types of regions can be identified, and can they be considered to determine the young people’s intention to migrate? Research methods. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between youth migration and economic indicators at the regional level. To prevent skewed indicators distribution, the city of Kyiv was excluded from the analysis. In order to study the regional differentiation of youth migration, we used cluster analysis and constructed Kohonens self-organizing maps. Based on the analysis of spatial and temporal (from 2002 to 2019) trends, we also developed an empirical typification of the regions according to the migration behavior of young people. Main findings. The analysis of spatial differences in youth migration in urban and rural areas shows the diversity and complicated multidirectionality of migration flows. Youth migration has been found to be linked to unemployment and investment attractiveness at the regional level. The assumption that the migration of young people from rural areas is influenced not only by economic factors but also by the lack of prospects for tertiary education, jobs, and the ‘culture of migration’ has been confirmed. The analysis of the relationship between income and out-migration scale shows some signs of a inverse U-shape curve. In general, the results of the study confirmed that at the regional level, economic indicators (unemployment, investment, and income) affect youth migration in Ukraine, but their impact needs to be studied in the broader context of place-specific human capital and life-course transition. Based on the results of cluster analysis and construction of Kohonen self-organizing maps, five clusters of Ukraine’s regions by the similarity of youth migration were identified. The analysis of youth migrations in 2002-2019 allowed to identify six models of their dynamics (monotonically decreasing, abrupt dynamics with a tendency to decrease, abrupt dynamics without changes, abrupt dynamics with a tendency to increase, monotonically increasing, without changes). According to the combination of selected clusters of regions and models of youth migration dynamics, we empirically typified Ukraine’s regions into three groups that can be considered those that, to some extent, determine the young people’s intention to migrate. However, further research should be aimed at analyzing the individualization of migration behavior and liquid migration of Ukrainian youth. Scientific novelty and practical value. The main novelty of the study is its focus on the spatial dimension of youth migration in Ukraine, particularly identifying the features of regional differentiation of migration flows, factors, trends and regional problems associated with youth migration. The practical value of the obtained results lies in the possibility for certain types of regions to become ‘guidelines’ for the migration policy in the regions of Ukraine.

The current conflict on the territory of Ukraine poses a serious challenge to stability in the entire world. Millions of Ukrainians currently face an extraordinary task – protecting their physical and psychological identity. Preserving the life and health of Ukrainian citizens is an important goal of the state in the long term, contributing to national unity and a peaceful future. The purpose of the article was to study the role of physical culture in the process of forming a healthy lifestyle in the context of the military and political situation in Ukraine. It was determined that the concept of "healthy lifestyle" includes aspects related to physical, mental, social and spiritual health. Regular physical activity has always been an important part of this lifestyle. The possibility of using modern technologies and interactive platforms to popularize physical activity among the population and ensure its accessibility was investigated. In general, physical culture and sports in Ukraine have great potential for maintaining a healthy lifestyle and psychological stability in the conditions of military and political changes.

The article reveals the practical aspects of the development of the restaurant business in Ukraine in modern conditions. The main tendencies of restaurant business development in the conditions of martial law are determined. The problems that have occurred recently in the market of restaurant services are considered, and the ways of their solution are highlighted. It is established that the restaurant business is currently in unexpected and unfavorable conditions. It is determined that the instability of the economic and political situation in Ukraine, pandemic restrictions, military aggression of the enemy have a negative impact on the dynamics of development and functioning of the restaurant business. According to the results of the study, it is established that the restaurant business, in the past years and now, is in unexpected and unfavourable conditions. In the field of restaurant business there are constant changes that correspond to certain modern trends and affect the level of competitiveness in the market. Today, the restaurant business is experiencing perhaps the most critical period in the history of independence. The global deployment of the full-scale invasion of the enemy, has seriously affected this business, thus provoking its critical financial situation. The instability of the economic and political situation in Ukraine, pandemic restrictions, military aggression of the enemy have a negative impact on the dynamics of development and functioning of the hotel and restaurant industry. In order to ensure the development and effective functioning of the restaurant business in today's conditions, the state is implementing programs and projects to support this area of economic activity with the assistance of international organizations. The article defines that the current situation encourages the restaurant business to refocus on the format of doing business, adapted to existing conditions, focusing not only on the needs of the client and employee, current trends in hospitality, but also taking into account all threats and risks to escalate rapidly due to the war in Ukraine. The main problems of the domestic restaurant business are highlighted, the prospects of its development in martial law are studied.

The article presents factors influencing on the Ukrainian labor`s migration within conditions of European integration. We denoted the impact factors on migration processes in Ukraine within conditions of European integration. This analysis allows to work out measures for improving migration policy, and as a result � economical growth of the country. We defined the causes and effects. We traced the Ukrainian migration flows into the international economy. The impact factors of Ukrainian labor migration abroad within conditions of European integration in the current political and economic situation are the demographic situation, the unemployment rate, the rate of wages, migration policy, the political situation in Ukraine and in the world as well. We established the impact direction of each factor on the dynamics for the number of working migrators. So, in particular, the reduction and ageing of the population in the EU countries; the presence of hidden unemployment in Ukraine; the problems of youth employment after graduation; the excess of the EU countries� wages in 3-5 times over Ukraine`s wages; the absence of specific activity in Ukraine aimed at repatriation of Ukrainians, and, on the contrary, the presence of such activity in foreign countries; political instability in Ukraine are all factors that contribute increasing of Ukrainian migrants� number to the EU.

The Ukraine’s integration in the European and global education area and its implications for the academic mobility processes call for understanding the ways and prospects of modernization of the Ukraine’s strategy on exports of education services, strengthening of its position on the international market of education services, intensification of information efforts abroad aiming to convince potential students in the attractiveness of training in Ukraine and wide perspectives of the Ukrainian higher education. The article contains an analysis of the results from an empirical econometric and socio-psychological study devoted to the problems of academic mobility and education migration of Ukrainian youth and foreigners in Ukraine. A comparative analysis of the data shows that education migration processes have similar parameters for foreign students in Ukraine and Ukrainian abroad. The data on the attractiveness of the Ukrainian education for foreign students are analyzed as part of the study, with identifying the factors with impact on the scopes of student migration. The tendency of the continually increasing interest in higher education in Ukraine, in spite of the difficulties (political and economic) faced by Ukraine, is revealed, which is confirmed by the growing numbers of both foreign students in Ukraine and the higher education institutions in which they study. An analysis of the data shows that the education in Ukraine is the most attractive for post-soviet countries. Also, the numbers of education migrants coming from Africa and Asia, in particular from India, Morocco, Nigeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, and Ghana, have been stably increasing in 2013–2019. An analysis of interviews reveals that foreign students go to study in Ukraine due to the following motives: the possibility to get high quality education (and return to a home country); low education fees compared with a home country; the optimal “price-quality” ratio etc. It was found out which specialties of the professional training drew special interest of foreign students. It is shown that the flows of education migration of Ukrainian students to other counties tended to intensify in the latest five years. The education migration was growing year-by-year in 2013/14–2017/18. According to the official statistical data on education migration recorded for 2017/2018, the number of Ukrainians taking education course in other countries reached 76181. The most attractive countries for training of Ukrainian youth and the essential factors behind their choice of country for education are defined. The estimated cost of education programs in selected countries that are the most attractive for Ukrainian youth is analyzed as of the academic period 2017/2018. It is found out that the prevailing motives for Ukrainians seeking education in other countries are professional and socio-cultural values: higher quality education; better training conditions; good carrier prospects; learning of foreign languages; learning about other cultures. The conducted studies that included student interviews revealed the reasons for the education migration of Ukrainians: inadequate level of professional training in domestic higher education institutions; problems with future job placement with domestic diplomas; corruption; lack of stability in the country and blurred prospects of change for the better. The conducted study enables to highlight the problematic points of the education migration in Ukraine and outlined the essential steps to reduce the migration flow of Ukrainian youth.

Last year witnessed mass demonstrations in favor of legalizing unauthorized immigrants juxtaposed with ongoing border patrols by Minuteman Project volunteers and strident punditry decrying our “broken borders.” Disparate as they were, this combination of voices sent a clear and unified message: “Something must be done.” After a year of debate and a set of competing bills in the House of Representatives and the Senate, both the pro-immigration and restrictionist camps were disappointed with the utter failure of Congress to do virtually anything except approve a border fence, which most likely will never be built in its entirety, if at all. Congress left unanswered how to deal with the estimated 12 million unauthorized immigrants living in the United States and how to reduce the future flow of illegal immigration. With strong momentum for change, a mandate for bipartisan cooperation, and a brief window of opportunity before the 2008 presidential elections, the time is now to address these questions. To create an orderly, sustainable flow of immigration, Congress would do well to embrace issues that received little attention over the past year, yet will be crucial to the success of any reform project: how to decide whom to let in, how to fix a deeply flawed immigration bureaucracy, and how coordination with sending countries might help to ease migration pressure. What Congress decides on immigration policy will have a wide-ranging impact on the health of communities, on tax revenue, on the businesses and individual Americans who employ foreign-born workers, on competitiveness in high-skilled industries, on the ability of immigrants’ children and future generations to succeed in America, and on America’s identity as a nation of immigrants. The immigration policies that America pursues resonate around the world. As a superpower whose identity is rooted in the notion of itself as an immigrant nation, the United States stands as an example— both good and bad—to countries that only recently have begun to wrestle with the question of how to integrate large foreignborn populations. Indeed, the talk of building a border fence has sparked plans for new barriers in places as diverse as the Caribbean, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Should the United States choose a mainly restrictionist path, it is highly likely that many other nations would follow suit and crack down on their immigrant populations, intensifying ethnic conflict. Changes in U.S. immigration policy will have not only a symbolic effect around the globe, but also a real economic impact. Nations like the Philippines and Mexico, which depend on remittances sent home by migrant workers, would be hard hit if the gates close. In countries without the universities or industries where skilled immigrants and talented students can pursue their scientific or professional interests, human capital would be wasted—hurting not just the home country but the rest of the world. This interconnectedness also means that the United States cannot stop at its own borders when conceiving a new immigration policy; slowing the flow of illegal immigra-

Nowadays, migration processes are formed under the influence of state policy and become indicators of efficiency of state institutions. This paper is the authors’ attempt to prove that migration of Ukrainian population to Poland is the result of implementation of state policy. In addition to the complex socioeconomic situation in the country, the systematic state policy of Europe and Russia in economic, education, redistribution of natural and human resources contributes to the migration of Ukrainians. The authors reveal the main trends in the migration of Ukrainians to Poland on the basis of empirical data from the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, sociological surveys and historical memory of Ukrainians and Poles. The precise and sound state policy of Poland and the reality of Ukraine, the inadequacy of the public policy, the war in the East and economic problems result in the increase rates and volumes of Ukrainian migration to Poland, especially labour and educational.The closest neighbours – Russia, Hungary and Poland, unlike Ukraine, have the clear state policy on attracting migrants, in particular Ukrainians, in order to replenish human capital and labour resources.Such states policies of «recipient countries» pose a threat to Ukraine’s national security and require the revision of own Ukrainian state migration policy. Ukrainian authorities demonstrate inactivity in terms of settlement of migration flows, registration of migrants abroad and development of migration policy. Despite the reform, the current economic, political and social situation leads more people to migrate. In particular, it is about labour migration, which leads to an increase in the number of illegal immigrants or emigrants with dual citizenship. The preservation of the human capital and providing sufficient opportunities for its development, and conversion into real national value is a challenge for state institutions both in Ukraine and Poland. World migration trends show an outflow of human capital to global cities and areas convenient for living. A decrease of the national population and the exhaustion of the intellectual capital of nation-states is a current trend in all countries of Eastern Europe.

Tunisian migration patterns reveal a complex interplay between inherited colonial ties, contemporary economic disparities, and evolving institutional frameworks that challenge traditional migration theory. This study examines the interaction between economic, socio-cultural, and institutional factors influencing Tunisian migration, addressing an analytical gap beyond the traditional economic lens. Using a two-way fixed-effects panel regression model controlling for country and year fixed effects, with robust standard errors clustered at the country level, we analyze data from 23 countries over the period 2012–2022 to examine the impact of GDP per capita, unemployment, diaspora networks, linguistic proximity, and bilateral agreements on migration flows. Our analysis reveals that despite the primacy of economic incentives in driving migration decisions, cultural legacies exert an unexpectedly strong influence that reshapes our understanding of Mediterranean migration dynamics. While GDP per capita accounts for 65% of the variation in migration flows, cultural factors demonstrate considerable influence, with diaspora networks contributing a 30% increase and common language proximity yielding a 45% increase. In contrast, formal migration agreements show only a marginal effect of 25% (p = 0.06). These findings suggest that effective migration policies should strategically leverage diaspora networks and linguistic proximity while recognizing the limited impact of formal bilateral agreements compared to economic and cultural determinants in shaping migration patterns.

The strategic goal of the scientific studies of H. Shumytska “Through the Dialog to Mutual Understanding in the Multilingual Space: Regional Reception of Language Innovations in the Educational Sphere” and “The Language Situation in the Transcarpathia in 1991–2020: The Regional Dimension of Language Policy” is the observation of language policy trends in the Transcarpathia in 1991–2020, taking into account the Ukrainian context, the definition of the main ways of retaining the Ukrainian language in interaction with the languages of national minorities. The purpose of the proposed article is to systemically prepare this scientific discourse, to distinguish the priority principles of the linguistic and socio-linguistic author's concept with the theoretical provisions declared in it concerning the terminology-concept paradigm, and practical recommendations addressed to such spheres of social life as education, culture, politics, legal sphere. The priority provisions should include the skillfully structured model of language planning and language construction in the border area with compact residence of an ethnos, as well as the model of introduction of multilingual education with a clearly defined place of the Ukrainian language as the state language, as a result of this process – the ways of forming the harmonic intellectual and cultural polyphony in the society. The special attention should be assigned to the conceptual principles on the policy of strategic multilingualism, official monolingualism and bilingualism (these are specific models of language policy: assimilatory, differential, multicultural), and the regional all-Ukrainian models of multilingual education determined by causal connections and their influence on the state mechanisms. The information about the main Ukrainian legislative initiatives in the field of language policy logically complements this report focusing on those legal norms regulating the application of state and other languages (in particular, national minority languages) in Ukraine. Among the original and creative scientific studies by H. Shumytska is a multi- purpose analysis of the role of mass media in the implementation of state language policy and coverage of the language political situation on the territory of Ukraine, a description of the language political orientation of modern Transcarpathian mass media, in particular new sites as an indicator of the language situation in Ukraine. Finally, the depth of the scientific discourse under consideration defines the problem of the Rusyn orientation of the current Transcarpathia region, it is represented by sociolinguistic and political narratives about the “Rysyn movement” in the Transcarpathia, “Rusyn language” and attempts to codify and legitimize it, the nationality of “the Rusyn” and the attempts to legitimize this ethnic identity, “Rysyn studies” as an anti-Ukrainian technology, disturbing outlines of the “Hungarian”, “Romanian”, and “Rusyn questions”. The general conclusion about the reception is as follows: the scientific works of H. Shumytska is rich with ideas and results that open the prospects for the study of the political and political situation in Ukraine in general, as well as in some of its political and, consequently, in the multilingual regions.