Middle Uterine Artery Research Articles

Vascular Alterations in Uterine and Ovarian Hemodynamics and Hormonal Analysis throughout Pregnancy Loss in Cows under Heat Stress.

This current study examined the ovarian (OA) and middle uterine arteries (MUA) blood flow under heat stress conditions regarding hormonal status (progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2), and nitric oxide metabolites (NOMs) assays). Eighteen pluriparous cows were examined, with twelve only being subjected to the natural mating as the other six animals were not bred. Pregnancy diagnosis was confirmed at day 30 by embryonic heartbeat and CL graviditatis (n = 6; pregnant), but some animals (n = 6) showed early embryonic death (EED), with the presence of control cows (n = 6). In the pregnant group, luteal diameter (cm) increased after mating, while in the pregnancy loss group it increased (p < 0.05) until reaching day 38 (1.41 ± 0.03), then decreased again. Luteal vascularity was declined in cows with EED after day 36 (p < 0.05) and reached its lowest level at day 50. P4 levels elevated in cows with EED until day 36 (13.64 ± 0.11) then declined. Both ipsilateral OA and MUA Doppler indices were declined in both groups except in cows who suffered from EED; both were elevated from day 38 until day 50 after mating. Ipsilateral peak systolic point (PSV cm/sec) of OA and MUA was elevated in both groups (p < 0.05), but in cows with EED this parameter was declined. E2 and NOMs levels were declined in cows with EED from day 40 and day 38 after mating (p < 0.05), respectively. This study provided novel data on the relations among the luteal diameter, E2, P4, and NOM levels, and luteal hemodynamics that predicts the amount of blood supply, which acts as a sensitive parameter to detect the alterations in luteal function during the first 50 days after mating.

The vasodilator effect of Eugenol on uterine artery – potential therapeutic applications in pregnancy-associated hypertension

Preeclampsia, a gestational associated hypertension, has been reported in 6–8% of pregnant women worldwide leading to premature delivery and low birth weight of newborn due to reduced blood flow to placenta. Although several vasodilators (Methyl dopa, hydralazine, β-blockers and diuretics) are currently in use to treat preeclampsia, still there is a search for safer drugs with better efficacy. Lately, antihypertensive vasodilators from natural sources are gaining importance in treating preeclampsia. Eugenol (Eug), a natural essential oil, has been traditionally used in health and food products without any risk. In the present study, ex vivo experiments were designed to examine the vasorelaxation effect of Eug and its signaling pathways in a middle uterine artery (MUA) of pregnant Capra hircus (Ch). In presence of different blockers (L-NAME, indomethacin, ODQ, Ouabain, glibenclamide, 4-AP, Ba2, Carbenoxolone and 18β Glycyrrhetinic acid), Eug-induced concentration-dependent vasorelaxation response was elicited. The results showed that Eug caused a greater vasorelaxation effect in the MU of pregnant animals, which is mediated by potential activation of eNOS, KATP channels, and Kir channels with moderate activation of Na+- K+- ATPase and sGC and MEGJ. These findings provide a strong basis for developing Eug as a therapeutic candidate in the treatment of pregnancy-associated hypertension.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ НОВОКАИНОВОЙ БЛОКАДЫ ПО И.П. ЛИПОВЦЕВУ ДЛЯ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ КОРОВ ПРИ СУБКЛИНИЧЕСКОМ ЭНДОМЕТРИТЕ

The aim of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of using the middle uterine artery puncture according to I.P. Lipovtsev with the introduction of 0.5 % novocaine solution in combination with the antibio¬tic-containing drug Ceftonit Forte in cows with subclinical endometritis. Objectives: to study the therapeutic effectiveness of the introduction of 0.5 % novocaine solution in combination with the antibiotic-containing drug Ceftonit Forte into the middle uterine artery at different times of the estrous cycle; to establish the fertilization rate of cows after the combined use of novocaine blockade according to I.P. Lipovtsev and the drug Ceftonit Forte at different times of the estrous cycle. The object of the study were cows of the red-motley breed with a subclinical form of endometritis. The diagnosis of subclinical endometritis was made according to the method of N.A. Flegmatov. Laboratory studies have established the presence of subclinical endometritis in 29.24–38.21 % of infertile cows. In 16.98–21.69 % of cases, the cervicovaginal mucus did not have visible threadlike or point inclusions of purulent exudate, but the reaction of such mucus with sperm was positive. Therefore, the absence of purulent exudate inclusions in the cervicovaginal mucus cannot indicate the absence of subclinical endometritis in cows. It has been established that a single use of novocaine blockade according to I.P. Lipovtsev in combination with the antibiotic-containing drug Ceftonit Forte of domestic production, regardless of the timing of administration during the estrous cycle, ensures recovery of 95.24–100 % of cows, and the fertilization rate after artificial insemination of females is 76.19–80.95 %. In addition, there is no need to wait for the onset of estrus in cows with subclinical endometritis to administer drugs into the cervical canal, as is generally accepted in veterinary practice, which allows for more rapid treatment of animals with this uterine pathology and significantly reduces the number of days of infertility.

Doppler ultrasonographic scan, gene expression and serum profile of immune, APPs and antioxidant markers in Egyptian buffalo–cows with clinical endometritis

The objective of this study was to elaborate Doppler ultrasonographic scan, genetic resistance and serum profile of markers associated with endometritis susceptibility in Egyptian buffalo–cows. The enrolled animals were designed as; twenty five apparently healthy buffalo–cows considered as a control group and twenty five infected buffalo with endometritis. There were significant (p < 0.05) increased of cervical diameter, endometrium thickness, uterine horn diameter, TAMEAN, TAMAX and blood flow through middle uterine artery with significant decrease of PI and RI values in endometritis buffalo–cows. Gene expression levels were considerably higher in endometritis-affected buffaloes than in resistant ones for the genes A2M, ADAMTS20, KCNT2, MAP3K4, MAPK14, FKBP5, FCAMR, TLR2, IRAK3, CCl2, EPHA4, and iNOS. The RXFP1, NDUFS5, TGF-β, SOD3, CAT, and GPX genes were expressed at substantially lower levels in endometritis-affected buffaloes. The PCR-DNA sequence verdicts of healthy and affected buffaloes revealed differences in the SNPs in the amplified DNA bases related to endometritis for the investigated genes. However, MAP3K4 elicited a monomorphic pattern. There was a significant decrease of red blood cells (RBCs) count, Hb and packed cell volume (PCV) with neutrophilia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis in endometritis group compared with healthy ones. The serum levels of Hp, SAA, Cp, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, NO and MDA were significantly (P˂0.05) increased, along with reduction of CAT, GPx, SOD and TAC in buffalo–cows with endometritis compared to healthy ones. The variability of Doppler ultrasonographic scan and studied genes alongside alterations in the serum profile of investigated markers could be a reference guide for limiting buffalo endometritis through selective breeding of natural resistant animals.

Emotional temperaments in advanced pregnant goats and its relationship with the feto-maternal blood flow and placentome echotexture

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of xylazine sedation (non-sedated versus sedated conditions) and animal temperament on the fetal and maternal hemodynamics during the late stage of gestation in goats. In addition, it aimed to study the concentrations of cortisol and the echotexture of the placentome. Fourteen goats were assigned into two equal groups (n = 7, each) based on the animal’s emotional temperament (calm versus nervous groups). All goats were examined for assessment of the blood flow within the fetal aorta (FA), umbilical artery (UMA), and middle uterine artery (MUA) using color-pulsed Doppler ultrasonography. Goats were exposed to light sedation using the recommended dose of xylazine (0.05 mg/Kg Bw) intramuscularly. Goats in each group were reassessed for the studied parameters after sedation. Blood samples were drawn to determine the concentrations of cortisol. Placentome echotexture pixel intensity (PXI) was evaluated using computer image analysis software. Results revealed the significant impact of the xylazine sedation on the Doppler indices of the blood flow within the measured arteries (FA, UMA, and MUA), the PXI of placentome echotexture, and cortisol concentrations. The emotional temperament of goats had significant effects on the blood flow parameters of the MUA and UMA, concentrations of cortisol, and the PXI of the placentome. The interaction effect (sedation x temperament) was noticed in the measured parameters of the UMA blood flow, fetal heart rate, and cortisol concentrations. In conclusion, xylazine sedation and emotional temperaments induced alterations in the echotexture of the placentomes as well as the hemodynamic parameters of late-stage pregnant goats without affecting the pregnancy outcomes.

Temporal alteration in ovarian follicle fate with hormonal and hemodynamic perspectives during receptive phase of estrous cycle in endometritic cattle.

The present research was carried out to assess the serum progesterone (P4) concentration and uterine hemodynamics at estrus till ovulation in cyclic cows (N = 130) with healthy or diseased uterus. At estrus, 85 cows were diagnosed with clinical endometritis (CE; n = 44) and sub-clinical endometritis (SCE; n = 41); whereas, 45 cows being served as control namely no endometritis (NE; n = 45) were included in the study. Serum progesterone estimation at 12 - 14 and 40 hr after the onset of estrus and Doppler sonography of both middle uterine arteries were done to envisage the uterine hemodynamics and ovulation. The serum progesterone concentration was significantly higher at 12 - 14 hr after onset of estrus in CE and SCE cows. At 12 - 14 hr after onset of estrus, a cut-off value of ≥ 0.48 ng mL-1 P4 was obtained, above which 22.72% CE, 26.82% SCE and only 8.88% NE cows failed to ovulate within 36 - 40 hr of estrus onset. Among the Doppler indices, pulsatility and resistance indices were significantly higher; whereas, volume and velocity indices were significantly lower in NE cows. In cows diagnosed with CE and SCE, a higher supra-basal P4 concentration, and velocity and volume of blood flow to uterus at estrus negatively affected the duration to ovulation.

The angiography of uterine arteries in non-pregnant, pregnant, and twin-pregnant sheep

The shape, size, and connection of uterine vessels change during pregnancy. The mechanism of luteolysis and vascular anastomosis between fetuses in twin pregnancies differs among species. Angiography is used to evaluate the anatomical structure of vessels. In this study, angiography was performed on the uterine vessels, in open, single and twin bearing ewes. Sheep uteri were collected from the slaughterhouse and the gestational age of fetus was determined using ultrasound. Five gestational periods (30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69 and 70–79 days of pregnancy) were considered. Barium sulfate with a concentration of 30% in warm water was used as the contrast agent. The injection volume and angiocath gauge were proportional to the size of the pregnant uterus. The uterine arteries and their branches were accurately observed on radiographs. Additionally, small branches of arteries and even small vessels of caruncles were clearly defined. Unilateral anastomosis was observed between the uterine artery and ovary. Anastomosis occurred between the middle uterine arteries from day 30 of pregnancy. There was no anastomosis between the twins' fetal sacs at days 40–60 of pregnancy. These results demonstrate that angiography is a useful method for imaging the development of uterine arteries during pregnancy in sheep.

Anatomical, histological, and histochemical alterations in portio vaginalis uteri with an evaluation of the vaginal artery vascularity during the luteal and early pregnant stages in domestic buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

The portio-vaginalis uteri (PVU) and its mucus secretion have shown an essential role in conception. A significant endeavour to improve buffaloes' reproductive efficiency is the investigation of their basic reproductive pattern, which provides a reference for applications in breeding and pregnancy. The present study aimed to evaluate the anatomical and histological alterations in PVU regarding to the vaginal artery (VA) hemodynamic at luteal and early pregnant stages in buffalos. Egyptian live buffaloes (n = 16) and fresh genitals (n = 25) of mature buffalo were used. Different luteal and early pregnant stages were macroscopically identified with the shape and mucosal colouration with discharges of the PVU. Histological examination showed a significant difference in area % of alcian blue and periodic acid Schiff positive granules which considered an indication for presence of acidic and neutral mucins respectively in the epithelial cells of PVU mucosa which increased in pregnant stage than in other luteal stages. VA assessment demonstrated an increase in luminal diameter and thickness of tunica muscularis in pregnant stage than other stages (P < 0.05). Middle uterine (MUA) and VA arteries peak velocity point (PSV mm/sec) were elevated (P < 0.05) in pregnant stage, with a marked reduction in both resistance and pulsatility indices (RI and PI), and ratio of systolic /diastolic (S/D). Positive correlation was detected between VA. PSV and, MUA. PSV (r = 0.87), but a negative relation was detected with VA. S/D (r = -0.77), VA.PI (r = -0.89), VA. RI (r = -0.97), MUA. S/D (r = -0.94), MUA. PI (r = -0.85), and MUA. RI (r = -0.88). Doppler indices were negatively corrected with the VA. PSV (r = -0.68). It was concluded that there was a significant alterations in histological features of the cervical PVU at different physiological stages (luteal and early pregnant) in buffalos in relation to the MUA and VA hemodynamic pattern and that hypotheses can be established regarding the female cyclicity that affected by both arteries hemodynamics change.

Hemodynamic changes in late advanced pregnant Zaraibi goats during the peripartum period

The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the blood flow velocities, blood flow rate (BFR; bpm) with the accurate ratio of both systolic and diastolic velocities points (S/D) in addition to Doppler indices (resistive and pulsatility index [RI and PI]) in both fetal [fetal heart (FH), fetal abdominal aorta (Ab. A), and umbilical artery (UM.A)] and maternal [Middle uterine artery (MU.A)] sides during the last month of gestation. Ten Zaraibi (Egyptian Nubian) goats weighing 40-50kg and aged from 5–7 years were examined twice per month till reached the last month of pregnancy. Then all females were examined every 5 days starting from day -35 till day -1 before kidding.The pregnant goats were examined by ultrasonic and Doppler indices were recorded with Doppler scanning (7.5 -12 MHz, with colored and spectral graph to form the perfect wave to assess Doppler measurements). The obtained data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Results indicated that on the fetal side; the maximum point of velocity (MSV; cm/sec) in the FH and BFRwere elevated from day -35 till day -10 with a slight decline at days -5 and -1 at the peripartum period (P < 0.05), while FH.PI and S/D ratio declined till day -1(P < 0.05). In addition, the fetal Ab. A, and UM.A PI, RI, and S/D ratio declined from day -35 till day -1 at the peripartum period with a significant increase in the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and BFR(P < 0.05). However, non-significant changes in the end diastolic velocity (EDV) were detected. On the maternal side, the MU.A PI and S/D declined from day -35 till day -1 with an elevation of both PSV and BFRat the same time points (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the Doppler evaluation of fetal and maternal blood flow vessels is important to give complete information that directly affects the health status of the mother and fetus.

Administration of Estradiol Benzoate Enhances Ovarian and Uterine Hemodynamics in Postpartum Dairy Buffaloes.

The postpartum (PP) period is a crucial stage for the resumption of reproductive performance and ovarian cyclicity in dairy buffaloes. The present study aimed, for the first time, to assess the effect of the administration of estradiol benzoate (EB) on ovarian and uterine hemodynamics in PP dairy buffaloes. Eight pluriparous acyclic domestic buffaloes were enrolled in the present experiment and received a dose of 10 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) intramuscularly 4 weeks after parturition. All animals were examined two times before EB administration (days -3, and -1) and on the day of EB administration (day 0), followed by examinations on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 post-EB administration. The middle uterine artery (MUA) and ovarian artery (OA) blood flow patterns were assessed using a color Doppler ultrasound device. The reproductive parameters were (1) the cross-sectional diameters (cm) of the OA and MUA, (2) cranial uterine horn thickness (UHT; cm), and (3) hemodynamic changes within the MUA on both the ipsi- and contra-lateral sides of the previous pregnant horn and within the OA corresponding to the ovarian tissues. The examined blood flow parameters were the pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), peak systolic/end-diastolic ratio (S/D), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAV; cm/s), uterine blood flow rate (BFR; bpm), and uterine blood flow volume (BFV; mL/min). Concomitantly, blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein, and the sera were stored at -18 °C for use in estradiol (E2-17β) and nitric oxide (NO) assays. The results revealed increases in both OA and MUA cross-sectional diameter (cm) on the ipsi-lateral and contra-lateral (p < 0.05) sides within 24 h until day 9 post-treatment. The values of the RI and PI of blood flow within the OA and MUA on the ipsi-lateral and contra-lateral sides of the previous pregnancy were obviously lower (p < 0.05) at 24 h after the administration of EB, and then, started to gradually elevate, reaching the pre-treatment values on day 9 after EB administration. Both the BFR and BFV in the OA and MUA significantly increased from 24 h to 72 h after EB administration on both the ipsi-lateral and contra-lateral sides (p < 0.05); then, their values started to decrease to reach the pretreatment value on day 9 after EB administration. Both E2 and NO concentrations significantly increased (p < 0.05) from 24 h until day 3 after EB injection and then started to decline after that, reaching the pre-treatment value on day 9. In conclusion, the administration of EB enhances the ovarian and uterine blood flow concomitantly with increased levels of NO in PP dairy buffaloes.

CLINICAL AND ECHOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS OF PREGNANT COWS WITH DIFFERENT GESTATION PATTERNS

The article presents the material of study on clinical and echographic parameters of pregnant cows with various gestation pattern. The syndrome of fetal developmental retardation is recorded on average in 33.3% of pregnant animals, including complicated by gestosis – in 22.6%. In the cows with fetal developmental retardation syndrome at 135-150 days of gestation, a decrease in the intensity of blood supply to the developing embryo was observed, manifested by a decrease in the size of the placenta by 33.8-46.7% and the diameter of the middle uterine arteries – by 14.7-24.5%. Fetal developmental retardation syndrome complicated by gestosis at 7 months of gestation is clinically characterized by hypertension, edema in 85.8% of animals and the presence of protein (1.0 mg/ml or higher) in the urine.

Doppler indices of uterine arteries and mRNA transcripts of hormone receptors in cervix vis-à-vis dilatation therapy in buffaloes affected with incomplete cervical dilatation associated with uterine torsion

The present study aimed to investigate the Doppler indices and mRNA transcripts of hormone receptors in relation to the response of dilatation therapy in incomplete cervical dilatation (ICD) associated with uterine torsion in buffaloes. Out of 36 successfully detorted uterine torsion cases, eight buffaloes revealed a fully dilated cervix, while the remaining 28 had ICD, and subjected to dilatation therapy (500 μg cloprostenol + 2 mg estradiol benzoate + 80 mg valethamate bromide + 50 IU oxytocin + 250 mL calcium borogluconate). The responses of dilatation therapy were assessed in 26 buffaloes as one died, and one could not follow up. Doppler indices of middle uterine arteries on trans-rectal ultrasound were evaluated pre- and 30–60 min post-detorsion. Cervical tissue biopsies were collected from 16 buffaloes to study mRNA transcripts of hormone receptors. The duration, degree, location of uterine torsion, fetal viability, consistency of the cervix, relaxation of pelvic ligaments, udder engorgement, and gestation length were also recorded to evaluate the response of dilatation therapy. The 73.08% (19/26) buffaloes responded to the therapy with a duration ranging from 2 to 56 hrs (18.41 ± 4.11). The significantly increased blood flow volume (BFV) and time-average peak velocity (TAP) while the significantly reduced resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) in an ipsilateral middle uterine artery (MUA) at post-detorsion were observed in dilation therapy responded than the not-responded group. The mRNA transcripts of estradiol receptors-α (ESR1), prostaglandin receptors (PTGFR), and oxytocin receptors (OXTR) were upregulated by 7.47, 6.63, and 8.72-fold in the ICD group, respectively. The Doppler indices along with duration of illness, location of uterine torsion, consistency of the cervix, and udder engorgement can be used to predict the response of dilatation therapy in ICD associated with uterine torsion. The upregulated mRNA expression of ESR1, PTGFR and OXTR is mandatory for success of dilatation therapy.

The effects of aging and gestational month on uteroplacental vascular perfusion, and umbilical artery hemodynamics in pregnant jennies

This study aimed to correlate the pulsed wave spectral indices of the middle uterine artery at both sides with placental development in jenny within mid-late pregnancies, and establish umbilical Doppler values for different ages and different gestational months. Twenty Equus Asinus pregnant jennies 260–450 kg (average, 320 ± 10 kg) were examined from 5 to 9 months of pregnancy with different ages (4–14 years). Monthly B-mode ultrasound examination was performed on both the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP; mm) and umbilical artery cross-sectional diameter, and Doppler mode examination was performed on both the middle uterine (MUA at right [R] and left [L] sides) and umbilical arteries to measure both Doppler indices that expressed by resistance (RI) and pulsatility indices (PI), and blood flow rate. CTUP was elevated within pregnancy time at different ages (P < 0.05). L. PI was significantly declined throughout different ages (P < 0.05), but this declining trend was not observed in L. RI. The L. blood flow rate (R; bpm) was elevated among different ages and different months (P < 0.05). Both RI and PI were significantly decreased from 5 to 9 month of gestation period in jennies (P < 0.05).. The umbilical arteries cross-sectional diameter (Umb A; mm), was elevated among different ages and different months, while both Doppler indices were declined. A positive correlation was found (between both Doppler indices of both umbilical and uterine arteries P < 0.001). There was elevated vascular perfusion in uterine and umbilical arteries associated with reduced both Doppler indices along the course of pregnancy at different ages.

Exogenous L-arginine administration improves uterine vascular perfusion, uteroplacental thickness, steroid concentrations and nitric oxide levels in pregnant buffaloes under subtropical conditions.

Heat stress (HS) during pregnancy adversely affects uterine vascular perfusion and foetal development. L-arginine (L-Arg), a nitric oxide (NO) precursor, has been proven to enhance an organ's vascular perfusion. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of L-Arg administration on the pregnant buffaloes' uterine haemodynamics and uteroplacental thickness under environmental HS conditions. For this purpose, pluriparous (n=12) HS-pregnant buffaloes (mid-gestation, 180-190 days; temperature humidity index >85) were haphazardly assigned into two groups, either administered a single intravenous (IV) bolus of 5mg/kg BW of L-Arg Hcl (n=6; ARG) or received normal saline (0.9%; IV; 25 ml) that served as a control group (n=6; CON). Combined uteroplacental thickness (CUPT, mm), middle uterine arteries' (MUA) diameter (mm) and uterine Doppler haemodynamics (ipsilateral and contralateral to the pregnant horn) were examined utilizing B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasonography, respectively. The serum levels of progesterone (P4), estradiol 17β (E2), nitric oxide (NO) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assayed using commercial kits. The experimental time points were - 1, 0, 2, 4, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h post-L-Arg administration. The ARG group showed higher (p < .05) CUPT and MUA diameter values starting at 24 h post-treatment and onward than the control buffalo cows. In addition, there were improvements (p < .05) in the blood flow parameters in the ipsilateral MUA after L-Arg treatment evidenced by lower values of pulsatility and resistive indices starting at 48 and 4h, respectively and onward, and higher values of peak systolic velocity, coloured areas towards the pregnant uterine horn (both 24-72 h). Increases in the NO levels were found during the period between 4 and 120 h in the ARG group compared to the CON group. Moreover, significant increases in the E2 and P4 means were noted in the ARG group, especially at 24 h onward, respectively compared to the CON group. Concerning the TAC status, neither the administration nor the hours affected serum TAC levels in the HS pregnant buffaloes (CON and ARG). In conclusion, L-Arg administration improved uteroplacental thickness and enhanced uterine haemodynamics, NO levels, and steroids production in mid-pregnant buffalo cows under environmental heat stress conditions which could improve foetal growth and development.

Endometritis subclínica posparto - Alteración de la hemodinámica uterina, marcadores inflamatorios en el tratamiento con protocolos modificados de sincronización del estro en vacas lecheras

Forty-one dairy cows (n=41) were enrolled to envisage the changes in uterine haemodynamics during sub-clinical endometritis (SCE) and its treatment with modified estrus synchronization protocols at 8 weeks post-partum. Trans-rectal Doppler sonography of both the middle uterine arteries (MUAs) was carried out for assessment of uterine perfusion whereas serum inflammatory markers i.e. IL-6 and C-RP were measured at 8 weeks post-partum and estrus (induced or spontaneous). Modified estrus synchronization protocols (MG6G and MG6GP) were used to adjudge their efficacy in post-partum dairy cows diagnosed with SCE and reproductive parameters were recorded. As a part of result, Doppler indices of both the MUAs at estrus i.e. TAMEAN, TAMAX, Blood flow volume-TAMEAN and TAMAX and diameter of MUA, were significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) after application of MG6G and MG6GP protocols in SCEP as compared to SCEP control cows. Similarly, the IL-6, C-RP concentrations and PMNCs proportion (%) were significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in SCEP control as compared to cows treated with MG6G and MG6GP protocols. Moreover, on the day of estrus, the uterine haemodynamics, concentration of serum inflammatory markers and PMNCs proportion (%) in treated cows was at par with SCE negative control (SCEN) cows. In terms of reproductive performance, days open were recorded to be significantly lower (P&lt;0.01) in treated and SCEN group as compared to SCEP control cows. In conclusion, sub-clinical endometritis led higher uterine perfusion, release of proinflammatory cytokines and PMNCs proportion which happened to plummet the post-partum reproductive performance was successfully managed with modified estrus synchronization protocols.

Predicting the course of the postpartum period in cows

The postpartum period plays a crucial role in restoring reproductive function and, consequently, the milk productivity of cows. Its importance lies in the fact that it marks the transition from pregnancy and birth to lactation and preparation for new fruiting. The course of puerperium depends on the condition of the mother's body, the course of pregnancy and childbirth, feeding conditions, maintenance, care and operation. In this regard, the aim of the work was to develop a program for predicting the course of the postpartum period in cows. The development of the program for predicting the course of the postpartum period in cows was carried out with the participation and advice of employees of the Department of Veterinary Reproductology of Kharkiv State Zooveterinary Academy on the basis of "Peremoha AVK" MVC "Ekaterinoslavsky" Dnipro district of Dnipropetrovsk region. The study is conducted in the late dry period (last 2-3 weeks of pregnancy). Obtained by the results of clinical, laboratory (morphological and biochemical) and special (sonographic) studies, the evaluation parameters were part of the algorithm developed on the principle of database management system in MS Exel program – indicators for assessing the clinical condition of the animal, homeostasis, completeness of feeding and activity movement of the cow, the condition of her breast and fetoplacental complex (fetal weight, placental size, diameter of the middle uterine artery) and colpocytograms. Each indicator corresponds to two variants of objective values with their own scale. The conclusion is determined by the sum of points for all items of the program. To do this, you only need to enter certain information into the program that determines one or another option: the sum of scores 51- 100 indicates a low probability of pathological processes, less than 50 – high. The use of the program itself makes it possible to obtain objective information and timely take appropriate measures to prevent the occurrence and development of pathological processes, maintaining the health and life of women in labor. Key words: cattle, puerperium, reproductive function, forecasting programs.

Cervical histomorphology of successfully detorted uterine torsion affected buffaloes subjected to intracervical hyaluronidase or PgE1 treatment

Twenty-four buffaloes presented between 36-72 h of occurrence of uterine torsion were successfully detorted and equally divided to intracervical hyaluronidase enzyme or prostaglandin E1 (PgE1) treatment or control group for investigating the treatment effectiveness for complete cervical dilatation. Intracervical treatment was administered immediately after detorsion, and cervical biopsy was collected immediately before instituting treatment and at time of cervical dilatation or at 18 h post detorsion in case of non-dilated cervix. The doppler indices of middle uterine artery were evaluated at an hour before detorsion and 0.5 h after detorsion. In control group, none of the buffaloes exhibited cervical dilatation, whereas, 87.5% buffaloes of hyaluronidase group and 62.5% of PgE1 group exhibited cervical dilatation. Following intracervical treatment, lamina propria showed loosely arranged collagen fibres along with hemorrhages, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells and intercollagen space filled by homogenous/ watery substance in case of dilated cervix. In non-dilated cervix, the collagen fibres were tightly arranged with lesser number of PMN cells and negligible haemorrhages at 18 h after treatment. The doppler indices of the middle uterine artery revealed improvement (P&lt;0.05) in blood supply towards cervix and uterus in buffaloes exhibiting complete cervical dilatation. In conclusion, intracervical hyaluronidase treatment in immediate post-detorsion period in uterine torsion affected buffaloes can be an effective strategy to ensure complete cervical dilatation and per-vaginal fetal delivery.

POST-PARTUM SUB-CLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS IN DAIRY COWS: INCIDENCE AND DIAGNOSIS

Post-partum uterine infections such as metritis, clinical endometritis and sub-clinical endometritis, are the most common cause for decreased productivity and fertility in dairy cows. Being the least severe form of endometritis, sub-clinical endometritis (SCE) is defined as the superficial inflammation of endometrium with no signs of systemic illness and characterized by an increase in number of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNCs) inside the uterine lumen. The impact of sub-clinical endometritis on fertility of dairy cows is well known probably due to absence of any clinical signs and thus, difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. Different techniques such as endometrial cytology, uterine biopsy, biochemical analysis of uterine fluid, and measurement of acute phase proteins and inflammatory markers have been employed for the diagnosis of SCE. Doppler and B-mode ultrasonography of middle uterine arteries and uterus have also been used to diagnose the inflammation via assessment of uterine perfusion, respectively. Among all methods, endometrial cytology via cytotape is one of the most advanced and frequently employed methods for diagnosis of cytological endometritis based on the fact that proportion of PMNCs increase during uterine inflammation. The review focuses mainly on current status of incidence and diagnosis of post-partum sub-clinical endometritis in dairy cows.

Analyzing the correlation between uterine involution and blood flow in post-partum dairy cows

The objective of this study was to assess the applicability of trans-rectal color Doppler ultrasonography for quantification of uterine blood flow in 30 healthy lactating Jersey cows on a weekly interval from days 0 to 56 after parturition (day 0). Significantly higher time average mean velocity (TAMEAN), time average maximum velocity (TAMAX) and blood flow volume (BFV-TAMEAN and BFV-TAMAX) in artery ipsilateral to previous gravid uterine horn (PGUH) was found as compared to contralateral middle uterine artery (MUA) on day 0 to 14 postpartum. Similarly, transverse diameter (D) of ipsilateral MUA was significantly higher as compared to contralateral MUA during first two weeks after parturition. Clinical uterine involution completed on day 32.47±0.85 postpartum as demonstrated by B-mode ultrasonography and a significant correlation (r= 0.31–0.44 from day 7–28) between size of PGUH and BFV-TAMAX was found. Also, significant correlation between transverse diameter of ipsilateral (r=0.56–0.80) and contralateral (r=0.51–0.79) MUA-D and BFV-TAMAX was found on different examination days. In conclusion, trans-rectal Doppler ultrasonography was a useful tool to investigate haemodynamic changes whereas PI, RI, Doppler pulse duration and systolic upstroke time were found unsuitable to indagate alterations in uterine perfusion during post-partum period.

Vasorelaxation to Eugenol, Curcumin and Nanocurcumin is mediated by differential augmentation of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in middle uterine artery of Capra hircus.

Sodium-potassium ATPase (Na, K-ATPase) is an integral protein universally distributed in the plasma membrane of all eukaryotic cells. It regulates trans-epithelial sodium ion transport, muscle contraction, nerve excitability, secretary functions and intracellular signaling. We investigated the mechanism of vasorelaxation effect of Eugenol, Curcumin and Nanocurcumin in the middle uterine artery (MUA) of goat to evaluate their possible therapeutic potential in hypertension during pregnancy or pre-eclampsia. The UA rings were isometrically contracted by K+-free MKHS to plateau and relaxed with KCl (10 μM-10 mM) following standard protocol. The K+ -vasorelaxation response (VR) was taken either in presence of ouabain with or without Eugenol/Curcumin/Nanocurcumin (10 μM). Rmax (maximum % vasorelaxation) of K+-induced VR-curve elicited in UA rings was reduced (from 6.90% and 26.55%) to 4-5% in presence of Ouabain in both NP and P goats. Rmax obtained from KVR curve elicited in UA rings were augmented in presence of Eugenol (NP: 16.22%, P: 42.67%) or Curcumin (NP:21.23%, P:35.49%) or Nanocurcumin (NP:6.91%, P:34.88%). K+ vasorelaxation was inhibited in presence of Ouabain and Eugenol/ Curcumin/Nanocurcumin (Rmax: 6.11%, 9.18%, 4.11% in non-P, respectively) and (Rmax: 5.40%, 3.39%, 6.00% in P, respectively). The results indicated that (i) there is increased function of α1- Na+, K+-ATPase in UA of P goats (ii) Eugenol, Curcumin and Nano-curcumin differentially augmented the function and expression of α1 isoenzymes of sodium pump in UA of non-P and P goats. Thus, the polyphenols potentially activate α1 isoenzymes of Na+-K+-ATPase and could possibly be useful as therapeutic in hypertension during pregnancy.