Middle-rise Buildings Research Articles

Urbanization enhances channel and surface runoff: A quantitative analysis using both physical and empirical models over the Yangtze River basin

Urbanization has become an irreversible trend and is even more rapid in flood-prone area. However, the responses of both channel runoff and surface runoff to the urbanization and the underlying mechanisms still deserve more in-depth exploration within urban extents with limited data availability. Accordingly, we conducted a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the urbanization effects on channel and surface runoff from both statistical and model-based perspectives over three major urban agglomerations (i.e., Chengyu (CY), middle region of Yangtze River (MRYR), Yangtze River Delta (YRD)) in the Yangtze River Basin. The long-term high-resolution channel and surface runoff under different urbanization scenarios were simulated using both WRF-Hydro and SCS-CN models by integrating multiple remotely sensed, reanalysis, and in-situ datasets. Results demonstrated that the channel runoff increased by 4.4%, 5%, and 12.08% in CY, MRYR, and YRD urban agglomerations, respectively. Meanwhile, the urbanization also contributed to 30%, 21.4%, and 17.7% of the surface runoff changes in three urban agglomerations. Based on the high-resolution local climate zone (LCZ), our results highlighted that the high-rise and middle-rise buildings and compact-arranged regions were more prone to accumulating surface runoff and trigger flooding events due to the weaker infiltration capacity of land surface with the densely distribution of impervious surface. Further machine learning based investigation and case analysis also explored the potential influencing factors and mechanisms of the impact of urbanization on channel and surface runoff. Results in the current research show further evidence that policy makers of urban planning and management need to consider and ensure societal preparedness for extreme runoff and flooding events.

Assessing the environmental impact of using CLT-hybrid walls as a sustainable alternative in high-rise residential buildings

Cross-laminated timber (CLT), a bio-based material, is attracting attention as an alternative to conventional materials, to reduce the environmental impact of the construction sector. To the expansion of CLT application, the environmental impact of applying CLT, which was mainly used in low- and middle-rise buildings, to the outer walls of high-rise residential building was analyzed. The environmental impacts of 28 alternative walls were analyzed based on variations in CLT thickness and insulation type. Replacing traditional walls with CLT, including finishes, alternatives resulted in an average reduction of −35% in environmental impact. According to the standardized and weighted process, cellulose and glass wool are the most environmentally friendly alternatives.

A novel design criterion for I-shape beams of steel MRF buildings in subduction-zone earthquake-prone areas

This paper highlights the difference in the seismic response of 5-storey, 10-storey, and 15-storey steel moment resisting frame (MRF) buildings of various span lengths (6 m, 7.5 m, 9 m), located on Site class C in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, resulted under the mega-thrust subduction zone ground motions against crustal ground motions (GMs). To emphasize on the impact of GM duration on the seismic response of buildings, seven spectrally equivalent short and long duration record pair sets were selected from ground motion databases and employed in analyses. Numerical models that account for P-Δ effects and strength and stiffness degradation of steel MRF beams were used. Detailed nonlinear dynamic analyses were conducted to assess the collapse safety according to FEMA P695 (2009) methodology. The results indicated high probability of buildings’ collapse under the long duration subduction GM suite, with a 38% average reduction in the median collapse capacity. Moreover, tall MRF buildings designed according to the current building code and steel design standard did not satisfy the collapse safety criteria when subjected to subduction GMs characterized by significant duration t5-95 > 60 s, while the middle-rise buildings showed borderline pass. To overcome this drawback, a novel design criterion for I-shape MRF beams is proposed; hence, selecting MRF beam sections of Class 1 that are able to achieve aggregated fatigue coefficient greater than the proposed limit value, the occurrence of low cycle fatigue of plastic hinge region of MRF beams is delayed and the collapse safety criterium is achieved.

Warming and cooling effects of local climate zones on urban thermal environment.

Understanding the thermal characteristics and contribution ranking of local climate zones (LCZs) is essential since they can help in maintaining environmental harmony. However, previous studies only considered independent effects and could not analyze the combined effects of LCZ on land surface temperature (LST). In this study, we propose a new method to establish an interaction model between LCZs. Five first-level grids with different scales from 270 to 990 m were established to calculate the area proportion of LCZ. The area proportion of LCZ was then applied in the stepwise regression model to quantitatively analyze its magnitude and direction of impact on the LST. The results suggest that the LCZ types of the study area with the highest and lowest average LST were LCZ2 (compact middle-rise building, 39.82°C) and LCZG (water body, 34.24°C), respectively. However, on most scales, the warming effect of LCZ2 was lower than that of LCZE (bare rock or paver), and the cooling effect of LCZG was lower than that of LCZD (low plants). The optimum results were obtained at a scale of 810 m. At this scale, the warming effect was in the order: LCZE (0.314) > LCZ2 (0.236) > LCZ3 (compact low-rise building, 0.135) > LCZ5 (open middle-rise, 0.084) > LCZ6 (open low-rise, 0.056); the cooling effect was in the order: LCZD (-0.272) > LCZA (dense trees, -0.104) > LCZG (-0.103). These findings can help to elucidate the unique warming and cooling effects of LCZ on the interaction condition and the construction of an urban human settlement.

Evolution model and quantitative assessment of risk network in housing construction accidents

PurposeClarifying the risk evolution mechanism of housing construction for work-safety management is essential. Existing studies have inadequately discussed the risk-accumulation process in housing construction. Therefore, this study aimed to use the complex network theory and risk allocation mechanisms to explore the evolution of risk factors.Design/methodology/approachThe authors analysed a database of housing construction accidents in China from 2015 to 2020 to identify risk factors. Moreover, the causal relationship between risk factors was determined through a systematic analysis of the logical sequence of risk factors. A complex network was used to construct a risk network for housing construction accidents (RNHCA).FindingsThe risk matrix method was used to define the factor risk threshold, and a risk value was assigned based on the correlation between risk factors. This contributes to the examination of the evolution mechanism of risk networks in the process of risk factor transmission. The case verification results show that the RNHCA quantitative assessment model can better evaluate the system risk status of housing construction accidents. Furthermore, this model can identify the key risk factors and risk chains with high risk in the evolution of the risk network.Research limitations/implicationsAccident investigation reports need to be classified and processed to analyse the evolution law of risk networks under different scales of construction project, such as high-rise buildings, middle-rise buildings, and low-rise buildings.Practical implicationsThis study clarified the risk evolution process of complex systems in housing construction and provided a new method for analysing accidents.Originality/valueThis study clarifies the risk value allocation of risk factors in the transmission process and reveals the process of risk factor evolution in housing construction. This study explains the individual risk factors that form a systemic risk through the transmission chain. Moreover, this paper clarified the transformation relationship between system risk and accidents. The paper also provided a new perspective for risk analysis.

Numerical model for 3D steel moment frames with H-shaped beams and hollow-section columns under multi-directional seismic ground motions

In Japan, steel moment frames comprising H-shaped beams and square hollow-section columns with through diaphragms are often used for low- to middle-rise building structures. The column overdesign factor—strength ratio between columns and beams—is specified as ≥1.5 in Japanese seismic design code to ensure adequate energy absorption capacity against bidirectional ground motion by achieving an entire beam-hinging collapse mechanism. However, the required column overdesign factor of steel moment frames is obtained from analysis results conducted under unidirectional ground motions.Additionally, the numerical models of most previous studies considered the behavior of only beams and columns, and ignored the behavior of the panel zone of the beam–column connection. Nevertheless, the panel zone may yield with the beams and columns under severe earthquakes. In addition, the influence of panels on steel moment frames subjected to bidirectional ground motion is not completely understood, as a numerical model for panels under bidirectional shear forces and biaxial bending moments is yet to be proposed.Thus, this research proposes a novel numerical model for studying steel moment frames under multi-directional loadings to consider the 3D elastoplastic behavior of beams and columns, as well as panels. The proposed numerical model was validated by analyzing cruciform subassemblies of beams, columns, and panels, and the analysis results were compared to the experimental results from previous studies. Furthermore, a time-history response analysis was conducted for the 3D steel moment frames, and the energy dissipated from the plastic deformation of the beams, columns, and panels within each beam–column connection was discussed from the aspect of strength ratios between structural members.

Impacts of urban-scale building height diversity on urban climates: A case study of Nanjing, China

The rapid development of urbanization is accompanied by the diversification of building heights. It has caused cities to face problem of non-uniform distribution of urban climate parameters (e.g., temperature, velocity), may further leading to urban heat island (UHI) and increasing of building energy consumption etc. Thus, it is of great significance to explore the associated relationships between building height and urban climates from the urban scale by CFD simulation. There is almost a gap on urban scale simulation for both research and engineering because of the complex building diversity and expensive simulation cost. K-means clustering and low-dimensional method based on image recognition were utilized in this work to build the urban geometric model, further improving simulation efficiency. A case study of Nanjing city was selected (about 144 km2 containing 140 thousand buildings). The urban-scale simulation method was verified by experimental data. The numerical results show that the energy consumption of high-rise buildings (HRB) caused by UHI is about 1.2–4.5 %. The UHI intensity of HRB is 0–0.7 °C higher than that of middle-rise buildings (MRB) and low-rise buildings (LRB), while the velocities are similar around three different buildings height. In order to make the pedestrian area (at the height of 1.7 m from the ground) with pleasant urban climates in rapid urbanization process, it is suggested to set the building height between 19 and 50 m. The findings can be beneficial to alleviate the problems of UHI and energy consumption, which have important implications for urban optimization design.

Comparison Between the BOQ of Conventional and BIM Method on BPJS Building in Central Jakarta

In the construction planning process, the calculation of the quantity of each project work was packaged in a Bill of Quantity (BoQ) to complete the project and greatly affected the continuity of the entire construction construction process. With advances in technology in the world of construction, it could simplify planning in built a building and could increased the accuracy of calculations without using assumptions that could increased the volume of work. One of the results of current technological advances was the creation of the Building Information Modeling (BIM) method, a method that was able to simulate all information in a development project into a 3-dimensional model. Currently the use of the BIM method in Indonesia was still limited so that in this research, the aim was to determine the effectiveness of the use of BIM on the accuracy calculation of the volume of the BoQ and to know the percentage comparison. The building project that was used as a comparison was a building with the middle rise building category, namely the Central Jakarta BPJS Building. Based on the research conducted, it was found that the difference between conventional and BIM results on pilecap components was 5%, column 6%, beam 35%, floor slabs 2%, stairs 22%, ceiling 2.26% floor coverings 14% lower than conventional calculations but for the wall component the BIM calculation is 0.78% greater than the conventional calculation. So that the total percentage ratio is 10%, thus this proves that the use of the BIM method in calculating quantity was effective in terms of calculation accuracy.

Impacts of Neighboring Buildings on the Cold Island Effect of Central Parks: A Case Study of Beijing, China

Urban parks have been considered as an effective measure to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effects. Many studies have investigated the impacts of shape, size and interior components on the cold island effect (CIE) of parks, while little attention has been given to the impact of neighboring buildings. Thus, taking twenty-two parks in Beijing as samples, this study investigated the impacts of the neighboring building on the CIE of central parks. The results showed that the average land surface temperature (LST) of parks are 30.98 °C in summer and −1.10 °C in winter. Parks have a strong CIE in summer, and average cold island footprint (CIF) and LST difference are 0.15 km2 and 2.01 °C higher than that in winter. The components of the building in the CIF of parks are dominated by middle-rise building (MRB), followed by low-rise building (LRB), and high-rise building (HRB) is the least dominant. The percentage of landscape (PLAND) and landscape shape index (LSI) of MRB, and perimeter area fractal dimension (PAFRAC) of LRB are significantly related to CIF in summer and winter. This study could extend scientific understanding of the impacts of neighboring buildings on the CIE of central parks, and could guide urban planners in mitigating the UHI effects through the rational allocation of buildings.

Wind force coefficients for the design of supporting systems of large canopies attached to low- and middle-rise buildings with flat roofs

Wind tunnel experiments have been conducted to investigate wind loads on large canopies attached to low- and middle-rise rectangular buildings with flat roofs. The canopy is assumed to be supported by beams. Two types of structural systems, the cantilever type and the hanger-rod supporting type, are considered. Wind pressure distributions along the center and edge lines both on the top and bottom surfaces were measured in two kinds of turbulent boundary layers corresponding to open-country and urban terrains. The effects of the ratio of canopy height to roof height, h/H, and wind direction on the wind forces were investigated. The results indicate that the wind direction providing the maximum load effect (i.e., bending moment M or shear force Q induced by wind) depends on h/H and the location of the beam, significantly. Based on the results, the wind force coefficients for designing the two types of structural systems are proposed, in which main focus is on the maximum bending moments induced in the beams as the most important load effect.

Exploring the distribution of energy consumption in a northeast Chinese city based on local climate zone scheme: Shenyang city as a case study

The local climate zone (LCZ) scheme is now used to investigate urban heat islands, which provides additional reference for energy consumption simulation. Based on the LCZ scheme, a LCZ mapping of Shenyang, a city in northeast China, was first constructed using the World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) Level 0 method. Subsequently, DeST-h was considered to simulate the energy consumption of urban buildings with concentration areas. The results show that with Shenyang being a severely cold area, the annual energy consumption of heating is approximately twice that of refrigeration for an individual building. The total energy consumption of open-distributed single buildings is higher than that of compact-distributed single buildings. Consequently, the unit cumulative energy consumption in compact-distributed buildings is higher than that in openly distributed building areas. The compact high-rise buildings (LCZ 1) have the highest energy consumption, with a unit annual energy consumption of 123,771.150 MW·h, which is equivalent to 41,257 tons of standard coal combustion power generation. Considering the energy consumption of residential buildings, the central high-rise buildings group and the compact centralized middle-rise buildings in the downtown area are high energy consumption areas. For future urban planning, design strategies such as energy-saving transformation and energy planning should be considered. The research results can provide a scientific basis and theoretical support for reducing building energy consumption, alleviating the urban heat island effect, and the development of modern urban planning.

Characteristics of local wind forces on the edges of signboards installed on the rooftops of buildings

Many signboards are installed on the rooftops of low- and middle-rise buildings in Japan, which are often damaged by strong winds. However, there are no specifications of wind force coefficients for such signboards in the Japanese building codes and standards. In the present study, wind tunnel experiments were conducted to collect data on wind force coefficients under various conditions, including building shapes, as well as signboard shapes and locations. The distributions of the maximum peak wind force coefficients were obtained at various wind angles. Based on the results, the variation of the maximum peak wind force coefficient with wind angle was investigated. It was found that very large wind forces occurred near the edges of the signboard at oblique wind angles ranging from 30° to 60° with respect to the outside surface of the signboard. The present study focuses on such conditions that cause large wind forces on signboards. The results indicate that the building shape significantly affects the maximum peak wind force coefficient.

Mapping Local Climate Zones Using ArcGIS-Based Method and Exploring Land Surface Temperature Characteristics in Chenzhou, China

The local climate zone (LCZ) has become a new tool for urban heat island research. Taking Chenzhou as the research object, eight urban spatial form elements and land cover elements are calculated respectively through ArcGIS, Skyhelios and ENVI software. The calculation results are then rasterized and clustered in ArcGIS to obtain the LCZ map at a resolution of 200 m. Afterwards, the land surface temperature (LST) of different local climate zones in the four seasons from 2017 to 2018 is further analyzed using one-way ANOVA F-test and Student’s t-test. The results suggest that: (1) by adding localized LCZ classes and applying the semi-automatic algorithm on the Arc-GIS platform, the final overall accuracy reaches 69.54%, with a kappa value of 0.67, (2) the compact middle-rise buildings (LCZ-2′) and open low-rise buildings (LCZ-6) heavily contribute to the high LST of the downtown area, while the large low-rise buildings (LCZ-8) cause the high LST regions in the eastern part of the town, (3) obvious land surface temperature differences can be detected in four seasons among different LCZ classes, with high LST in summer and autumn. Built-up LCZ classes generally revealed higher LSTs than land cover LCZs in all seasons. The findings of this study provide better understandings of the relationship between LCZ and LST, as well as important insights for urban planners on urban heat mitigation.

Atrium Form and Thermal Performance of Middle-Rise Wide Span Building in Tropics

Energy use of a building usually increases as long as an increase of the surface area of the envelope. Heat transfer of the building through the envelope can be reduced by perfect design. Right building form and materials can reduce the heat transfer. Middle rise building has a quite high surface area of the roof, and in a tropical country, roof accepts the highest irradiance thus bring much heat to the building. In the same volume, compact building form is better in thermal performance, but large building usually need an atrium to help the natural lighting in the room. The atrium uses transparent roof or skylight. This transparent roof definitely can increase the heat gain to the building significantly. So this research aims to find the best form of atrium roof in middle-rise and large span building in the tropical region. This research aims to analyse the thermal performance of middle-rise and large span buildings and its relation to the form of the atrium. A sample of middle-rise office buildings in Surabaya was taken randomly. The simulation was conducted to predict thermal and cooling energy performance. Energy performance of the building was found to bear some relations to form of roof.

屋上設置壁のある大規模建築物の屋根面に作用する風圧力の性状

1. Introduction Recently, many large-scale factories and distribution warehouses have been constructed. In the case of these large-scale buildings, walls are often attached on the outer periphery of roofs in order to screen the drainage gradient and accommodate machinery. Previous studies have been conducted on the effect of parapets on the wind pressure. But there are a variety of factors and whose influence has not previously been well elucidated. A number of studies have investigated mitigating peak wind pressure through the use of porous parapet. 2. Models and Outline of Wind Tunnel Test and Numerical analysis Wind tunnel tests and numerical analyses are conducted by using 1/222 scale rigid models. Wind tunnel tests were intended to analyze the influence of several parameters and effect of parapets. Numerical analysis was used to make the flow around the building visible. 3. The Worst Peak Suctions effect on the Roof The definition of the worst peak suction is the ensemble average of the worst pressure from each one of 8 data records of 10 minutes duration, where wind pressure is applied as a Simple Moving Average (averaging time is 0.12 seconds based on 1m2 roofing). 4. Streamlines around the Models and Eigenmode of Wind Pressure Streamlines around the models were made visible by using numerical analysis and eigenmodes of wind pressure are derived by using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition. Then, the characteristics of the flow and 1st eigenmode of buildings with parapets were discussed. 5. The effect of each factor on the characteristic of wind pressure The effects of several parameters on the worst peak suctions affect on roofs were analyzed based on wind tunnel tests. The worst peak suctions are only slightly influenced by planar shape and roof geometry, so that those factors are negligible. But the proportional relationship between the magnitude of the worst peak suctions and the turbulence intensity of the approach flow was confirmed. 6. Reduction of Worst Peak Suction by Using Porous Parapets Porous parapets can mitigate worst peak suction on outer periphery of roof. Analyzing the worst peak suctions on corner and edge regions, it was determined that maximum reduction occurred when the openings comprised 25% of parapet's area. 7. Conclusions 1) By attaching parapets to the to the flat roofs, the magnitude of the worst peak suction affecting on the corner or edge region is decreased. But, in the central region, the magnitude is increased. 2) In the case of low-rise buildings (lower than about 20 m) without parapets, the worst peak suction is induced in wind direction θ = 0° or 90°. But as parapets become higher, the worst peak suctions are induced in wind direction θ = 45°. In the case of middle-rise buildings, the worst peak suction is induced in wind direction θ = 45° regardless of height of parapets 3) The worst peak suctions affect the roofs of square buildings and rectangular buildings with an aspect ratio is 1:2 to the same degree regardless of the height of parapets. 4) The worst peak suctions affect sloped roofs (5 % gradient) and flat roofs to the same degree if the heights of parapets are same. (The height of parapets attached to the sloped roof is defined as the maximum height of parapets.) 5) The magnitude of worst peak suction effects on the corner and edge region of roof is reduced more than 30% by using porous parapets. In this test, the magnitude of worst peak suction is lowest when the quantity of opening in parapet is 25% of parapet's area.

Evaluation HSE of a LSF system subject to near- and far-field earthquakes

The Lightweight Steel Framing (LSF) system has been proposed as an economical and earthquake resistant system. Due to the lightweight nature of LSF structures, the seismic performance of middle-rise buildings has been improved. Currently, various numerical-analytical methods have been proposed for seismic assessment of conventional structures. Providing a perfect seismic Health Safety Environment (HSE) index has always been regarded as one of the analytical passive points. In this research, an LSF building was selected as a case study for Finite Element (FE) modelling, in which non-linear time-history analyses were undertaken. Material properties were defined according to the performed experimental studies. A novel approach was presented for the seismic HSE index of LSF systems using the simultaneous incorporation of the non-linear analysis results and the correction coefficient describing the seismic geotechnical effects. The presented seismic HSE index accurately demonstrates the seismic performance of the LSF structures. Additionally, a two-layer perceptron Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was trained using the results of the FE model, and a non-linear relationship was obtained to predict the seismic damage index. Finally, the proposed seismic HSE index was validated using statistical analyses, indicating that the proposed method does not yield a significant difference compared to the ANN results.

Comparison between quality and quantity seismic damage index for LSF systems

The Lightweight Steel Framing (LSF) system has been proposed as an economical system that is earthquake resistant. Due to the lightness of LSF structures, the seismic performance of middle-rise buildings has been improved. Nowadays, various numerical-analytical methods have been proposed for seismic assessment of conventional structures.Using scientific and statistical standards, this article provides two new methods for calculating the damage index of LSF structures. Once this index is determined, a correct understanding of structural behavior is obtained and the retrofitting criteria are drawn. The modified relationship method is based on Papadopoulos relationship which is modified using modification factors of seismic geotechnics. From another viewpoint, non-linear static analysis was used to calculate the criteria of this relationship. To detect the limit of the first failure and destruction of the entire structure, the formation of plastic hinges in columns is considered.Material properties were defined according to the performed experimental studies. To give a qualitative simple and functional damage index, the functional method was given in the form of a qualitative method with statistical analysis and collection of different views. Using this method is very simple and meantime offers suitable accuracy. With a numerical study on three LSF models there were made clear that the difference of the new method and the amended method of Papadopoulos is approximately 5%. This shows that the given qualitative method is suitable to be used in broad terms.Since the damage index of light steel structure for Model 1 and Model 3 are between 0.4 and 0.8, it is necessary to rehabilitate these structures using the modified method and the proposed qualitative damage index.

Seismic effectiveness of tuned mass dampers in a life-cycle cost perspective

The effectiveness of tuned mass dampers (TMDs) in reducing the seismic response of civil structures is still a debated issue. The few studies regarding TMDs on inelastic structures indicate that they would perform well under moderate earthquake loading, when the structure remains linear or weakly nonlinear, while tending to fail under severe ground shaking, when the structure experiences strong nonlinearities. TMD seismic efficiency should be therefore rationally assessed by considering to which extent moderate and severe earthquakes respectively contribute to the expected cost of damages and losses over the lifespan of the structure. In this paper, a method for evaluating, in a life-cycle cost (LCC) perspective, the seismic effectiveness of TMDs on inelastic building structures is presented and exemplified on the SAC LA 9-storey steel moment-resisting frame benchmark building. Results show that the LCC concept may provide an appropriate alternative to traditional performance criteria for the evaluation of the effectiveness of TMDs and that TMD installation on typical existing middle-rise buildings in high seismic hazard regions may significantly reduce building lifetime cost despite the poor control performance observed under the most severe seismic events.

A PZT-based smart aggregate for compressive seismic stress monitoring

A PZT-based smart aggregate (SA) for compressive seismic stress monitoring is proposed in this paper. The proposed SA consists of a piece of PZT (lead zirconate titanate) patch sandwiched between a pair of marble cubes through epoxy. A soft PZT is selected, rendering the SA as a potential actuator in active sensing. Finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to investigate the stress distribution in the SA under compression, which is used for calculating its sensitivity to compressive stresses. With a commercially available charge amplifier, the frequency response of both the amplitude and the phase shift of the sensing system are investigated by applying the frequency sweep loading scheme on the proposed SA. The frequency ranges from 0.01 to 10 Hz, corresponding to the range of seismic frequency response of most building structures. The alternating load for evaluating SA sensitivity was applied by the servo-hydraulic machine. The lower limit of frequency response is determined to be 0.5 Hz. The depolarization process of the piezoelectric coefficient of the selected PZT material was investigated to decide the load-holding time in calibration tests. The degradation of the piezoelectric coefficient with a series of compressive pre-stresses from 4.8 to 24 MPa was evaluated, and the experimental results showed that the influence from the considered range of pre-stresses is negligible. Using a commercially available charge amplifier, the proposed SA-based sensing system can monitor the seismic stress of low- and middle-rise building structures under moderate earthquakes.

246 実測データに基づく鉄骨造中層建物の構造ヘルスモニタリングと減衰特性評価

246 実測データに基づく鉄骨造中層建物の構造ヘルスモニタリングと減衰特性評価