Middle Euphrates Research Articles

Comparative BRAF V600E immunohistochemical expression in differentiated thyroid tumors with papillary features.

Differentiated thyroid tumors (DTC) are the most common indolent tumors associated with a good prognosis compared with other tumors. Its incidence during the last few decades has increased. DTC includes papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma. The BRAF is the most prevalent genetic mutation in thyroid carcinoma, occurring in more than 50% of papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs). The study aimed to evaluate BRAF expression in differentiated thyroid tumors with papillary-like nuclear features. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks (FFPE) were collected from archival samples of patients in private histopathology labs in Al-Najaf city from 55 cases, which included 27 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cases, 10 cases of NIFTP, 13 FVPTC cases, 2 papillary microcarcinoma cases, and 3 NIFTP coexist with papillary microcarcinoma cases. All samples were stained using the immunohistochemistry method in the Middle Euphrates unit for cancer research at the University of Kufa/Faculty of Medicine. 15/55 (27.3%) of cases increased BRAF expression. The BRAF expression was statistically significant with tumor type (p=0.008). The higher expression was associated with 13 (48.15%) of PTC cases. However, the BRAF expression did not correlate with gender (p=0.2), tumor size (p=0.07), and tumor focality (p=0.09). BRAF V600E has prognostic value as it correlates with tumor progression.

Along and Across the Nahr el-Quweiq: EB I-IVA Ceramic Horizons and Interregional Connections

The Quweiq and Matkh plains, in north inland Syria, were densely settled areas during the Early Bronze Age, crossed by the River Quweiq, flowing north-south from the plateau of Gaziantep to disappear into the Matkh paleolake. The northern sector of the Nahr el-Quweiq was surveyed in 1970s, providing information on the 3rd millennium BC occupation of the Aleppo’s hinterland. However, to date, only little evidence is available from archaeological excavations carried out in the area, hampering to crosscheck the ceramic periodisation derived from the Nahr el-Quweiq survey, which has therefore been used, or referred to, for general comparisons only. The article aims at revising the chronology and connections of the Aleppo region during the EB I-IVA period in the light of recent excavations and surveys carried out in neighbouring areas (the Ebla region, the Middle Euphrates, the Sajur and Jabbul plains), ultimately exploring the role of the Aleppo region as a ‘bridge area’, which provided access to important commercial routes towards the Euphrates Valley, the ‘Amuq plain and the area of Gaziantep. The north-south axis – linking the Ebla region with Aleppo – had to be particularly important during EB IVA, when ḫalab appears to belong to the Ebla kingdom and was the seat of the cult of the Storm God as we learn from cuneiform texts from Palace G archives.

Ebla between the Early and Middle Bronze Ages: A Précis (and Some New Data)

The discoveries of the 2004-2008 excavations at Tell Mardikh, ancient Ebla, in north-western Syria, and the following processing of the archaeological record have allowed for a re-examination the site’s trajectory between Early Bronze IVB and Middle Bronze I. Not only it was possible to gain a clearer picture of the site’s trajectory during Early Bronze IVB, the phase following the demise of Ebla’s Early Bronze IVA kingdom, but also to re-investigate how the site transitioned from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age at a deeper chronological scale, which was hampered before by the lack of sufficient stratified data. Moving from these insights, this paper offers a summary of the state of research on Ebla between the Early and the Middle Bronze Ages and proposes some ideas concerning this critical nexus in the site’s development. Moreover, unpublished stratified ceramic data are presented and examined that might allow current synchronisms between Ebla, the Middle Euphrates, and the Syrian Jazirah between the late 3rd and the early 2nd millennium BC to be re-considered, and to shed light on the site’s participation and role in region-wide processes that were taking place between the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC. This way, this crucial connection in the developmental trajectory of Ebla and in the study of ancient Syria will be re-analysed offering insights into archaeology, chronology, and history.

Adherence and Beliefs to Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study (Conference Paper) #

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women over the world. To reducing reoccurrence and mortality rates, adjuvant hormonal therapy (AHT) is used for a long period. The major barrier to the effectiveness of the treatment is adherence. Adherence to medicines among patients is challenging. Patient beliefs in medications can be positively or negatively correlated to adherence. Objectives: To investigate the extent of adherence and factors affecting adherence, as well as to investigate the association between beliefs and adherence in women with breast cancer taking AHT. Method: A cross-sectional study included 124 Iraqi women with breast cancer recruited from Middle Euphrates Cancer Center. Morisky medication adherence scale (MMAS) and beliefs about medication questionnaires (BMQ) are used to assess adherence and beliefs respectively. Result: 25% of women were fully adherent (MMAS = 8). 83.06% of all women developed side effects from medications received. Side effects and unemployed women were significantly associated with non-adherence. Additionally, there is no significant association between beliefs in medications and adherence. conclusion The enormous percent of poor adherence caused by side effects suggests the need for interventions by educating patients about the importance of their treatment and how to overcome side effects.

Portfolios of FDI In The Middle Euphrates Region

One of the most critical drivers of economic growth in both developed and developing nations alike is FDI. While at the same time indicating that the country's economic variables should be opened up to the global market and that economic reform and integration into the global economy should be pursued, the increasing role of corporate citizenship and the autonomous increase in financial flows between countries. Research aimed at finding and expelling factors attracting foreign direct investment FDI in the governorates of the middle Euphrates region. After reviewing the concept of foreign direct investment, relevance and discussing the most significant positive and negative impacts. The discussion covered the investment environment in the provinces of the middle Euphrates by focusing on the most critical factors attracting investment and expelling it when discussing the negative and positive aspects of foreign investment to the governorates mentioned.

Archaeology, Epigraphy, Philology

Archaeology, Epigraphy, Philology Christopher T. Begg, William J. Urbrock, John R. Spencer, Thomas Hieke, Victor H. Matthews, and Fred W. Guyette Christopher T. Begg Catholic University of America William J. Urbrock University of Wisconsin Oshkosh John R. Spencer John Carroll University Thomas Hieke Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Victor H. Matthews Missouri State University Fred W. Guyette Erskine College and Seminary 196. [The Chalk Vessel Assemblage from Shuʿafat] Yonatan Adler, "Ritual Purity in Daily Life after 70 CE: The Chalk Vessel Assemblage from Shuʿafat as a Test Case," JSJ 52 (2021) 39-62. Chalk vessels became common at Jewish sites throughout the Southern Levant beginning in the late 1st cent. b.c.e., apparently because Jews considered stone to be impervious to ritual impurity. It is commonly thought that a drastic decline in this phenomenon occurred after 70 c.e. as a direct result of the temple's destruction—on the assumption that the central motivation for Jews' observance of the purity regulations was to ensure that they could participate in the temple cult. This assumption is reconsidered here in light of an impressive assemblage of chalk vessels recently unearthed at Shuʿafat that was occupied during the brief 70–132 c.e. interwar period. The character of this assemblage, which I present here in a preliminary fashion, suggests that both the use and production of chalk vessels continued unabated for decades after 70 c.e., this contradicting the notion that the chalk vessel industry was reliant on a functioning temple and that observance of the purity laws was inexorably linked with the Jerusalem cult. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] Google Scholar 197. [Stepped Pools; Chalk Vessels] Yonatan Adler, "Watertight and Rock Solid: Stepped Pools and Chalk Vessels as Expressions of Jewish Ritual Purity," BARev 41 (1, 2021) 44-51. Analyzing geographic distribution patterns that "manifest boldly along ethnic lines," A. defends against recent challenges the "rather broad scholarly consensus" that stepped pools and chalk vessels are best interpreted as reflections of Jewish adherence to pentateuchal ritual purity laws. Illustrated.—W.J.U. Google Scholar 198. [A BA Tomb at Tell Qsubi on the Middle Euphrates in Syria] Sawssan Alachkar and Yasser Showhan, "Découverte d'une tombe du Bronze ancien à Tell Qsubi (Moyen-Euphrate, Syrie)," Syria 96 (2017) 273-92. An EBA tomb was discovered in 2009 at Tell Qsubi on the right bank of the Euphrates, 59 km west of Deir ez-Zor. Dug into the bedrock on the edge of the tell, the tomb consists of an access shaft and a chamber divided into three parts, which contained a few [End Page 64] human bones and 204 ceramic vessels, but no other grave goods. This article focuses on the large, previously unpublished pottery assemblage from the tomb. A typological and stylistic study of the assemblage enabled us to divide the component pottery into various ceramic categories and morphological types. The predominant category, we determined, is Simple Ware, with only a few instances of Black Euphrates Ware and a single example of Combed Wash Ware. Our chronological analysis of the assemblage, based on comparisons with other sites in the region, indicates that the assemblage can be attributed to the EME 4-5 (2450–2100 b.c.) period. The tomb itself can be classified as a shaft grave, a type which is well documented for the Middle Euphrates region. Its discovery extended the distribution area of such tombs along the Euphrates valley further to the south. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] Google Scholar 199. [Funerary Complex of Sarenput II] José M. Alba Gómez, "The Funerary Chambers of Sarenput II and the Destruction of His Outer Coffin," Middle Kingdom Palace Culture, 16-44 [see #789]. The funerary complex of Sarenput II is one of several rock-cut tombs built at Elephantine for the powerful local rulers who lived there during the Middle Kingdom Era. The tomb, now numbered QH31 has been the subject of several studies. Wallis Budge first published details of the funerary chambers in 1886, but the team undertaking the work did not completely excavate the complex. Budge himself did...

Organizational pressures among the members of the administrative bodies in terms of the leadership styles of the heads of sports clubs in the Middle Euphrates region

Organizational pressures among the members of the administrative bodies in terms of the leadership styles of the heads of sports clubs in the Middle Euphrates region

Factors influencing trajectories of performance-program budgets: survey in municipalities of the middle Euphrates provinces of Iraq

The paper presents the analysis and determines factors effecting the budget program implementation, which leads to decrease the efficiency and effectiveness for budget outcomes provided to public. The importance of a municipality budget program is related to the standards of population living, thus obstructing the implementation of programs cause a direct negative impact upon people’s life. Municipalities seek to optimize the use of resources and allocate them to the planned programs in order to obtain the best results in terms of quantity. Distribution of financial allocations to the planned projects is one of the most important steps in preparing the budget. A negative impact of some factors on the budget programs implementation is proved. There was used a questionnaire to investigate the managers and employees from the related department as accountants, administrators, engineers, and auditors in municipalities of the middle Euphrates of Iraq. Basically, there were interviewed the department managers to design factors affecting the implementation of budget programs and preparing questioners for their employees. There was suggested the hypothesis for the research and determined the factors influencing budget programs trajectories rather than quality or quantity. Among the most important recommendations are emphasized the protection of municipal departments from political parties’ interference, increasing coordination between the municipal departments and the central and local governments, and rehabilitating the controlling system.

Studying the Effect of Agriculturally Exploited Soils on the Transformation of Mica Minerals using Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)

Five soil sites were selected in the Middle Euphrates region, represented by the governorates (Diwaniyah, Najaf, Babel, and Muthanna), for soils of different agricultural exploitation (rice, vegetables, wheat, and palm trees), in addition to an unexploited agricultural soil. The soils were distinguished by having the same topography and climatic conditions and similar texture in order to study the weathering of mica minerals by using the infrared technique. The appearance of the absorption spectrum at the frequency of 3550 cm-1, with medium broadening in the unexploited agriculture soil (Muthanna), indicated a gradual transformation of mica towards di-octahedra minerals, and reflected the increasing substitution of Al+3 in tetrahedral sheet in these soils. The results of the examination of clay particles in soils exploited for cultivation of rice (Diwaniyah) showed that the absorption spectrum at the wavelength of 1642 cm-1 represents the absorption of zeolite water, while the presence of absorption spectra at the frequencies of 796, 1036, 3418, and 3616 cm-1 indicated the presence of mica minerals in all rice soils, also the presence of the broad absorption spectrum band at the frequency of 3418 cm-1, which was accompanied by the presence of the spectrum band at the frequency of 1036 cm-1.

Building a Scout Public Service Scale for first-year students in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences

The importance of the study lies in building the Scout Public Service Scale for first-year students in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences.The research aimed to: Building the Scout public service standards for the first-year students of the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the universities of the Middle Euphrates.
 The two researchers used the descriptive approach in the style of the survey study to identify the scouting public service for the students of the first stage of the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the universities of the Middle Euphrates (Kufa, Al-Qadisiyah, Babylon, Al-Qasim Al-Khadra, and Kerbala) for the academic year 2020-2021, which numbered (624) male and female students.The sample of the exploratory experiment for the Scout Public Service Standards consisted of (15) students, at a rate of (5.68%) from the research community.They were chosen by random method, and a sample was chosen to build the two Scout public service scales, consisting of (250) male and female students (40.06%) from the research community, with (50) male and female students from each college.As for the application sample of the Scout Public Service Standards, it included (100) students, (20) male and female students from each college representing (16.02%) of the research community.
 Under the results of the current research, and the subsequent explanations, we can come up with several conclusions, the most

Evaluating the administrative performance of the members of the councils of the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the universities of the Middle Euphrates from the point of view of the faculty members

Sports in the universities of the Middle Euphrates from the point of view of the teaching staff under the Corona pandemic and the evaluation of the administrative performance of the members of the councils of the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the universities of the Middle Euphrates from the point of view of the teaching staff during the Covid-19 pandemic, the researcher used the descriptive approach with survey methods for their relevance to the nature of the study. The research community was determined by the teachers of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the universities of the Middle Euphrates area for the academic year (2020-2021), and their number is (247) teachers representing (4) faculties from the universities (Babylon-Kufa-Al-Qadisiyah). The exploratory experiment included (10) teachers from the University of Kufa, and the main experiment sample included (100) teachers from the research community, with (25) teachers from each college, and the scale was applied to them for the purpose of conducting the evaluation, after choosing the measure of administrative performance, the researcher applied the measure to the sample of (100) teachers of the research sample members for the sports year 2020-2021 on 28-31/3/2021, and through the results of the research, the researcher concluded that the reality of the administrative performance of the members of the boards of directors for the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the universities of the Middle Euphrates reflected a satisfactory perception and perception among the teachers in a clear and accurate way, which they expressed through their answers on the administrative performance scale

The mediating role of strategic foresight in the relationship between financial knowledge and strategic responses

This study aimed to clarify the mediating role of strategic foresight in its various forms (foresight, acumen, research) in the relationship between financial knowledge and strategic response in its dimensions (resource liquidity, business maturity, reactiveness and reactivity). To achieve this goal, this study was based on the descriptive analytical method, where the questionnaire was used to collect the primary data. (220) questionnaires were distributed to workers in the branches of commercial banks in the middle Euphrates cities (40) branches and (215) were retrieved from them. The results revealed that the adoption of financial knowledge enabled the organization, the study sample, to respond effectively to environmental dynamics through strategic foresight. Moreover, it was revealed that organizations that used financial knowledge were able to maximize their core competencies through strategic foresight, and thus provided added value to services efficiently over their competitors.

Difference between Anorexia-related Weight Loss and Selected Socio-demographic Characteristics among Residents of Governmental Geriatric Care Homes: A multi-governorates Study

Background: Appetite refers to the innate drive to eat food, which declines with aging. This condition is called anorexia of aging. Reduced appetite can result in malnutrition, which is associated with a lower body mass index (BMI). Aims of the study: To assess the differences between the anorexia of aging and selecting socio-demographic data among the elderly those residents in governmental geriatric care homes. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional design has been carried out in the governmental geriatric care homes in Iraq Middle Euphrates governorates. The period of the study started (1 October 2020 to 27June 2021). A non- probability (purposive) sample was selected to obtain representative and accurate data for the (100) elderly individuals, living in geriatric care homes. Data were collected through both self-report and interviews approaches. Beside the Council of Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ), the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics sheets were included in the study tool and Statistical data analysis was performed using the IBM-Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) for Windows, version 24. Results: The study included 100 participants, more than half (65.0 %) of the study sample were males and (35%) were female with mean age (72) years old. the study findings indicate there are differences between anorexia of aging and age, marital status, BMI and smoking history. on differences between anorexia of aging and educational level. Conclusion: It has been concluded that older residents are at higher risk of anorexia associated with aging than the younger age, so they are more likely to suffer malnutrition and unintentional weight loss. Recommendations: The study recommended increasing interest and continuous follow-up to the nutritional status of the elderly, as well as the unmarried and smoker's elderly.

Co-Morbidities and Treatment Decisions in Newly Diagnosed CLL Patients Cross All Disease Stages in Kurdistan Region-Iraq

Co-Morbidities and Treatment Decisions in Newly Diagnosed CLL Patients Cross All Disease Stages in Kurdistan Region-Iraq

Transcranial doppler findings in basilar artery dolichoectasia: a case control study

Basilar artery dolichoectasia (BAD) is a disorder characterized by dilatation, elongation and tortuosity of the basilar artery. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) is a useful tool that can detect blood flow in intracranial vessels including basilar artery (BA). Few studies have been conducted on blood flow changes in BAD. This study was conducted to evaluate the Doppler parameters in dolichoectatic BA and to assess if there is any difference in TCD findings between stroke and non-stroke BAD patients. A case-control study was conducted on 35 patients diagnosed with BAD (26 male, 9 female) and 35 age- and gender-matched control group (without BAD) at the Middle Euphrates Neuroscience Center, Al-Sader Medical City, Al-Najaf, Iraq. Dolichoectasia was diagnosed on non-enhanced brain CT scan using established imaging criteria according to Dan Deng et al criteria. Doppler flow for control and stroke cases was recorded. The parameters measured on TCD were peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) mean blood velocity (MBV), pulsatility index (PI) and resistive index (RI). After logistic regression for adjustment for the significant confounders, there was statistically significant difference in Doppler parameters between both groups including decrease in each of PSV, EDV and MBV while both PI and RI weren’t statistically significant. Among BAD patients, there was statistically significant difference in all TCD parameters between stroke and non-stroke patients (PSV EDV, MBV, PI and RI). BAD was associated with a decrease in flow velocities as measured by TCD. Furthermore, among BAD patients, those with stroke had lower values for all Doppler parameters than non-stroke patients.

Antibiotic Resistance Profile and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index of Campylobacter Species Isolated from Poultry.

Campylobacter is a major public health problem, leading to foodborne diarrhea in the world. The current study aimed to isolate Campylobacter in different sources of poultry and determine antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 150 fecal and 29 cloacal swabs were obtained from poultry farms (84 cloacal swabs) and live bird markets (LBMs), respectively, and 37 cecal swabs were also acquired from a local slaughterhouse located in the middle Euphrates region. Campylobacter Species (spp.) was first isolated and characterized by conventional bacteriological methods. Secondly, the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was investigated by disc diffusion method. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. isolated from fecal cloacal and cecal poultry samples was 24% (36 out of 150). All strains were resistant to Nalidixic acid and Ciprofloxacin (100%), with high resistance to Tetracycline (88.8%), Ampicillin (83.3%), Sulpha/Trimethoprim (80.5%), Erythromycin (50%), and Ceftriaxone (50%), but less resistant to Gentamicin (30.5%), Amoxi-Clav (27.7%), and Chloramphenicol (22.2%). The majority of isolates (97.2%) scored a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.3 or more, and 35 (97.2%) isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotic classes. Particularly, 61.1% of the isolates were multidrug resistance (MDR), 36.1% of the isolates were extensively drug resistant, and 2.8% of the isolates were Pan drug resistant. Moreover, the current study detected 24 multiple resistance patterns from 36 isolates of Campylobacter spp., and most of the isolates (27 out of 36) displayed an important route of resistance to Nalidixic acid, Ciprofloxacin, and Tetracycline. Based on the results, increased resistance rates to commonly used antibiotics in Campylobacter were recovered from poultry farms, LBMs, and local slaughterhouses. The majority of strains were MDR to commonly used antimicrobials with elevated MAR indices, requiring implementation of a national strategy to improve husbandry practice and the effective use of antibacterial agents, alternatives, and vaccines.

Estimation of Interleukin‐10 and Interleukin‐22 Levels in the Advances of Breast Cancer

Background: Breast cancer is the secant-kind of carcinoma in women with higher incidence in Iraq.There are many prognostic and predicitive factors used for management of the breast cancer. Serumlevels of the cytokines may be utilized as a marker of immunity status and prognosis in CA breast.Aims of the Study: Measuring the IL-10 and IL-22 in breast cancer patients and association IL-10and IL-22 with stage and grade for breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The case-control studywas conducted on 60 women with CA. Breast and 60 controls group, patients with CA. Breast werereferred to Middle Euphrates cancer center in Najaf during the period November 2019-October 2020.Measurement of Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-22 by using ELISA. Results: The showed a levels ofIL-10 and IL-22 in breast cancer group higher than levels of IL-10 and IL-22 in control, and showeda high levels of IL-22 in advances stage and grade III. The showed non-significant in IL-10 levelsbetween four stages and three grade. Conclusions: A significant elevation levels of IL-10 and IL-22 inbreast cancer groups comparison with control, elevation significant IL-22 levels in stages and gradesof breast cancer.

Sickle gloss texture analysis elucidates long-term change in plant harvesting during the transition to agriculture

Archaeobotanical and genetic analysis of modern plant materials are drawing a complex scenario for the origins of cereal agriculture in the Levant. This paper presents an improved method for the study of early farming harvesting systems based on the texture analysis of gloss observed on sickle blades through confocal microscopy. Using this method, we identify different plant harvesting activities (unripe, semi-ripe and ripe cereal reaping and reed and other grass cutting) quantitatively and evaluate their change during the time when plant cultivation activities started and domesticated crops appeared in the Levant (12 800–7000 cal BC). The state of maturity of cereals when harvested shifted over time from unripe, to semi-ripe and finally to ripe. Most of these changes in harvesting techniques are explained by the modification of crops during the transition to agriculture. The shift in plant harvesting strategies was neither chronologically linear nor geographically homogeneous. Fully mature cereal harvesting becomes dominant around 8500 cal BC in the Southern Levant and one millennium later in the Middle Euphrates, which accords with the appearance of domestic varieties in the archaeobotanical record. The change in plant harvesting method fits better with the gradualist model of explanation of cereal agriculture than with the punctual one.

Prevalence and Determinants of Depression among Women with Breast Cancer in Middle Euphrates Cancer Center in Najaf Province -Iraq

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. The psychosocial consequences of illness among women with BC are so frequent that they result in depression and other psychological distress. Objectives: The present study aims to estimate the prevalence of depression among BC patients and to identify the potential determinants. Patients & Methods: An analytic cross-sectional study of patients with BC was carried out throughout the period from January 2016 to July 2016 at the Middle Euphrates Cancer Center in Najaf Province-Iraq. Results: According to the results of BDI-ӀӀ questionnaire, 65 patients (37.1%) were screened as having depression and 110 patients (62.9%) were considered normal. The mean score for depression ± SD is equal to 13.60 ±8.78. The data analysis has found that 12.0%, 21.7%, and 3.4% of respondents had borderline, moderate depression, and severe depression, respectively while the binary logistic regression analysis has shown that cases with inadequate income (P= 0.010, OR =2.52, 95% C.I = 1.28-5.08), and lower educational attainment (P= 0.031, OR = 2.34, 95% C.I = 1.07-4.90) were more likely to have depression. Conclusion: it has been found that depression among women with BC is a considerable issue. Inadequate income and lower educational attainment can be independent risk factors for such a depression.

The Role of Commitment-Based Human Resource Management Practices in Enhancing Perceived Organizational Support (Search in an Analytical Sample of the Iraqi Private Universities in the Region of the Middle Euphrates)

The Role of Commitment-Based Human Resource Management Practices in Enhancing Perceived Organizational Support (Search in an Analytical Sample of the Iraqi Private Universities in the Region of the Middle Euphrates)