Middle Channel Research Articles

Novel Random Valued Impulse Denoising Technique

The pictures in the advanced arrangement are generally corrupted by drive commotion which is because of the unexpected blunders in correspondence channels or electronic sensors. Most existing strategies fall flat at high clamor thickness. Here another versatile insertion procedure is foreseen for reclamation of exceptionally corrupted pictures by arbitrary esteemed drive clamor. This new method gives a more corrected preferred picture quality over the standard Versatile Middle Channel, Standard Middle Channel, Choice Based Calculation, Dynamic Exchanged middle Channel, Choice Based Un-symmetric Trimmed Middle Channel and altered Choice Based Un-symmetric Trimmed Middle Channel. The strategy anticipated is confirmed for its proficiency against various pictures and is found to give enhanced Pinnacle Motion to-Commotion Proportion.

Effect of Runoff Variability and Sea Level on Saltwater Intrusion: A Case Study of Nandu River Estuary, China

AbstractSaltwater intrusion exits in estuary areas. Significant change in runoff variability (RV) has been detected in many basins, but limited research has investigated this change's effect on downstream saltwater intrusion. Using measured time series, this study has statistically detected a significant trend of increased RV and sea level (SL) rise in Nandu River Estuary, China, and analyzed their effect on the saltwater intrusion combining the Finite Volume Community Ocean Model and Monte Carlo method. The Mann‐Kendall test and Theil‐Sen estimator show that the yearly variance of the log‐transformed runoff and mean SL have significantly increased and are expected to increase by approximately 50% and 0.2 m by the 2060s, respectively, and 101% and 0.4 m by the 2100s. SL rise increases the salinity‐exceeding rate (salinity > 0.45‰, the standard for drinking water), and the increase in middle channels are higher than that of upstream and downstream channels. With an increased RV, the model‐predicted salinity‐exceeding rate decreases at downstream and increases at upstream channels, respectively. In our specific site, the location with a constant salinity‐exceeding rate is predicted to move downstream, and the maximum increase of salinity‐exceeding rate will reach 13.3% and 19.1% in the 2060s and 2100s, respectively, at the middle channel section. The results are validated in Yangtze River Estuary and are generalized to other estuaries to determine the change pattern of salinity‐exceeding rate. Moreover, a lower RV helps to extend the channel length with fresh water available and can be used as a management tool.

A woven thread-based microfluidic fuel cell with graphite rod electrodes

A woven thread-based microfluidic fuel cell based on graphite rod electrodes is proposed. Both inter-fiber gaps and inter-weave spaces could provide flow channels for the liquid transport through the woven cotton thread. Therefore, no external pumps are required to maintain the co-laminar flow, benefiting for the integration and miniaturization. In the experiment, sodium formate and hydrogen peroxide are used as fuel and oxidant, respectively. To improve the electrochemical reaction kinetics, KOH and H2SO4 serve as supporting electrolyte at the anode and cathode, respectively. Na2SO4 solution is used as the electrolyte to separate the cathode and anode in the middle flow channel and alleviate the reactant crossover. The open circuit potential of the fuel cell achieves 1.44 V and the maximum current density and power density are 56.6 mA cm−2 and 20.7 mW cm−2, respectively. Moreover, the cell performance reduces with increasing the electrode distance due to a high ohmic resistance. With an increase in the fuel concentration from 1 M to 4 M, the performance increases and it reduces with further increasing to 6 M owing to a correspondingly low flow rate. The highest fuel utilization rate reaches 10.9% at 4 M fuel concentration.

Evaluation and Comparison of a Habitat Suitability Model for Postdrift Larval Lake Sturgeon in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers

AbstractWe evaluated composition and spatial distribution of riverine nursery habitat for larval Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in the Middle Channel of the St. Clair River, Michigan, and Fighting Island Channel of the Detroit River, Ontario, using a habitat suitability model (HSM) and fish collections. Although model outputs indicated similar portions of high‐quality habitat in the Middle Channel (16.9%) and Fighting Island Channel (15.7%), larval abundance and dispersal patterns varied between these systems. Analysis with Akaike's information criterion indicated that a regression model using sand–silt substrate performed best at predicting the observed water‐volume‐standardized CPUE (number of larvae·h−1·m−3) in the Middle Channel. Of 93 larvae that were collected in the Middle Channel, most were found to cluster at three distinct areas of high‐ and moderate‐quality habitat, which was composed predominately of sand–silt substrate. Lengths of larvae varied by as much as 9 mm, and the degree of yolk sac absorption also varied, indicating that larvae in the Middle Channel remained within the channel after a short drift downstream. Of the 25 larvae that were collected in Fighting Island Channel, distribution was sporadic, and occurrence did not significantly correlate with measured habitat variables. Larvae were relatively homogeneous in size and yolk sac stage, indicating that newly emerged larvae did not utilize available habitat in Fighting Island Channel but instead drifted into the main channel of the Detroit River. Dispersal patterns indicate variability in young Lake Sturgeon ecology, which is dependent on local habitat conditions—most notably, substrate composition. Furthermore, modeled larval–habitat associations found in this study were compared to a similar study on larval Lake Sturgeon from the North Channel of the St. Clair River. Model outputs from all three systems accurately accounted for observed larval dispersal patterns among both rivers. This supports the transferability of an HSM parameterized for Lake Sturgeon from individual river reaches within two large river systems.

One-Dimensional Multi-Channel Photonic Crystal Resonators Based on Silicon-On-Insulator With High Quality Factor

We have theoretically and experimentally demonstrated a Fabry-Perot (FP) resonators based on a Si-air one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PhC) with coupled triple-cavity modes (or defects). These defects are obtained by filling selected air channels in the 1D PhC with an actively reconfigurable fluid. Simulations of the optical properties of these FP resonators were performed in the wide infrared spectral range. It is shown that by changing the refractive index, nc, of the fluid simultaneously in all three channels, a set of narrow triple resonance peaks can be obtained within wide stop-bands of different order in the infrared range. In addition, at certain values of nc, splitting of the triple resonance peaks into a doublet and a single peak with a significantly larger quality factor, Q=21200, occurs. Prototype devices based on Silicon-On-Insulator platform were fabricated and characterized by electro-optical and spectroscopic measurements. The electro-optical measurements demonstrate the possibility of refractive index manipulation of the filler in the FP channels individually or simultaneously. Spectroscopic measurements performed in the range 1540 – 1630 nm using fibre-coupling confirm the presence of triple resonance peaks in the 3rd stop-band in the absence of an electric field applied to the FP channels. At an applied voltage of 10 V to the middle channel, an increase of Q to 3720 in the single peak is registered which is the highest Q demonstrated in SOI based 1D PhC to date.

A Novel Algorithm based on UBTMF for Colour Pictures

The issue of picture denoising is one of the most established in the field, is as yet getting extensive focus from the exploration zone due to consistently expanding interest for sensibly valued great media and in additament its part as a pre-preparing venture for picture division, pressure, and so on, because of high spatial being without a vocation of mundane pictures, nearby averaging of the pixels impressively abate the commotion while bulwark the first structure of the picture. To enhance the execution of the essential channels, more compelling sifting calculations including the exchanging vector channels and the amalgamation vector. In spite of the fact that there are different sifting calculations to cull, the more preponderant part of them is not outfit predicated. Multifarious Median Filter (AMF) performs well at low commotion densities. Be that as it may, at high filter densities the window measure must be expanded which may prompt obscuring the picture. In exchanging middle channel the cull depends on Re-characterized limit esteem. The paramount downside of this technique is that characterizing a vigorous cull is onerous. Supplementally these channels won't consider the nearby highlights because of which points of interest and edges may not be recouped severely, concretely when the filter level is high. To vanquish the above downside, Decision Predicated Algorithm (DBA) is proposed. In this, the picture is denoised by utilizing a 3x3 window. On the off chance that the preparing pixel esteem is 0 or 255 it is handled or else it is left unaltered. At high commotion thickness the middle esteem will be 0 or 255 which is boisterous. The goal of disuniting is to expel the driving forces so the commotion free picture is planarity recouped with least flag bending. Filter (Clamor) expulsion can be accomplished by utilizing sundry subsisting direct dissevering procedures which are main stream as a result of their numerical straightforwardness and the presence of the assembling direct framework hypothesis. In spite of the fact that middle channels expel motivation clamor without harming the edges, the prodigious majority of them work consistently over the picture and in this way have a propensity to alter both commotion and clamor free pixels. Preferably, the disuniting ought to be connected just to debased pixels while leaving uncorrupted pixels in place. We propose a novel calculation for clamor diminishment in light of UBTMF for Colour pictures.

Computational comparison of the efficiency of nanoporous zeolite frameworks for separation of phenol from water

Abstract The adsorption through zeolite is an efficient way of phenol removal from water. The adsorption performance of all-silica zeolites including BEA (Beta), FAU (Faujasite), MFI (silicalite-1), and MOR (Mordenite) to adsorb phenol from phenol/water vapor mixture was predicted and compared through Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation. The results show that the adsorption of phenol on zeolites is a function of diameter of largest included sphere and largest free sphere dimensions at high loading (FAU > BEA > MFI > MOR). At low pressure, the phenol adsorption is a function of Framework Density, FDSi, as: MFI > MOR ∼ BEA > FAU due to dominant adsorbate–wall attractions compared to other interactions. The preferential siting of zeolite is suggested by both GCMC simulation and quantum mechanics approaches. Hydrogen bonding and dispersion can improve the formation of clusters of organic compounds in the intersection and middle channel of zeolite. In distribution function versus energy curve, FAU shows a clear peak at about −20 kcal mol−1 since it possesses supercages with one tetrahedral center. Our results show that both the difference between structures of the zeolites and the interactions can be taken into account to determine the adsorption capacity.

Visual Analytics Approach to Vessel Behaviour Analysis

Vessel behaviour analysis plays an important role in maritime situational awareness. However, available technology still provides only limited approaches to vessel behaviour analysis. In this paper, we propose a visual analytics framework to interactively explore the characteristics of vessel behaviour by means of integrating visualisation with data mining and a human-computer interaction controlling model, which combines human insight with the enormous storage and processing capacities of computers to gain insight into vessel behaviour. In addition, we provide multiple views for visually analysing vessel trajectories, densities and speeds. Case studies with 15 days' AIS data collected from the middle Hankou channel to Yangluo channel in the Yangtze River demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

Brain Tumor Detection by Using Computer Vision Based on Multi-Level Image Filteration

MRI imaging assumes an essential part in brain tumor for conclusion, investigation and treatment arranging. Brain tumor identification is the procedure of the situating of tumor and size. It helps the specialist for deciding the past strides of mind tumor.in this paper, we utilize distinctive methods to obviously distinguish the tumor region from MRI picture. In our approach utilize two level of separating systems these altered half and half middle channel and middle filtering.as the clamor is evacuated we upgrade the picture quality by enhancing dim level of every pixel utilizing KNN mean calculation. The improved picture used to discover the limits of conceivable mind tumor within pictures by identifying discontinuities in the shine. The picture division into a conceivable tumor and non-tumor zones. and afterward sharp both conceivable districts unmistakably envisioned the two regions in brain picture.

Heterogeneous Origins of Human Sleep Spindles in Different Cortical Layers.

Sleep spindles are a cardinal feature in human NREM sleep and may be important for memory consolidation. We studied the intracortical organization of spindles in men and women by recording spontaneous sleep spindles from different cortical layers using linear microelectrode arrays. Two patterns of spindle generation were identified using visual inspection, and confirmed with factor analysis. Spindles (10-16 Hz) were largest and most common in upper and middle channels, with limited involvement of deep channels. Many spindles were observed in only upper or only middle channels, but approximately half occurred in both. In spindles involving both middle and upper channels, the spindle envelope onset in middle channels led upper by ∼25-50 ms on average. The phase relationship between spindle waves in upper and middle channels varied dynamically within spindle epochs, and across individuals. Current source density analysis demonstrated that upper and middle channel spindles were both generated by an excitatory supragranular current sink while an additional deep source was present for middle channel spindles only. Only middle channel spindles were accompanied by deep low (25-50 Hz) and high (70-170 Hz) gamma activity. These results suggest that upper channel spindles are generated by supragranular pyramids, and middle channel by infragranular. Possibly, middle channel spindles are generated by core thalamocortical afferents, and upper channel by matrix. The concurrence of these patterns could reflect engagement of cortical circuits in the integration of more focal (core) and distributed (matrix) aspects of memory. These results demonstrate that at least two distinct intracortical systems generate human sleep spindles.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Bursts of ∼14 Hz oscillations, lasting ∼1 s, have been recognized for over 80 years as cardinal features of mammalian sleep. Recent findings suggest that they play a key role in organizing cortical activity during memory consolidation. We used linear microelectrode arrays to study their intracortical organization in humans. We found that spindles could be divided into two types. One mainly engages upper layers of the cortex, which are considered to be specialized for associative activity. The other engages both upper and middle layers, including those devoted to sensory input. The interaction of these two spindle types may help organize the interaction of sensory and associative aspects of memory consolidation.

Preparation of polyamide/polyacrylonitrile composite hollow fiber membrane by synchronous procedure of spinning and interfacial polymerization

In this investigation, a new concept for fabrication polyamide (PA)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite hollow fiber membrane by using a triple orifice spinneret was explored. Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) were used as the monomers of aqueous solution and acid chloride solution, respectively. The PAN dope, TEPA solution and TMC solution were pumped into the outermost, middle and inner channel of the triple orifice spinneret, respectively, and then co-extruded into water from the outlet of the spinneret simultaneously. The PA layer then was formed on the lumen surface of the synchronous wet-spun PAN hollow fiber membrane. SiO2 was added into the dope to increase the hydrophilicity of the dope. The resultant PA/PAN composite hollow fibers were characterized by using FTIR-ATR, SEM, light transmission, contact angle and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). The effects of SiO2 content, TEPA concentration, as well as the TEPA solution flow rate on the properties and pervaporation performances of resultant PA/PAN composite hollow fibers were investigated. The PA layer was completely attached to the lumen surface of the resulted hollow fibers through the spinning and interfacial polymerization synchronous procedure. The pervaporation performances with 419 g/m2h of permeation flux and 96.6 wt% of water content in permeate of the 90 wt% aqueous isopropanol solution at 25 °C can be obtained through the synchronous fabricated PA/PAN composite hollow fiber membrane which was fabricated by the 18 wt% PAN dope containing 5 wt% SiO2, 1 ml/min of 14 wt% TEPA solution and 2 ml/min of 1 wt% TMC solution.

Experimental investigation of five parallel plane jets with variation of Reynolds number and outlet conditions

This article describes an experimental investigation in the near field of five parallel plane jets. The study applies 2D Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) for ventilated and unventilated jets, where ventilated means exiting into a duct with expansion ratio 3.5 and unventilated means exiting to the free atmosphere. Results are presented for Reynolds numbers 1408, 5857 and 10510. The Reynolds number is calculated for the middle channel and is based on the height of the nozzle (channel) equivalent diameter 2h. All characteristic regions of the methodology to describe multiple interacting jets are observed by the PIV measurements - converging, merging and combined. Each of the five parallel channels has an aspect ratio of 25 defined as nozzle width (w) to height (h). The channels have a length of 185 times the channel height guaranteeing a fully developed velocity profile at the exit from the channel. Spacing between the single plane jets is 3 times the channel height. The near field of multiple mixing jets is depended on outlet nozzle geometry. Blunt geometry of the nozzle was chosen (sudden contraction).

Blind Nonlinearity Equalization by Machine-Learning-Based Clustering for Single- and Multichannel Coherent Optical OFDM

Fiber-induced intra- and interchannel nonlinearities are experimentally tackled using blind nonlinear equalization (NLE) by unsupervised machine-learning-based clustering (MLC) in ∼46-Gb/s single-channel and ∼20-Gb/s (middle-channel) multichannel coherent multicarrier signals (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) based). To that end, we introduce, for the first time, hierarchical and fuzzy-logic C -means (FLC)-based clustering in optical communications. It is shown that among the two proposed MLC algorithms, FLC reveals the highest performance at optimum launched optical powers (LOPs), while at very high LOPs, hierarchical can compensate more effectively nonlinearities only for low-level modulation formats. When employing binary phase-shift keying and quaternary phase-shift keying, FLC outperforms K-means, fast-Newton support vector machines, supervised artificial neural networks, and NLE with deterministic Volterra analysis. In particular, for the middle channel of a QPSK wavelength-division multiplexing coherent optical OFDM system at optimum −5 dBm of LOP and 3200 km of transmission, FLC outperforms Volterra-NLE by 2.5 dB in Q-factor. However, for a 16-QAM single-channel system at 2000 km, the performance benefit of FLC over inverse Volterra-series transfer function reduces to ∼0.4 dB at a LOP of 2 dBm (optimum). Even when using novel sophisticated clustering designs in 16 clusters, no more than additional ∼0.3-dB Q-factor enhancement is observed. Finally, in contrast to the deterministic Volterra-NLE, MLC algorithms can partially tackle the stochastic parametric noise amplification .

The spatial and temporal variation of total suspended solid concentration in Pearl River Estuary during 1987–2015 based on remote sensing

The movement and migration of total suspended solid (TSS) are the essential component of global material cycling and change. Based on the TSS concentrations retrieved from 112 scenes of Landsat remote sensing imageries during 1987–2015, the spatial and temporal variations of TSS concentration in high flow season and low flow seasons of six sub-regions (west shoal, west channel, middle shoal, east channel, east shoal and Pearl River Estuary Chinese White Dolphin National Nature Reserve and its adjacent waters (NNR)) of Pearl River Estuary (PRE) were analyzed and compared by statistical simulation. It was found that TSS concentrations in east and west shoals were about 23mg/L and 64mg/L higher than that of the middle shoal, respectively. There was a significant decreasing trend of TSS concentration from the northwest (223.7mg/L) to southeast (51.4mg/L) of study area, with an average reduction of 5.86mg/Lperkm, which mainly attributes to unique interaction of runoff and tide in PRE. In high flow season, there existed a significant and definite annual cycle period (5–8years) of TSS concentration change primarily responding to the periodic variation of precipitation. There were five full-fledged period changes of TSS detected in west shoal and west channel (the years of changes in 1988, 1994, 1998, 2003, 2010, 2015), while there were the last four cycle periods found in middle shoal, east channel, east shoal and NNR only. TSS concentrations in shoals and channels of PRE showed a significant decreased trend mainly due to the dam construction at the same time, with an average annual TSS concentration decrease of 5.7–10.1mg/L in high flow season from 1988 to 2015. There was no significant change trend of TSS concentration in NNR before 2003, but the TSS concentration decreased significantly after the establishment of the NNR since June 2003, with an average annual decrease of 9.7mg/L from 2004 to 2015. It was deduced that man-made protection measures had a great influence on the variation trend and intensity of TSS concentration in PRE, but had little effect on the cycle of TSS changes, indicating that the cyclical change is a very strong natural law. In low flow season, there was no significant change trend of TSS concentrations in PRE except that TSS concentrations in west channel and middle shoal showed a weak increasing trend (2.1mg/L and 2.9mg/L, respectively), which is probably because of controlled discharge for avoiding the intrusion of saltwater in PRE. Evidently, the change trend and cycle periods of TSS concentration in high- and low-flow seasons in six sub-regions of PRE had significant difference. The decreasing trend and cycle periods of TSS concentration mainly occurred in high flow season. The change trend and cycle periods of TSS concentration in low flow season was relatively small in PRE. The study shows that long series mapping of Landsat remote sensing images is an effective way to help understanding the spatial and temporal variation of TSS concentrations of estuaries and coasts, and to increase awareness of environmental change and human activity effects.

Arctic Mackenzie Deltachannel planform evolution during 1983–2013 utilisingLandsatdata and hydrological time series

AbstractArctic deltas, such as the Mackenzie Delta, are expected to face major climate change and increased human influence in the near future. Deltas are characterised by highly dynamic fluvial processes, and changing climate will cause considerable evolution of the riverine environment. The changes are difficult to predict with existing knowledge and data. This study quantified channel planform change of the Mackenzie Delta (1983–2013), analysing its temporal and spatial patterns. We addressed the main obstacle of research on large remote areas, the lack of data, by developing a unique work flow that utilised Landsat satellite imagery, hydrological time series, remote sensing‐based change analysis, and automatic vectorisation of channels. Our results indicate that the Mackenzie Delta experienced constant evolution but at a highly varying rate over the 30 years. The study demonstrates that the magnitude and duration of flood peaks and the presence of spring ice breakup floods determine the rate of Arctic delta planform change. Changing winter conditions and spring flood magnitudes may therefore affect the stability of Arctic deltas. However, no clear trends towards decreased recurrence or magnitude of spring floods or increased instability of the delta plain have yet been observed in the Mackenzie Delta. The delta plain was most dynamic at the beginning and at the end of the examined period, corresponding to intense flooding, whereas the rates of change were subtle during the low‐flood period 1994–2007. The largest changes have occurred along the wide Middle Channel and in the outermost delta. Relative to their size, however, smaller meandering channels have been highly dynamic. Hotspots of change in the delta plain are located in anastomosing and braiding channel segments and, at the local scale, in point bars and cut‐banks along meandering channels. Our study describes how Landsat satellite data can be utilised for advancing fluvial geomorphological research in remote areas. However, cloudiness in the delta restricts production of dense time series with simultaneous coverage of the whole area and requires manual preprocessing.

Concentration-Gradient Multichannel Flow-Stream Membrane Capacitive Deionization Cell for High Desalination Capacity of Carbon Electrodes.

We present a novel multichannel membrane flow-stream capacitive deionization (MC-MCDI) concept with two flow streams to control the environment around the electrodes and a middle channel for water desalination. The introduction of side channels to our new cell design allows operation in a highly saline environment, while the feed water stream in the middle channel (conventional CDI channel) is separated from the electrodes with anion- and cation-exchange membranes. At a high salinity gradient between side (1000 mm) and middle (5 mm) channels, MC-MCDI exhibited an unprecedented salt-adsorption capacity (SAC) of 56 mg g-1 in the middle channel with charge efficiency close to unity and low energy consumption. This excellent performance corresponds to a fourfold increase in desalination performance compared to the state-of-the-art in a conventional CDI cell. The enhancement originates from the enhanced specific capacitance in high-molar saline media in agreement with the Gouy-Chapman-Stern theory and from a double-ion desorption/adsorption process of MC-MCDI through voltage operation from -1.2 to +1.2 V.

Reducing the Peak-to-Average-Power-Ratio in Fusion Blankets

Breeding blankets with integrated first wall are one of the most critical components of nuclear fusion reactors. Blankets breeding zones are characterized by steep nuclear heating gradients due to the exothermic nuclear reaction 6Li(n, )T and the high intensity neutron flux in the proximity of the first wall. Non-uniformity in nuclear heating can generate sharp temperature gradients that deeply affect material properties. This conceptual study explores an original way to flatten nuclear heating profiles by proposing a blanket characterized by layers of different 6Li enrichment in the breeder region while maximizing Tritium Breeding Ratio (TBR) and power generation. Two types of fusion blanket are studied: (1) Helium Cooled Ceramic Reflector (HCCR) and (2) Dual Coolant Lead Lithium (DCLL). For HCCR, it is found in the optimal design case, that the power peak-to-average can be reduced by 47.85%, 42.45% and 54.13% in the front, middle and back channel respectively when compared to the reference design. On the other side, we found that this method of profile flattening is not appealing for DCLL, under the geometrical configuration and material selection in this particular blanket design, since most of nuclear heating is caused by photon heat deposition.

Late Cenozoic landscape evolution along the Ailao Shan Shear Zone, SE Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from fluvial longitudinal profiles and cosmogenic erosion rates

In tectonically active regions, geomorphic features, such as catchment slopes, terraces, and river profiles can be interpreted in the context of tectonic and climatic forcing; however, distinguishing tectonic impacts from other factors such as pre-existing geologic complexities and climate changes is challenging. We use fluvial longitudinal profiles, catchment slopes, and catchment mean erosion rates derived from in-situ cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al to examine the late Cenozoic landscape evolution of the Ailao Shan Shear Zone (ASSZ) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The trunk stream of the Red River, flowing along the eastern side of the shear zone, consists of three sections with distinct channel parameters, separated by knickzones (the Midu, Ejia, and Nansha sections from NW to SE). Tributaries to the Red River within the Ailao Shan Shear Zone in the Ejia and Nansha sections consistently display two channel segments (upper low-gradient and middle steep channel segments); a third set of lower, less steep channel segments are identified only along the tributaries in the Nansha section. Catchment mean erosion rates contrast sharply along strike: ca. 300 m/Myr in the Ejia section and ca. 100 m/Myr in the Nansha section. Collectively, our results provide strong evidence that: 1) two waves of incision induced by pulsed and declining regional uplift are propagating up the Red River shaping the background pattern of river incision; 2) vertical fault displacements, river reorganization and additional factors locally affect river profile morphology. Normalized steepness indices (ksn), catchment slopes, and knickzone distribution vary systematically along the Ailao Shan Shear Zone, indicating long-wavelength regional surface uplift during plateau growth in the middle-late Miocene, which points to a tectonic model involving crustal thickening and diffuse or continuous deformation in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.

Channel width dependence of electrical characteristics of a-Si:H TFTs under bending stresses

In this study, we investigate the electrical characteristics of bendable a-Si:H thin-film transistors (TFTs) with various channel widths as a function of bending stress. Compared with a narrower channel TFT, a wider channel TFT exhibits a stable performance even at a bending strain of 1.3%. Our stress and strain distribution analysis reveals an inverse relationship between the channel width and the channel stress. As the channel width widens from 8 to 50 μm, the stress experienced by the middle channel region decreases from 545 to 277 MPa. Moreover, a 50 μm-channel-width TFT operates stably even after a 15 000 bending cycle while the 8 μm-channel-width TFT fails to operate after a 2000 bending cycle.

Local Condensation Heat Transfer Characteristics of Refrigerant R1234ze(E) Flow Inside a Plate Heat Exchanger

In the present study, local condensation heat transfer coefficients of the R1234ze(E) inside a vertical plate heat exchanger (PHE) were investigated experimentally. In the experiment, three vertical flow channels are formed in the test section where refrigerant flows downward in the middle channel and cooling water flows upward in other two channels. The test section consists of eight plates: two of them form a channel of chevron type PHE for refrigerant flow channel, other two flat plates are set for heat transfer measurements, and another consist on cooling water flow channel. Down flow of the condensing refrigerant R1234ze(E) in the center channel releases heat to other channels of cooling water. In order to measure local heat transfer characteristics, a total of 60 thermocouples were set at middle of flow direction and also in the right and left sides of plates in test section. Experiments were conducted for mass fluxes ranging from 10[Formula: see text]kg/m2s to 50[Formula: see text]kg/m2s. The measurement results show that local heat transfer coefficients decrease with increase of wetness with different values in horizontal direction. Further, characteristics of local heat flux and wall temperature distribution as a function of distance from inlet to outlet of refrigerant channel were explored in detail.