Middle Age Range Research Articles

Effects of Speaking Rate Changes on Speech Motor Variability in Adults.

The relationship between speaking rate and speech motor variability was examined in three groups of neurotypical adults, n = 40; 15 young adults (18-30 years), 13 adults (31-40 years), and 12 middle-aged adults (41-50 years). Participants completed a connected speech task at three speaking rates (habitual, fast, and slow) where kinematic (lower lip movement) and acoustic data were obtained. Duration and variability were measured at each speaking rate. Findings revealed a complex relationship between speaking rate and variability. Adults from the middle age range (31-40 years) demonstrated shorter acoustic and kinematic durations compared with the oldest age group (41-50 years) during the habitual speaking rate condition. All adults demonstrated the greatest variability in the slow speaking rate condition, with no significant differences in variability between habitual and fast speaking rates. Interestingly, lip aperture variability was significantly lower in the youngest age group (18-30 years) compared with the two older groups during the fast speaking rate condition. Differences in measures of acoustic variability were not observed across the age levels. Strong negative correlations between kinematic/acoustic duration and lip aperture/acoustic variability in the youngest age group were revealed. Therefore, while a slow speaking rate does result in greater variability compared with habitual and fast speaking rates, longer durations of productions by the different age groups were not linked to higher spatiotemporal index (STI) values, suggesting that timing influences speech motor variability, but is not the sole contributor.

MANUBRIAL INDEX–A RELIABLE GUIDE IN DETERMINING THE SEX OF THE STERNUM

Objective: Sexing an unknown skeleton is a very important and difficult process that anatomists and jurists have to fulfill. Sex can be predicted by the sternum with 90% accuracy. It is crucial to predicting age in the middle age range and sternum is particularly useful for it. In the study conducted for sexing the sternum, different measurements were compared and it was found that manubrium alone is a good tool for gender differentiation of the sternum. Methods: Study was conducted on 100 Sternums of known age and sex which were collected from the postmortem room of the forensic department after taking due consent from the attendants of the deceased. Different measurements of manubrium were taken and contrasted for gender differentiation. ANOVA was used to evaluate the statistical significance. Results: It was found that among morphometric criteria of prosternum manubrial index was found to be accurate and reliable along with clear-cut demarcation in length and width of the manubrium sterni of two sex. Conclusion: It was concluded by this study that the manubrial index is a trustworthy tool for sexing sternum and manubrial width could be fairly reliable criterion for determining sex of the sternum.

The Knowledge of Improved Onion Production Practices of Farmers in Gaya, District in Bihar

A study was conducted in Gaya District of Bihar during the 2022-23 period to assess the level of knowledge among farmers regarding improved onion production practices. The study selected a total of 120 respondents from five villages within the Bodhgaya block, based on the high concentration of onion growers in the district. The data was collected through personnel interviews using a pre-structured interview schedule and subsequently analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents (62.5%) belonged to the middle age range, and 43.33% of them had marginal land holdings. Most respondents had a moderate level of extension contact, scientific orientation, risk orientation, and economic motivation. Additionally, 64.17% of the respondents exhibited a medium level of knowledge regarding onion production practices. The respondents displayed a good understanding of topics such as soil types, ploughing, farmyard manure (FYM) application, onion varieties, seed treatment, sowing time, nursery transplanting, seed rate, weeding and hoeing, and the suitable season for growing and harvesting onions. However, they had relatively less knowledge about seed treatment and nursery transplanting. Furthermore, factors such as age, educational qualifications, family size, housing patterns, land holdings, annual income, extension contact, source of information, scientific orientation, economic motivation, and risk-bearing capacity showed positive and significant correlations with the knowledge levels of onion growers. In summary, the study demonstrated that farmers in the Gaya District of Bihar had varying levels of knowledge regarding improved onion production practices. While they possessed a good understanding of certain aspects, there were areas where their knowledge could be further enhanced.

A cohort study reveals different dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody formation after Comirnaty and Vaxzevria vaccination

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Disease Pandemic, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected millions of people worldwide, prompting a collective effort from the global scientific community to develop a vaccine against it. This study purports to investigate the influence of factors such as sex, age, type of vaccination (Comirnaty, BNT162b2, Pfizer Inc. or Vaxzevria, ChAdOx1-S, Oxford/AstraZeneca), and time since vaccine administration on the process of antibody production. Both of them are based on the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) to the body using different mechanisms (mRNA and recombinant adenovirus, respectively). S protein is responsible for host cell attachment and penetration via its receptor-binding domain (RBD domain). The level of anti-RBD IgG antibodies was tested with an ELISA-based immunodiagnostic assay in serum samples from a total of 1395 patients at 3 time points: before vaccination, after the first dose, and after the second dose. Our novel statistical model, the Generalized Additive Model, revealed variability in antibody production dynamics for both vaccines. Interestingly, no discernible variation in antibody levels between men and women was found.A nonlinear relationship between age and antibody production was observed, characterized by decreased antibody levels for people up to 30 and over 60 years of age, with a lack of correlation in the middle age range. Collectively, our findings further the understanding of the mechanism driving vaccine-induced immunity. Additionally, we propose the Generalized Additive Model as a standardized way of presenting data in similar research.

Adoption Behavior of Farmers towards Improved Pineapple Production Practices in Uttar Dinajpur District of West Bengal, India

The study was conducted in the Uttar Dinajpur district of West Bengal with the objective of assessing the extent of adoption behavior among farmers towards improved pineapple production practices. A purposive sampling technique was employed, and a total of 120 respondents were selected from seven villages within the Chopra block. Data was collected using a pre-tested schedule and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools and techniques. The findings of the study revealed that the majority of respondents (65.00%) fell within the middle age range. In terms of adoption, about pineapple production technology, 50.83 percent of the respondents had a medium level of adoption, followed by 26.67 percent with low level of adoption and 22.50 percent with high level of adoption. The study also established positive and significant relationships between the independent variables, such as age, educational qualification, annual income, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, and risk orientation, and the adoption behavior of farmers. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the adoption behavior of farmers in the study area and highlights the importance of various factors in influencing their level of adoption of improved pineapple production practices.

Comparing Diagnostic Accuracy of USG and CT Scan in Detecting Fatty Liver in Indonesian Patients: Implications for Screening and Management

This study aimed to determine the accuracy of non-contrast USG and CT Scan in diagnosing fatty liver in Indonesian patients. Using a diagnostic test design with a cross-sectional approach, patients aged 40 years or older with laboratory examination results supporting NAFLD were selectively chosen from Dr. Soetomo Surabaya Hospital's Radiology Laboratory during February-March 2020. The study found that there is no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between non-contrast USG and CT Scan in detecting NAFLD. Moreover, the majority of patients with NAFLD were women, and the highest prevalence was observed in the middle age range of 40-49 years. These findings suggest that clinicians should consider these demographic characteristics when screening and managing NAFLD in their patients. The choice of diagnostic test should be based on factors such as availability, cost, and patient preference.

Prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors among People Living with HIV/AIDS and HIV uninfected adults at an HIV clinic in Kigali, Rwanda.

Dental caries is among the most frequent oral conditions in People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). There is a lack of baseline information on dental caries prevalence and associated risk factors among PLWHA in comparison to HIV uninfected people in Rwanda. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors among PLWHA and HIV uninfected adults at an HIV clinic of Kigali Teaching Hospital (CHUK) in Kigali, Rwanda. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 PLWHA and 200 HIV uninfected adults aged 18 years and above attending an HIV clinic of CHUK. An oral examination was performed by a calibrated examiner. Dental caries were assessed using the WHO Decayed (D), Missing (M), and Filled Teeth (F) index (DMFT). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, t-tests, and multiple binary logistic regression were used to analyze data. Overall, a higher prevalence (50.5%) of PLWHA had experienced dental caries (DMFT>0) compared to HIV uninfected counterparts (40.5%) (p = 0.045). The prevalence of Decayed teeth (D) was also higher (23.5%) among PLWHA compared to HIV uninfected persons (13.6%) (p = 0.011). The Mean(SD) DMFT scores among PLWHA and HIV uninfected participants were 2.28 (3.68) and 1.29 (2.21) respectively (p = 0.001). After performing multiple binary logistic regression analysis, the predictors of dental caries in PLWHA were being female (OR = 2.33; 95%CI = 1.14-4.75), frequent dental visits (OR = 4.50; 95% CI = 1.46-13.86) and detectable RNA viral load (OR = 4.50; 95% CI = 1.46-13.86). In HIV uninfected participants, the middle age range (36-45 years), and frequent dental visits were significantly associated with dental caries (OR = 6.61; 95%CI = 2.14-20.37) and (OR = 3.42; 95%CI: 1.337-8.760) respectively. The prevalence of dental caries was higher in PLWHA than in HIV uninfected counterparts. The reported higher prevalence of caries in PLWHA was associated with being female, detectable viral load, and frequent dental visits. Therefore, there is a need for effective oral health interventions specific to PLWHA in Rwanda to raise awareness of the risk of dental caries and provide preventive oral health services among this population. To ensure timely oral health care amongPLWHA, there is a need for an effort from policymakers and other stakeholders to integrate oral health care services within the HIV treatment program in Rwanda.

Mobile devices and accessories are reservoir for drug-resistant bacteria among university students a cross-sectional study

One of the most prevalent opportunistic illnesses among Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) positive people is tuberculosis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that HIV/Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is a significant public health issue in India. The World health organization(WHO) advised using Cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) in conjunction with Rifampicin resistance to identify pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).This cross-sectional research had 160 patients who were older than 15 years. The bulk of the patients, or 109 (68.12%), were in the middle age range of 26 to 45 years, with 135 (84.66%) of them being from rural areas. Low education status persons (primary and high school, 35% and 33.75% respectively) constitute the demographic that is most frequently impacted; nevertheless, among females, uneducated groups are more frequently afflicted. The shift in the distribution of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis co- infection patients in India's Vindhya Region implies that the HIV/TB co-infection epidemic is spreading. CBNAAT reduces TB detection time while increasing sensitivity and positivity in HIV and TB coinfection. There is an urgent need for intervention to reduce dangerous sexual behaviors.

Clinical and demographical profile HIV and tuberculosis infection with special emphasis on the sputum and CBNAAT positivity in vindhya region of India

One of the most prevalent opportunistic illnesses among Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) positive people is tuberculosis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that HIV/Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is a significant public health issue in India. The World health organization(WHO) advised using Cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) in conjunction with Rifampicin resistance to identify pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).This cross-sectional research had 160 patients who were older than 15 years. The bulk of the patients, or 109 (68.12%), were in the middle age range of 26 to 45 years, with 135 (84.66%) of them being from rural areas. Low education status persons (primary and high school, 35% and 33.75% respectively) constitute the demographic that is most frequently impacted; nevertheless, among females, uneducated groups are more frequently afflicted. The shift in the distribution of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis co- infection patients in India's Vindhya Region implies that the HIV/TB co-infection epidemic is spreading. CBNAAT reduces TB detection time while increasing sensitivity and positivity in HIV and TB coinfection. There is an urgent need for intervention to reduce dangerous sexual behaviors.

A Retrospective Study of Post-COVID Recovery Clinic's Screening Data to Determine Prevalence of Frailty And Pre-Frailty Among COVID-19 Survivors

Research ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of pre-frailty and frailty among COVID-19 survivors treated at a hospital system-based Post-COVID Recovery Clinic.DesignRetrospective study using Post-COVID Recovery Clinic screening data.SettingA hospital system-based Post-COVID Recovery Clinic.ParticipantsCOVID-19 survivors ≥18 years old (n=287) seen at a Post-COVID Recovery Clinic between July 2020 to May 2021.InterventionsDescriptive statistics were used to describe demographics and patient-reported information. Differences in frailty status by demographics and patient-reported information were assessed with Chi-square test and analysis of variance.Main Outcome MeasuresFrailty and pre-frail status were determined based on five pre-defined criteria described by Fried and colleagues. Our modified criteria were drawn from clinic screening questions on significant weight loss, exhaustion, activity level, walking difficulty as a surrogate measure of walking speed, and ability to open jars or grip and open things.ResultsCOVID-19 survivors (Mage 52.6 ± 14.8 years old, 64.5% female) had ≥ 1 comorbidity, average of 70.82 ± 60 days from COVID diagnosis to follow-up, 6±4 symptoms at the clinic visit, and 2.79±1.06 special care referrals. Of those previously hospitalized, the average length of stay was 7.28 ± 7.89 days. About 53.1% of COVID-19 survivors were pre-frail, and 30.0% were frail. The age group with the highest proportion of frailty was 40-65 years (61%), followed by ages 65+ (23.2%) and 18-39 (15.9%).ConclusionsOur preliminary results indicate that about 1 in 3 COVID-19 survivors met frailty criteria with the majority in the middle age range. Most experienced multiple symptoms 3 months post-diagnosis and needed an average of 3 referrals. Our results warrant further investigation and may indicate targeted interventions to prevent development of permanent disability among COVID-19 survivors.Author(s) DisclosuresNone.

Impact of Complex Wounds on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Descriptive Study.

To describe health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using the Wound-Quality of Life (Wound-QoL) questionnaire for those individuals referred to an academic medical center wound clinic. Prospective, descriptive study. One hundred eleven participants receiving care in an academic medical center wound clinic in the Southeastern United States. The sample comprised 67 males (60.4%) and 44 females (39.6%) with wounds of 6 major etiologies. From June 2019 through May 2020, a convenience sample of 111 individuals completed the Wound-QoL questionnaire at the initial visit to the wound clinic. The Wound-QoL questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool consisting of 17 questions related to wound-QoL measured on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (not at all affected) to 4 (very much affected). The questions are assigned to the 3 subscales: "body," "psyche," and "everyday life." The Wound-QoL individual items, subscales, and the total wound score (TWS) were calculated as mean values of the item scores, ranging from 0 to 4, where higher values correspond to decreased HRQoL. The TWS is defined as the sum of the 17 item responses, with values ranging from 0 to 68. Descriptive and parametric statistics were used to analyze the data from the Wound-QoL questionnaire. The mean TWS was approximately 3 points higher for Whites (n = 84) than for Blacks (n = 27) (32.42, SD = 17.96 vs 29.51, SD = 19.39), but this difference was not significant (P = .473). An independent-samples t test of TWS versus sex was not significant (P = .446). The TWS by age category was significant (P = .015), showing differences in mean scores based on age category. We found that the youngest (ages 17-39 years) and oldest (ages 70-98 years) participants were less bothered by their wounds in almost all respects than those in the middle age range (ages 40-69 years). The individual item means varied between 0.84 and 2.72, out of a possible range of 0 to 4. The highest means were for items on the emotional subscale with means from 1.93 to 2.72. Analysis of variance was used to examine the TWS and the 3 subscales over the 6 wound types; none were found to be significant (TWS: P = .454, body: P = .722, psyche: P = .452, everyday life: P = .087). Wound-QoL questionnaire scores indicated that the greatest impact of a wound on HRQoL was on the emotional subscale. These 4 items are related to the individual expressing worry, fear, unhappiness, or frustration with wound healing. The Wound-QoL questionnaire may be used to evaluate the impact the wound has on the individual's HRQoL.

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL LYMPHOMAS AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE WITH REVIEW OF LITERATURE

BACKGROUND: Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma is the most common extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma representing a wide spectrum of disease . It constitutes 10–15% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and about 30–40% of extra-nodal lymphomas. The incidence of GI lymphomas varies across the globe . It can involve any site from the esophagus to the anal canal. AIM: This study aims to analyse the clinical features , anatomic distribution, histological subtypes and sites of all GIT lymphomas presenting to a tertiary care centre . STUDY DESIGN : MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive study. The histological material in 21 patients over a period of 8 years (2011–2019), with a histopathological diagnosis of lymphoma involving the GIT was analyzed retrospectively. All lymphomas were reclassified according to the World Health Organization 2019 classification. RESULTS: There were 21 cases of GI lymphomas. 11 males and 10 females with a male to female ratio of 1.1:1. Predominantly middle aged and elderly range from 41-79years is involved. The commonest clinical presentation was abdominal discomfort and abdominal pain. The commonest site involved is ileum and Diffuse large B cell lymphoma is the commonest subtype (71.42%). Only one case of T cell lymphoma was recognized.

Psychological Impact of Masks and Infection-Prevention Plastic Partitions on Anxiety for Infection and Patient-Doctor Relationships During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: To investigate the impact of masks and plastic partitions on patient-doctor communication and subjective anxiety for infection in patients with psychiatric disorders. Methods: Subjects were patients who visited a psychiatric clinic in Japan from April 27 to August 31, 2020. Anxiety of being infected and the psychological barrier to communication were evaluated on a 5-point scale. Results: The final analysis included 425 patients. Most participants answered that there was no change with regard to communication when the doctor was wearing a mask (n = 353, 91.0%) or using a plastic partition (n = 318, 82.8%). Most participants responded that anxiety for being infected was very mild, a little mild, or not changed by the doctor wearing a mask and using a plastic partition. Most participants felt significantly less anxiety with the doctor wearing a mask/using a plastic partition before than after the state of emergency declaration (P = .005 for mask and P < .001 for plastic partition). Participants in the older age range felt significantly higher anxiety compared to those in the younger and middle age range groups from doctors wearing masks (P < .001) and compared to those in the middle age range group from plastic partitions (P = .001). Conclusions: Use of masks and plastic partitions in psychiatric practice is recommended, as it may result in reduction of anxiety for infection without affecting patient-doctor communication in patients with psychiatric disorders. The generalizability of the results of the present study should be tested.

A nationwide analysis on the influence of obesity in inflammatory bowel disease hospitalizations.

Background/AimsProinflammatory cytokines released from adipocytes can influence the development, progression, and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and may be associated with worse clinical outcomes.MethodsFor 2016–2018, we analyzed data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample to identify adult (≥18 years) hospitalizations with a primary discharge diagnosis of IBD. The study sample was divided based on the presence or absence of obesity. The primary outcomes included inpatient mortality, while the secondary outcomes consisted of system-based complications and disease implications on the United States healthcare system.ResultsWe identified 282,005 hospitalizations of IBD from 2016 to 2018. Of these hospitalizations, 26,465 (9.4%) had a secondary diagnosis of obesity while 255,540 (90.6%) served as controls. IBD hospitalizations with obesity had a higher mean age (47.9 years vs. 45.2 years, P<0.001), middle age (range, 40–65 years) predominance (37.7% vs. 28.9%, P<0.001), female predominance (64.1% vs. 52.5%, P<0.001) and higher proportion of patients with comorbidities compared to the non-obese cohort. White predominance was observed in both subgroups. No difference in the odds of inpatient mortality was noted between the 2 subgroups; however, IBD hospitalizations with obesity had higher mean total hospital charge ($50,126 vs. $45,001, P<0.001), longer length of stay (5.5 days vs. 4.9 days, P<0.001) and higher proportion of complications compared to the non-obese cohort.ConclusionsObese IBD hospitalizations had higher length of stay, total hospital charge, and complications compared to the non-obese cohort.

Evaluating COVID-19 Related Health Anxiety Among Individuals Referring to Urban Health Centers in Arak, Iran: A Cross-sectional Study

Background and aims: The prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resulted in health anxiety among general population and unreasonable referring to health centers. This study aimed to assess health anxiety related to COVID-19 in individuals referring to healthcare centers of Arak, Iran in 2020. Methods: Using convenient sampling method, the participants of this cross-sectional study were selected from 16 urban health centers of Arak. Salkovskis 18-item Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI-18) was completed by 392 participants. The collected data entered in SPSS software version 24 and was analyzed by Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Mean ± SD of total score of health anxiety was 28.96 ± 7.62. Most participants (74.7%) had medium anxiety and 19.1% had high anxiety. The mean of total score of health anxiety was higher in the 30-59 age range, higher education, single people and students. Participants with chronic diseases and symptoms of cold and people who referred to health centers due to COVID-19 screening had a higher anxiety level. Conclusion: Most people referring to health centers of arak had moderate anxiety. COVID-19-related health anxiety was higher in middle age range, higher education, students, people with chronic diseases, and people with symptoms of common cold.

INTERVENSI PENURUNAN TINGKAT DEPRESI MELALUI EMPATHIC LOVE THERAPY

Depression is the one global significant problem in the world. The prevalence of depression in Indonesia is higher than the prevalence in other countries. The risk of first developing depression increase in late adolescence and early adulthood, eventualy peaking in the middle age range (age 45-55). Empathic love therapy emphasizes on how individuals accept and love all aspects of him/herself. This research aimed to test the effectivity of empathic love in decreasing depression. This therapy was applied to 3 clients, who pass the inclusive criteria for selected participant, in 8 sessions of individual setting therapy. Clients was selected using Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). BDI-II was given before and after therapy, and one in the follow up session after therapy. BDI-II showed significant decrease in 3 clients depression from mild to normal in the end of therapy. Narrative analysis of conversation transcript showed decreases level of depression. The conclusion is empathic love therapy can decreas level of depression. Further research is needed to be held to find out effective contribution of therapy techniques to its succes and therapy’s reliability.

Prevalence and severity of dyspepsia in Saudi Arabia: A survey-based study

Background and aimDyspepsia is one of the gastrointestinal diseases that is very common worldwide. Despite its prevalence globally, which ranges between 1.8% and 57%, no study has assessed the prevalence in Saudi Arabia. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and severity of dyspepsia in the general population of Saudi Arabia. MethodsA modified Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (SF-LDQ) was utilized to conduct our study. The questionnaire score ranges between 0 and 32, where zero indicated no dyspepsia, a score of 1–8 indicated mild dyspepsia, a score of 9–15 indicated moderate dyspepsia and a score of higher than 15 represented severe dyspepsia. Socio-demographic data of the participants including age, gender, marital status, BMI, job description, insurance, and education level were collected. Using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.0 (SPSS), a univariate analysis was performed to assess the association of participants characteristics with the prevalence of dyspepsia, whereas logistic regression analysis was used to correlate their characteristics with the severity of dyspepsia. ResultsDuring a period of one month, March 1st to 31st 2019, a total of 778 participants have completed the survey. Most of them were females accounting for 68% of the population, married (63.9%), middle aged (range 34–51 years old) and literate with high school education (72.3%). Ninety two percent (92%) of the study population were found to experience dyspepsia. However, there is no significant association between socio-demographic characteristics and dyspepsia or its severity as well. ConclusionThe prevalence of dyspepsia in Saudi Arabia is the highest in the gulf region which would potentially lead to more GI complications, and associate to poor health and economic outcomes. Education programs are essential to raise the people awareness of dyspepsia and the appropriate ways to prevent it.

Pengembangan Perhiasan Tembaga Inspirasi Teknik Filigree Dengan Pendekatan Eksplorasi

Filigree jewelry has a complex and detailed jewelry character, so that market segmentation is limited to the middle and upper middle age range. This research plays an important role as one of the techniques and data collection methods that will be studied in the Design Project Course V. The purpose of developing the filigree technique with a new material approach is to expand market reach. In addition to the new material approach, the development of this filigree technique of jewelry design. The design research method used is data collection through observation, interviews, documentation, literacy studies and exploration. The results of this study indicate that filigree jewelry can develop according to trends and can reach a wider market segmentation so that it can add product value and quality of life of metal craftsmen.

VO2max Intensity Through Interval Training and Circuit Training

Research Objectives To determine the effect and differences in the effect of interval training and circuit training. To find out the interaction between Interval Training and Circuit Training*Gender on Cardovascular Endurance (Vo2max) Penjas Teachers in Palopo City with a middle age range between the ages of 45 to 59 years. The type of research used is the type of experiment. The design of this study uses 2x2 factorial design. Dependent Variables (Interval Training and Circuit Training). The population is 426 teachers, 20 of which are selected using a purposive sampling technique. The test instrument used is Aerobic Test. The results showed that the Interval Training and Circuit Training had an influence on increasing Cardovascular Endurance (Vo2max), there were differences in the effect of the Interval Training and Circuit Training exercises but at an insignificant level, there was no interaction between Interval Training and Circuit Training*Gender to Power Cardovascular Resistant (Vo2max) Penjas teachers in the city of Palopo are middle ages between the ages of 45 and 59 years.

Demographic features of homicide and suicide victims in Trinidad and Tobago 2013-2016

Objectives: Violence and self-injury have emerged as major social, public and mental health concerns. Health and social services are challenged by the increased use and demand for resources. This study sought to determine the factors attributable to these problem behaviours in Trinidad and Tobago, in order that adaptive strategies can be developed to address these problems. Methods: After obtaining relevant approvals, data were collected retrospectively on homicide and suicide victims from 2013 through 2016 from the Registrar General’s Department and the Forensic Science Centre. Data were analysed to determine the demographic characteristics and other factors associated with suicides and homicides. Results: Male gender was significantly predominant for both suicides and homicides; males in middle adulthood age-range (34-42) years were at the highest risk. Both behaviours increased in prevalence over the study period, although homicide showed a much more marked increase. The mean age for homicide was 34 years, while for suicide it was 41 years. A greater and significant number of individuals of African descent were involved in homicide and a greater number of East Indians were dying by suicide. The ratio is approximately 3:1 for both causes of death. Conclusions: Suicide and homicides have increased over a period of four years in Trinidad &amp; Tobago. There is a need for the establishment of a registry in order to record the occurrences of self-harm and externally directed violence accurately and comprehensively. A better understanding of these behaviours can result in better prevention and intervention methods.