Period Of Middle Ages Research Articles

TO THE QUESTION OF SPACE ORGANIZATION OF BOOK ILLUMINATION OF LATE ANTIQUITY AND EARLY MIDDLE AGES (IV – VII CENTURY)

The article focuses on peculiarities of spatial organization of book miniature paintings of late antique and early medieval manuscripts (IV – VII centuries). The author analyses the problem of conveying illusion of depth in illustration in context of gradual transmission from roll to codex, which took place in antique book culture between the II and the V centuries. By analyzing survived fragments of illuminated rolls author displays characteristic features of their spatial organization and observes influence which had tradition of roll illustration on the development of codex. Nevertheless, precisely the miniatures of the codices that have come down to our time are in focus of the author’s attention. The stages of development of the text page, the peculiarities of interaction of text and images in codices are compared with the principles of space organization in miniatures. The article makes an attempt, relying on the monuments that have survived to our time, to consider the development of spatial constructions in the period of late Antiquity and early Middle Ages as a continuous process of evolution of the language of book painting. The author assumes that the development of spatial constructions in miniature painting does not imply sharp breaks or regression. Each new stage of the evolution arises from the previous one and makes it possible to expand the arsenal of artistic means which are necessary for solving artistic problems of the time. In accordance with this approach, the article concentrates not only on compositions in which a spatial illusion is created, but also miniatures that are in character more plane. As a result, the author reveals the main types of spatial constructions, considering all surviving monuments of miniature painting of that time. For each type of space organization, the author identifies the basic principles and artistic techniques that allow the artist to convey a sense of depth on the plane of page. The author pays special attention to the comparison of illusionistic tendencies in the late antique book miniature and “reverse perspective”, features of which are present in the monuments of the era. The author casts doubt on the need for a sharp contrast between these two approaches to space organization in the monuments of book miniatures of the era. He analyzes the reasons for the appearance of such features of space organization in miniature paintings of late antique and early medieval manuscripts, which are so important for the formation of artistic language of medieval book illumination.

ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ КОГНИТИВНЫХ ФУНКЦИЙ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ГИПОТИРЕОЗОМ ОТ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ И ДЛИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ

This study investigated the cognitive sphere in young and middle-aged patients with hypothyroidism. The aim of the study was to determine the dependence of cognitive impairment on the severity of hypothyroidism and the duration of the disease history. Despite advances in understanding the metabolism and the impact of thyroid hormone on the human brain, the scientific debate over the reversibility of neuropsychiatric disorders in hypothyroidism continues. There have been many studies about the relationship between neuropsychiatric disorders and hypothyroidism among newborns, children, the elderly, as well as in conjunction with other pathologies such as stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic cerebral ischemia, metabolic syndrome, etc. However, a neuropsychological study in young and middle age period patients suffering hypothyroidism, with the exclusion of another pathology, was not carried out. The neuropsychological examination was carried out in 61 patients with clinical and biochemical signs of hypothyroidism before and after replacement therapy. Patients were divided into test groups according to the severity of hypothyroidism and the duration of the history. The research findings showed the prevalence of cognitive impairments in basic groups of patients compared with the test ones. It is interesting, that different types of cognitive functions are affected in varying degrees. The findings can be used in endocrinology, neurology, therapy, practice of family doctors, in teaching university- and master course students as well as physicians . It has been established that disorders of higher cortical functions are directly proportional to the severity of hypothyroidism and the duration of illness; moreover, replacement therapy is not effective enough to restore cognitive function.

Doplňujúca prísaha v stredovekom kánonickom práve

The institution of the oath was applied in a historical form as well as at present in several contemporary legal systems creatively developed by canonists while practically applying the so-called Roman-Canonical procedure. From the chronological point of view, the most important was the period of High Middle Ages when it was elaborated in small details and when its types were standardized. The most frequently used were the so-called "supplementary oath" applied principally when the ecclesiastical court had at its disposition partial evidence or the presumption in favour of the party with the burden of evidence existed and it was impossible to meet the requested standard of full canonical proof. The main goal of this article is to point out the character of this type of oath in classical canon law including its practical application, not omitting its conceptual, especially Roman-law bases.

Улуг-депе в эллинистический и парфянский периоды: новые открытия

This paper seeks to shed new light on the latest discovered Hellenistic and Parthian occupation period at Ulug-depe (South Turkmenistan). After its abandonment at the end of the Middle Iron Age period, the site was reoccupied during the late 1st millennium BC. Extended research led by the joint French-Turkmen Archaeological Expedition (MAFTur) has succeeded in unearthing this occupation in many places of the site and has studied a varied pottery assemblage.

Guarding what? A Middle Bronze Age fortification near Moldova River Valley

This study aims to present a fortified settlement located near Subcarpathian area, at a small distance from Moldova River Valley (Eastern Romania). The site was known in the archaeological literature but because of the inconclusiveartifactsthe cultural and chronological association was mistaken. Placed in a dominant position and protected by two defensive ditches, the archaeological site belongs to the Middle Bronze Age period, Costișa culture. In the close proximity, was discovered an unfortified settlement, with contemporaneous artifacts, and the relation between these two sites it is indisputable.

Болгарсько-українські культурні відносини пері-оду пізнього Середньовіччя у працях українсь-ких учених ХІХ–першої чверті ХХ ст.

Болгарсько-українські культурні відносини пері-оду пізнього Середньовіччя у працях українсь-ких учених ХІХ–першої чверті ХХ ст.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ВОЗРАСТА НА ПАРОДОНТАЛЬНОЕ ЗДОРОВЬЕ ЧЕЛОВЕКА

Subject. With increasing age of patients, in many cases, the severity of periodontal diseases also increases, and dystrophic ones join the inflammatory processes. Local predisposing factors in the oral cavity are aggravated by concomitant somatic diseases and a decrease in compensatory processes against the background of physiological aging. Literature data indicate that the manifestations of the physiological process of aging and pathological processes (inflammatory and dystrophic) can be clearly observed on the example of buccal epithelial cells. The aim is to identify the relationship between the age of patients, their periodontal status and the cytological characteristics of buccal epithelial cells. Methodology. All study participants were divided into two groups: the first included patients with a conditionally healthy periodontium (72 people), the second - with a chronic inflammatory process in the periodontium (57 people). In accordance with the WHO classification, a gradation of age was carried out: young (18―44 years old), mature (45―59 years old), elderly (60―74 years old), senile (75―90 years old). All patients underwent a comprehensive dental examination, sampling and cytological examination of the buccal epithelium, calculation of the integral indices of the buccal cytogram. Results. In healthy patients, a weak positive correlation was established between the cytogenetic index, the index of the accumulation of cytogenetic disorders and age, a weak negative correlation was found between the proliferative index and age. In patients with an inflammatory process in the periodontal tissues, a multidirectional change in the values of the buccal cytogram indices was observed, which may indicate an imbalance in the processes of regeneration, apoptosis, and cellular damage in inflammatory periodontal diseases in older age groups. Conclusions. In patients with healthy periodontal disease, a regular accumulation of cytogenetic disorders occurs with increasing age, while proliferative activity, on the contrary, decreases. Patients with inflammatory phenomena in the periodontal tissues are characterized by imbalance, impaired coordination of regeneration and apoptosis processes, combined with the most pronounced reactivity in the middle age period.

Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamic changes in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension using phase contrast cine MR imaging

BackgroundIdiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) mainly affects overweight women in the middle age period. The pathophysiology of IIH stays unclear, but suggested mechanisms include excess CSF production, reduced CSF absorption, increased brain water content, and increased cerebral venous pressureObjectivesTo assess the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamic changes in aqueduct of Sylvius in patients of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) with new MRI technique: phase contrast cine MRI (PCC-MRI).MethodsThirty patients diagnosed with idiopathic intracranial hypertension were divided into 3 groups according to treatment options (no treatment, medical treatment, and medical treatment with repeated lumbar tapping). CSF flow data were evaluated by phase contrast cine MRI.ResultsPCC-MRI parameters were significantly higher in group who was on medical treatment (group II) than other groups. The sensitivity of PCC MRI parameters ranged from 56.7 (stroke volume (SV) and mean flow (MF)) to 83.3% (peak systolic velocity (PSV)). A statistically significant difference was found for the mean flow value (p 0.039) between the control group and IIH patients.ConclusionThe most specific CSF flowmetry parameter detected to help diagnosis of IIH is mean flow especially among early discovered patients. PCC MRI can be used as non-invasive technique for diagnosis of IIH and treatment follow-up.

The Earliest Cremation Burials in the South-Eastern Alpine Region from the Middle Bronze Age – Signs of Intercultural Connections with the Northern Carpathian Basin

Abstract The article considers cremation graves from the site of Podsmreka near Višnja Gora (Slovenia). Based on the analysis of their pottery, it could be shown that the graves can be dated to the Middle Bronze Age period (Br B2/C1) and thus represent one of the oldest cremation burials of the Bronze Age in Slovenia. First, the ceramic finds from the radiocarbon dated settlement contexts are discussed in order to reach a more exact chronological framework for the vessel forms from graves. A synthesis of all Middle Bronze Age graves, both inhumations and cremations, from central and eastern Slovenia allows us to get a better understanding of when the change in burial practices occurred. Surprisingly, the best analogies for the vessels from graves at Podsmreka near Višnja Gora can be found in the northern Carpathian Basin, where we observe a long-standing tradition of cremation burials. The analysis of radiocarbon samples from two graves from Šafárikovo in Slovakia allowed us to verify the absolute chronology of urn amphorae vessels with particular form and decoration, which we can date between the second half of the 16th and the first half of the 15th century BC. Such astonishing correspondences in the pottery between the northern Carpathian Basin and the south-eastern Alpine region seem to indicate that the very area of the Upper Tisza river, and the territory of the Piliny Culture, played a crucial role in the transmission of new burial practices, not only to Slovenia, but also across wider areas along the Sava and Drava rivers on the distribution area of the Virovitica group.

Analysis of maternal lineage structure of individuals from chamber graves placed in medieval cemetery in Kałdus, Central Poland.

The beginning of the early Middle Ages period in Poland (10th-14th century) has been widely debated in the context of an active demographic inflow from other countries and its contribution to the creation of the new country. Finding chamber graves which are considered typical for the Scandinavian ethnic group in a few cemeteries in Poland has become the basis for the anthropological inference on the potential participation of North European people in forming the social elite of medieval Poland. However, the question of whether this fact was the result of presence of people from other countries lacks an unambiguous answer. We attempted to isolate ancient DNA from the medieval necropolis in Kałdus where several chamber graves have been found and analysed the genetic diversity of maternal lineage of this population. We analysed the HVR I fragment and coding regions to assess the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. We have identified a few relatively rare haplogroups (A2, T2b4a, HV, K1a11, J2b1a, and X2) which were previously found in early medieval sites in Norway and Denmark. Obtained results might suggest genetic relation between the people of Kałdus and past northern Europe populations. Present and further research can undoubtedly shed new light on the aspect of the formation of the early medieval Polish population.

Preliminary report on the faunal remains from Aragatsavan 1, Armenia

This paper presents the preliminary analysis of the zooarchaeological data from the settlement of Aragatsavan 1, Armenia. The excavation of the site is in progress and a complete stratigraphic sequence has not been obtained yet, while the excavated levels are dated to the second and third phases of the Trialeti-Vanadzor culture of the Middle Bronze Age period (19th -18/17th centuries BC). Taxonomic and metric analyses suggest that all the species are domestic. Sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus) constitute more than half of the number of identified specimens (NISP), followed by horses (Equus caballus) and cattle (Bos taurus). Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) are scarce. Butchery and cut marks have been detected on many of the samples. A certain proportion of bones is burnt. As zooarchaeological data are not numerous for the Middle Bronze Age period of Armenia and South Caucasus, the faunal remains from Aragatsavan 1 are important. They provide new information on the subsistence economy in the region during the 3rd - 2nd millennia BC.

СТЕКЛЯННЫЕ ИЗДЕЛИЯ ДОМОНГОЛЬСКОГО ПЕНДЖИКЕНТА И ЕГО ОКРУГИ

The period of High Middle Ages witnessed the development of glassmaking in Central Asia. The paper presents glass articles from pre-Mongolian Penjikent and its suburbs. The Penjikent col- lection contains all major groups of glass articles recognized in the functional classification tradi- tionally used in the region: table glassware (fig. 1; 2; 3, 1–7; 4, 1, 2; 5, 8; 6, 15, 17), perfume and drug jars (fig. 2, 13; 5, 4–7, 9, 10), chemical glassware (fig. 4, 7), household items (fig. 3, 6; 4, 3–5; 5, 1–3; 6, 16), adornments (fig. 5, 11–13) and window-glass (fig. 6, 1–14). The material under study can be dated to the X–XII cc. These glass articles find analogies in the materials from Samarkand, Tash- kent oasis, Bukhara, Fergana valley, Northern Tokharistan, as well as some synchronous urban centers on the territory of modern Kazakhstan. There is also a tendency to a certain uniformity (fashion) in the main types of glass articles that were produced during that period in both Central Asia and the Near East.

AGE AND SEX-RELATED STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES OF BONE REMODELING DURING SIMULTATE ABDOMEN CT-SCANNING

The aim of investigation was to study the structural and functional conditions of cortical and trabecular layers of lumbar vertebrae L1-L5 in different age groups. Materials and methods: In order to assess BMD of the lumbar vertebrae 102 people18 to 75 years old was examined. Study of bone mineral density cortical and trabecular layer of lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) performed by computed tomography in Hounsfield Units (HU) in terms of standard deviation (SD). Results: The results of computed tomography showed a direct relationship of bone mineral density of lumbar vertebrae with age of examined persons. Osteoporosis and osteopenia was registered in 15% of men and 30% women in middle adulthood, in late adulthood - 35% and 50% respectively. During early old age osteopenia and osteoporosis are observed in 37,5% and 25% of men and 26% and 64% women. Osteoporosis in the middle old age has been reported in 50% of men and 75% of women. Conclusions: Results of the study showed a direct link between mineral density, age and gender. The middle adulthood age period was characterized by the highest mineral mass compared with the other age periods. Then there is a loss of bone mass throughout life, and with the onset of aging osteopenia and osteoporosis are recorded. It was investigated that in the early old age, loss of bone mass is mainly observed in female.

「とか」에 관한 일고찰 - 중고 중후기 · 중세 초기의 자료를 중심으로 -

「とか」에 관한 일고찰 - 중고 중후기 · 중세 초기의 자료를 중심으로 -

Evidence for Bronze Age and Medieval tin placer mining in the Erzgebirge mountains, Saxony (Germany)

AbstractTin is an essential raw material both for the copper–tin alloys developed during the Early Bronze Age and for the casting of tableware in the Medieval period. Secondary geological deposits in the form of placers (cassiterite) provide easily accessible sources but have often been reworked several times during land‐use history. In fact, evidence for the earliest phase of tin mining during the Bronze Age has not yet been confirmed for any area in Europe, stimulating an ongoing debate on this issue. For this study, a broad range of methods (sedimentology, pedology, palynology, anthracology, OSL/14C‐dating, and micromorphology) was applied both within the extraction zone of placer mining and the downstream alluvial sediments at Schellerhau site in the upper eastern Erzgebirge (Germany). The results indicate that the earliest local removal of topsoil and processing of cassiterite‐bearing weathered granite occurred already in the early second millennium BC, thus coinciding with the early and middle Bronze Age period. Placer mining resumed in this area during the Medieval period, probably as early as the 13th century AD. A peak of alluvial sedimentation during the mid‐15th century AD is probably related to the acquisition of this region by the Elector of Saxony and the subsequent promotion of mining.

NILAI ESTETIS MUSIK DALAM RENTANG SEJARAH MUSIK BARAT

The history of Western music, historically, has been changing for a long time; from one period to other period until the present day. In music, the chaging automatically changes its forms, styles, characteristics, harmony, and particularly its aesthetics values. Then, the changing triggers development. Dominantly the development is inluenced by two dominant aspects, i.e. internal aspect and external aspect. The music history said that the period of Middle Ages was influenced by political religion which was placed under Chatolic church authorization. Renaisance period was influenced by spirit of individualism and humanism, and also enthusiasm of anthropocentrism. The Barock era was shadowed by the political changing in Western Europe. The Classic dan Romantic period was shaded by the passion of territorial expansion and nationalism that was marked by Franch Revolution. After World War I and II the social changes were determined by the development of technology. It becomes significant factor. In musicology context, the development of technology has created several new music instruments. The relationship between internal and external aspect occurs correlative and the aesthetics values in music has been influenced by several aspects above. The existence of music is not caused by itself, but it influenced by another aspects.

Quantitative characteristics and population dynamics of the endangered plant Thuja koraiensis in Changbai Mountain, China.

Thuja koraiensis, a second-class nationally protected plant species, is a unique endangered tree species in Changbai Mountain, with important economic and ornamental value. In this study, the age structure, static life table, and survival function of T. koraiensis were established by using individual root diameter and age data based on investigation of wild resources in the main distribution areas of T. koraiensis. The population development trend was predicted by dynamic index and time series analysis. The results showed that the age-class structure of T. koraiensis population was in the shape of "∩", which was a decline type. The survival curve of T. koraiensis population under the dark coniferous forest was the Deevey-3 type, and was Deevey-2 type in pure forest community. Population survival analysis showed that the survival function of T. koraiensis appeared irregular fluctuation under the dark coniferous forest. The population distribution showed dynamic features of sharp drop in early age period, stable in middle age period, and decline in old age pe-riod. In the pure forest community, the dynamic pattern was characterized by the stability in early age period, growth in middle age period, and recession in old age period. Dynamic index and time series analysis showed that the decline rate of dark coniferous forest community was slightly higher than that of pure forest community. Our results showed that T. koraiensis had some recovery ability and that artificial tending should be used to promote its normal regeneration.

Old wild wolves: ancient DNA survey unveils population dynamics in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Italian remains

BackgroundThe contemporary Italian wolf (Canis lupus italicus) represents a case of morphological and genetic uniqueness. Today, Italian wolves are also the only documented population to fall exclusively within the mitochondrial haplogroup 2, which was the most diffused across Eurasian and North American wolves during the Late Pleistocene. However, the dynamics leading to such distinctiveness are still debated.MethodsIn order to shed light on the ancient genetic variability of this wolf population and on the origin of its current diversity, we collected 19 Late Pleistocene-Holocene samples from northern Italy, which we analyzed at a short portion of the hypervariable region 1 of the mitochondrial DNA, highly informative for wolf and dog phylogenetic analyses.ResultsFour out of the six detected haplotypes matched the ones found in ancient wolves from northern Europe and Beringia, or in modern European and Chinese wolves, and appeared closely related to the two haplotypes currently found in Italian wolves. The haplotype of two Late Pleistocene samples matched with primitive and contemporary dog sequences from the canine mitochondrial clade A. All these haplotypes belonged to haplogroup 2. The only exception was a Holocene sample dated 3,250 years ago, affiliated to haplogroup 1.DiscussionIn this study we describe the genetic variability of the most ancient wolf specimens from Italy analyzed so far, providing a preliminary overview of the genetic make-up of the population that inhabited this area from the last glacial maximum to the Middle Age period. Our results endorsed that the genetic diversity carried by the Pleistocene wolves here analyzed showed a strong continuity with other northern Eurasian wolf specimens from the same chronological period. Contrarily, the Holocene samples showed a greater similarity only with modern sequences from Europe and Asia, and the occurrence of an haplogroup 1 haplotype allowed to date back previous finding about its presence in this area. Moreover, the unexpected discovery of a 24,700-year-old sample carrying a haplotype that, from the fragment here obtained, falls within the canine clade A, could represent the oldest evidence in Europe of such dog-rich clade. All these findings suggest complex population dynamics that deserve to be further investigated based on mitochondrial or whole genome sequencing.

Орнаментированная булава – ударное оружие и символ власти военачальника у кыргызов Тянь-Шаня

Purpose. We analyzed an extremely rare finding of a mace with a small ornamental iron battle top fastened to a long wooden handle. This mace is a part of a collection of armament objects acquired by museum workers in the course of expeditions on the territory of Kyrgyzstan over the past decades. At present, this collection is stored in the Russian Museum of Ethnography in Saint Petersburg. During the previous historical period, when museum workers had been searching and gathering objects of traditional culture of different peoples on the territory of Central Asia, that finding was acquired together with other characteristic objects of traditional cultures from that region on the territory of Kyrgyzstan. Firstly, it was stored in the Museum of the Peoples of the USSR. We aimed at dating the artifact and identifying its purpose. Conclusion. We traced primary events in the history of studying different types of close combat strike weapons which were used by Kyrgyz warriors in Tian Shan during the Late Middle Ages and New Time. A result of the research conducted is a description of the ornamental iron battle top and the wooden handle of this mace decorated with carved rhomb ornaments. We date the artifact as belonging to the period of Late Middle Ages – New Time. According to the terms used for such types of weapons, the mace could have been used as a striking weapon; however, it its ornamental battle top is of a smaller size than that of traditional maces, so it could have been used as a symbol of power. Results. We conclude that this mace could have been a strike weapon in the course of close and hand-to-hand combats led by Kyrgyz warriors, but also it could have been used as a symbol of power by military commanders of the Kyrgyz forces.

IDIOM MUSIK KLASIK DI GEREJA KARISMATIK

Church music has long history and experiences in its periods. It began when they, the believers, mentioned themselves as the “Christian”. From the time that phenomenon the christians commenced their act of devotion tradition included their musical tradition of worship. The existence of church music more developed till Middle Age or Dark Age Period. It was dominantly covering to others music genre. At the Renaisance Period, the church reformation movement occured and it was pioneered by Martin Luther. Western music changed at the time. Luther changed of scene; He changed the tradition of Catholic church that used Latin lirics to folk language; He changed the gregorian chant tradition with folksong. The phenomenon was the first time of event of inculturation in world history of music after it undergone stagnancy during the authorization of Roman empire, especially when Pope Gregory created the standarization to all christian music. At the present day we are familiar with charismatic music tradition which is developed from American music tradition. It has a characteristic which is used as the band instrument in praise and worship by christian believers. But sometimes, the believers also use arpeggio or broken-chord as the main charracter on Classical Period in part the way of Western music history. Pass through the reasearch, the reasearcher look into the idioms are used in praise and worship in charismatic church. The reasearcher found that the using of idiom in Classical Period has enriched the nuance of music aesthetic in praise and worship.