Microwave Hydrodistillation Method Research Articles

Comparison of Essential Oil Components and Yield Parameters of Artemisia dracunculus and Artemisia dracunculoides

Medicinal and aromatic plants have attracted attention recently for their essential oil content. This study aims to compare, for the first time, essential oil of Artemisia dracunculus L. and Artemisia dracunculoides L., which are closely related species. Yield values of this Artemisia spp. were determined, and the highest drug-herb yield (119.01 kg/ha) was found for Artemisia dracunculus L. The essential oil components of these species grown under organic production conditions in Bayburt, Türkiye, were determined by the microwave hydrodistillation method for the first time and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oil ratio for A. dracunculus was 1.40 %, whereas it was 1.21 % for A. dracunculoides; 42 components were found in A. dracunculus essential oil, while 38 were found in A. dracunculoides essential oil. Estragole was the most abundant essential oil component in A. dracunculus L. (69.34%) and A. dracunculoides L. (67.51%). The GC-MS results, showed that A. dracunculus L. is more suitable for use in perfumery and food industries than A. dracunculoides.

Effect of Addition of NaCl Salt on Extraction of Essential Oil from Lemongrass Leaves by Microwave Hydro-Distillation Method

Essential oils are compounds extracted from plants and obtained by distillation. Indonesia has many kinds of plant commodities for essential oil production. Among the essential oils that have not been developed in Indonesia is citronella oil which can be extracted from the lemongrass plant this research, we develop Microwave Hydro-Distillation (MHD) method has several advantages over conventional distillation methods: shorter time, higher oil quality and yield. This research proposes to extract citronella oil from lemongrass leaves using the MHD method using aquadest and NaCl solution addition. Operating variables are extraction time (20–180 min), material size (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm), feed-to-solvent ratio (0.1; 0.15; and 0.2 g/mL), and microwave power (300, 450, and 600 watts). The essential oil results are analyzed by GC-MS analysis, specific gravity, refractive index, and solubility. The results showed that it increased with extraction time followed by almost constant conditions, tended to decrease with increasing feed-to-solvent ratio, and increased yield with increasing microwave power. The results from the GC-MS analysis, the active substance content of geraniol was 46.61% and citronellal 5.62%. Additional salt in this method is a green and clean essential oil extraction.

PENGAMBILAN MINYAK TERPENTIN DARI GETAH PINUS DENGAN METODE MICROWAFE ASSISTED HYDRO-DISTILATION (MAHD)

Turpentine oil is the result of distillation of pine tree sap. The main content of turpentine oil is α-pinene which can be used for the synthesis of organic compounds such as paint and carbolic acid. This study aims to study the process of extracting turpentine oil using the Microwave Hydro-Distillation method. In this research studied the effect of time, power and volume of raw materials in the Microwave Hydro-Distillation process. The variables observed in this study were time (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 minutes), power (150, 300 and 600 Watt) and raw material volume (150 ml). The quality of turpentine oil such as color, specific gravity, and refractive index were tested according to SNI 7633-2011, while the α-pinene content was analyzed using GC-MS. This study produced the highest yield of 28.22% in the extraction of raw materials of 150 mL using 300 and 600 Watts of power for 70 minutes with 85.01% α-pinene, 5.4% 3-carene and 2.27% β-pinene. Turpentine oil has a characteristic clear color from aquadest solvent with a refractive index of 1.465 and a specific gravity of 0.858 g/cm3, while from hexane solvent with a refractive index of 1.471 and a specific gravity of 0.863 g/cm3. The results of the study concluded that microwave energy has great potential to be used as an energy source for the process of extracting turpentine oil from pine resin because it can produce turpentine oil in a short time.

Parameter evaluation of extraction using microwave hydrodistillation ultrasonic-pretreatment on yield of black pepper oil

Black pepper is one of Indonesia's agricultural commodities, contributing foreign exchange to the country. However, the economic value of this commodity has decreased. It is influenced by the lack of diversified black pepper products, which of course, have a higher value than raw material marketing. One product diversification that can be developed is black pepper oil. In obtaining essential oils, appropriate methods and technology are needed so that the resulting product is of high quality and the process is carried out efficiently. The latest methods in extraction that are being developed are microwave and ultrasonic technology. Therefore, in this study, black pepper oil extraction was carried out using the microwave hydrodistillation method, whereas previously, ultrasonic pretreatment was given for the material. In this case, observations were made on the influence of extraction parameters. Based on the research, it was found that increasing the distiller size flask and ambient temperature could increase the percentage of essential oils yield. At the same time, the longer extraction time caused a decrease in yield. Decreasing the material particle size and increasing microwave power could cause an increase in yield up to a certain point. The best results in black pepper oil extraction were obtained under extraction conditions using a distiller size of 1000mL, extraction time of 60 minutes, at an ambient temperature of 30 oC, the particle size of 60 mesh, at a power of 450 W with a yield of 1.056%, with the characteristics of having a clear greenish colour and anRI of 1.480. These specifications comply with ISO 3061:2008 for essential oil from black pepper. Thus, these parameters can be considered in the black pepper oil extraction process to produce marketable products. As a suggestion for further research, modeling, and process scale-up can be developed.

Corrosion Inhibition Effect of the Essential Oil of Dried and Fresh Crystal Seedless Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Acid Medium

This research studied the corrosion inhibition activities of the essential oil of crystal seedless guava leaves (Psidium guajava) in an acid medium. The essential oil (EO) was extracted from the different treatments of raw materials (fresh and dried leaves) using the microwave hydrodistillation method with a power of 600 Watt. Water was used as the solvent, with the ratio of feed to solvent (w/v) 1:7. The extraction duration was over 3 hours. The extraction process was done at atmospheric pressure and 100oC. Different raw material treatments result in different yields, where the highest yield was obtained from the dried leave, with the value reaching 1.08%. The essential oil chemical compound was determined by GC-MS analysis. The main component obtained were caryophyllene (44.98%) and Caryophyllene oxide (14.96%). The essential oil was applied as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in a 1 M Hydrochloric acid (HCl) medium. The inhibition efficiency (IE) was 67% at a concentration of 0.3g/L, while the fresh leaves essential oil was only 63%. The dried leave EO performs a higher anti-corrosion effect than the fresh leaves EO. These results show crystal seedless guava leaves' essential oil has anti-corrosion activities on carbon steel in an acid medium.

The Extraction THE EXTRACTION OF SANDALWOOD OIL USING THE MICROWAVE HYDRODISTILLATION METHOD WITH VARIATION OF MASS AND MATERIAL TREATMENT

The extraction of sandalwood oil using the microwave hydrodistillation method can be another alternative in the process of extracting sandalwood to obtain and improve the quality of the sandalwood oil produced. This research aims to determine the appropriate formula from the mass variation of the material and the treatment of sandalwood powder in obtaining high yield and good oil quality. The method of making sandalwood oil used is the Microwave Hydrodistillation method. From the results of this reseacrh, the best yield calculation results in the variation of the mass of 200 grams of material with dry wind treatment. Based on the density test, the result is 0.98 and the acid number is 0.6732.

Karakteristik Densitas Dan Indeks Bias Minyak Atsiri Daun Jambu Kristal (Psidium Guajava) Menggunakan Metode Microwave Hydrodistillation Dengan Variabel Daya Dan Rasio Bahan : Pelarut

Crystal seedless guava is a new horticultural commodity that is cultivated in Indonesia and has many benefits. Crystal seedless guava has the potential of essential oil to be extracted from the leaves. Extraction using the microwave hydrodistillation method is an alternative to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the essential oil extraction process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of microwave power and the feed to solvent ratio toward the characteristics of density and refractive index of essential oil from crystal seedless guava leaves. The reduced size crystal seedless guava leaves were extracted by microwave using aquadest as solvents with the feed to leaves. The ratio of feed to solvents used in this study was 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, and 1:7 (weight/volume or w/v). The second variables were performed using various microwave powers of 300, 450, and 600 Watts. The extraction conditions were carried out at ± 100 o C at one atmospheric pressure for three hours. The results showed that microwave powers and material to solvent ratios had significantly effect toward the density of essential oil from crystal seedless guava leaves. However, the variables had no significant difference in the value of the refractive index. The higher number of microwave powers and the solvent to feed ratios had a higher number of density. The highest density and refractive indexes were 0.948 grams/ml and 1,49862, respectively. The best extraction condition to extract the essential oil from crystal seedless guava leaves using microwave hydrodistillation was performed by microwave power of 600 Watt with 1:7 (w:v) as leaves to solvent ratio.

Effects of Solvent to Feed Ratio and Microwave Power on Extraction of Essential Oil from Red Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava l.) Using Microwave Hydro Distillation Method

Essential oils are typically hydrophobic liquid mixture of natural products containingoil, volatile, and aromatic compounds extracted from plant species. This experiment was used microwave hydro distillation as extraction method to obtain the essential oils due to its efficiency. The purpose of both treatments used to increase total yield of essential oil from red guava leaves. Completely randomized design was used as experimental design with two variables and run in triplicate. The first variable is solvent to feed ratio (4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1) and the second variable is microwave power (300W and 450W). The results showed that the ratio of solvent to feed (7:1) and microwave power (450W) has the highest yield and best quality of essential oils. The best variable has some parameters, particularly yield of 1.24%, refractive index of 1.49, and density of 0.78 g/ml. Analysis of essential oil profile has some abundance compounds, namely naphtalene or β-seline at 24.45%, neointermedeol at 17.97%, and caryophyllene at 16.04%. Moreover, the IC50 value has an antioxidant activity of 41.95 ppm.

Essential oil extraction from citronella grass by microwave-assisted hydro-distillation technique: a preliminary study

This study evaluates potency of microwave hydro-distillation method to yield citronella oil from citronella grass. The presence of microwave energy provides sufficient thermal heat to accelerate extraction process. Penetration of microwave energy into citronella grass sample facilitates temperature increment inside-out from the sample which enhance citronella oil released from cell wall immediately. Parameters to be evaluated in this study are temperature profile during extraction process and citronella oil yield. The variables observed in this study were power (300 Watt,450 Watt and 600 Watt) and time (30 minutes, 45 minutes and 60 minutes). This study observed the effect of power and time to the yield of essential oils. In this study, it was observed that the highest yield obtained during extraction using power of 600 Watt for about 60 minutes that yielded 9.7% citronella oil. The results indicate potency of microwaves as a heating medium for extracting essential oils as an effective method with respect to their efficient time feature.

Composition on Essential Oil Extraction from Lemongrass Fragrant by Microwave Air Hydro Distillation Method to Perfume Dermatitis Production

Essential oils from fragrant lemongrass are generally obtained by conventional extraction methods that require large energy, a significant amount of solvents, and a fairly long processing time. This study used a method developed from microwave hydro distillation, which is a microwave water-hydro distillation to optimize the extraction of essential oils. The purpose of this study was to produce citronella essential oil with the best quality and a large amount compared to the extraction method, where the obtained fragrant citronella oil can be used as raw material for making perfume. Where extraction is carried out at 600 W power; the ratio of the raw material to be extracted and the solvent is 0.5 g mL-1 and the extraction time is 150 minutes. In extraction with microwave water-hydro distillation, the air flow rates used are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 L/min. The results showed that the extraction of citronella oil with microwave water-hydro distillation was easier and produced higher yields compared to extraction by microwave hydro distillation method. Testing the physical properties of fragrant citronella oil shows that essential oils obtained by microwave hydro distillation and microwave water-hydro distillation have the same quality (refractive index and specific gravity). Furthermore, testing the chemical properties of fragrant citronella oil showed that essential oils obtained by hydro distillation-air microwaves had better flavor compared to oils obtained by microwave hydro distillation.

Parameter for scale-up of extraction Cymbopogon nardus dry leaf using microwave assisted hydro-distillation

Large capacity in extraction using the microwave hydrodistillation method is always a challenge to do. The biggest obstacle in this method is the limitations of microwaves penetrating the material. Besides that, the high heat produced due to molecular heating simultaneously causes some components to degrade and reduce the quality of essential oils. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of the ratio of the sample plant (Cymbopogonnardus) to the solvent (F/S = 0.08, 0.16, 0.24 g/mL), as well as the ratio of volume distiller to volume microwave cavity (D/M = 0,04, 0,08 v/v) to the yield and quality of Citronella Oil produced. The experimental lead to the conclusion that the ratio of the sample plant to the solvent (F/S) of 0.24 g/ mL is the maximum for extraction of Citronella Oil. The ratio of volume distiller to volume microwave cavity (D/M) 0,08 v/v provides a higher yield compared to (D/M) 0,04 v/v with a longer extraction time. The qualitative analysis by GC-MS shows that the Citronella is the main component of Citronella Oil. The composition showed significant differences in the essential oil content of different ratio of volume distiller to volume microwave cavity (D/M). The ratio volume distiller to volume microwave cavity (D/M) 0,04 v/v gave 21 component with the highest Citronella percentage (40.54%). Compared to (D/M) 0,08 v/v gave 27 component with the Citronella percentage (18.64%). The results showed that different volume of distillers showed different yields and components.

Pengaruh Daya Microwave terhadap Yield pada Ekstraksi Minyak Atsiri dari Bunga Kamboja (Plumeria Alba) menggunakan Metode Microwave Hydrodistillation

Frangipani oil is one of the most expensive essential oils. Conventional extraction methods has many disadvantages, so the microwave hydrodistillation method is used as an alternative to optimize the quality and quantity of frangipani oil. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of microwave power on the yield of frangipani oil. The research stage was carried out by inserting frangipani flower that has been cut into the flask and mixed with different aquadest solvent volumes of 300, 400, 500, and 600 ml. The flask put into the microwave with different powers of 300, 450, and 600 W for three hours. The resulting vapor is collected and separated in a separating funnel. The process is carried out at atmospheric pressure and the operating temperature is 100 °C. Finally, the yield percentage determined from resulting product. The results showed that microwave power had a significant effect on the yield percentage of frangipani oil. The yield percentage increased with increasing the microwave power. The highest yield percentage was generated at 600 Watt, 25 gram flower mass, and 600 ml volume, which was 1,612%.

Obtaining the Volatile Oils from Wormwood and Tarragon Plants by a New Microwave Hydrodistillation Method

In the present paper we describe an original installation for microwave hydrodistillation at low pressure that we constructed in order to obtain volatile oils from different plants. The results that we have obtained are encouraging meaning that the main components of these oils were found in correspondence with the data presented in literature. A novelty of this process is the fact that the hydrodistillation time was shorter than in the case of a classic process of hydrodistillation at atmospheric pressure. The aim of our research was to find a new and modern way of obtaining volatile oils from plants.

The extraction of essential oil from patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth) using microwave hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods

Patchouli plant (Pogostemon cablin Benth) is one of the important essential oil-producing plant, contributes more than 50% of total exports of Indonesia’s essential oil. However, the extraction of patchouli oil that has been done in Indonesia is generally still used conventional methods that require enormous amount of energy, high solvent usage, and long time of extraction. Therefore, in this study, patchouli oil extraction was carried out by using microwave hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods. Based on this research, it is known that the extraction of patchouli oil using microwave hydrodistillation method with longer extraction time (240 min) only produced patchouli oil’s yield 1.2 times greater than solvent-free microwave extraction method which require faster extraction time (120 min). Otherwise the analysis of electric consumption and the environmental impact, the solvent-free microwave extraction method showed a smaller amount when compared with microwave hydrodistillation method. It is conclude that the use of solvent-free microwave extraction method for patchouli oil extraction is suitably method as a new green technique.

Alternative to conventional extraction of vetiver oil: Microwave hydrodistillation of essential oil from vetiver roots (Vetiveria zizanioides)

In this study the extraction of essential oil from vetiver roots (Vetiveria zizanioides) has been carried out by using microwave hydrodistillation. In the extraction of vetiver oil using microwave hydrodistillation method is studied the effect of microwave power, feed to solvent (F/S) ratio and extraction time on the yield of vetiver oil. Besides, in this study can be seen that microwave hydrodistillation method offers important advantages over hydrodistillation, such as shorter extraction time (3 h vs. 24 h for hydrodistillation); better yields (0.49% vs. 0.46% for hydrodistillation); and environmental impact (energy cost is appreciably higher for performing hydrodistillation than that required for extraction using microwave hydrodistillation). Based on the analysis using GC-MS can be seen 19 components on vetiver oil that has been extracted using microwave hydrodistillation. In addition, GC-MS analysis showed that the main components of vetiver oil that has been extracted using microwave hydrodistillation method were β-Gurjunene (30.12%), α-Vetivone (20.12%), 4-(1-cyclohexenyl)-2-trimethylsilymethyl-1-buten-3-yne (13.52%) and δ-Selinene (7.27%).

Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from dried patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) leaves

Solvent-free microwave extraction method was first employed to extract essential oil from dried patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) leaves. The effects of solvent-free microwave extraction variables including microwave power, ratio between mass of raw material with volume of distiller (F/D), raw material size and extraction time on the yield of essential oil were investigated. Meanwhile, the effects of solvent-free microwave extraction method in the chemical components of essential oil were also evaluated. The optimized conditions was as follows: microwave power of 450W, ratio between mass of raw material with volume of distiller (F/D) of 0.06g/mL, raw material size of intact (4.66±1.41cm) and extraction time of 90min. Moreover, the extraction time was sufficient for solvent-free microwave extraction method to obtain higher yield than that using microwave hydrodistillation method for 3h, indicating a significant reduction of extraction time and an improvement of efficiency. The composition of the essential oil was then determined by GC–MS, and 16 components were identified. The composition of essential oil obtained using solvent-free microwave extraction method meets the quality standard ISO 3757: 2002 (E), and the major component is patchouli alcohol (53.68%). This study suggests that solvent-free microwave extraction method is a rapid and efficient alternative for the extraction of essential oil from dried patchouli (P. cablin Benth) leaves, with a great potential for industrial application.

Microwave assisted hydro-distillation of essential oils from fresh ginger root (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

A solvent free in situ microwave hydro-distillation method for extraction of essential oil from fresh ginger root it presented. Extraction was conducted in a TE10n single-mode microwave cavity and variable power 2 kW generator operating at 2.45GHz. The main extracted components identified by gas chromatography (GC) were Zingiberene, α-Curcumene, β-Sesquiphellandrene and α-Selinene. At energy inputs of 0.40 kWh/kg higher powers and shorter exposure times, crucially did not degrade the highly volatile components (α-Pinene and Camphene) despite providing the highest essential oil yields. Optimum processing conditions were found to be 1000W (0.40kWh/kg) for 5 min, for whole ginger root, where 0.35g oil/100g plant was obtained. This was compared to a yield of 0.2g/100g plant in 150 in using conventional hydro-distillation and 0.3g/100g plant in 90 min using a multi-mode microwave cavity-based hydro-distillation.

Kinetic studies on extraction of essential oil from sandalwood (Santalum album) by microwave air-hydrodistillation method

Essential oil from sandalwood is commonly obtained by conventional extraction methods which requires great energy, significant amount of solvents, and quite a long process time. Therefore, the use of new ‘green method’ for extracting essential oil with minimum/low energy, solvents, and time needs to be considered. One extraction method that has been successfully developed is microwave hydrodistillation method. This research employs a method developed from microwave hydrodistillation, that is microwave air-hydrodistillation for optimizing the extraction of essential oil. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the presence and absence of additional air flow to the microwavehydrodistillation method. The material used in this study includes sandalwood powder. The extractions by microwave hydrodistillation and microwave air-hydrodistillation methods were done on the power of 600W; the ratio of the raw material to be extracted and the solvent was 0.05gmL−1 and the extraction time was 120min. In the extraction by microwave air-hydrodistillation, the rates of air flow used were 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0L/min. The results of the research show that the extraction of sandalwood oil by microwave air-hydrodistillation is faster and produces higher yields compared to the extraction by microwave hydrodistillation method. Based on kinetics modeling that has been done, it can be said that the second-order kinetic model more can represent well the experimental results of sandalwood oil extraction by microwave hydrodistillation and microwave air-hydrodistillation methods when compared with the first-order kinetic model. The testing of the physical properties of the sandalwood oil indicates that essential oil obtained by microwave hydrodistillation and microwave air-hydrodistillation has the same quality (refractive index and specific gravity). Further, the testing of the chemical properties of the sandalwood oil shows that essential oil obtained by microwave air-hydrodistillation has better quality (flavor) compared to the oil obtained by microwave hydrodistillation.

RETRACTED: Microwave hydrodistillation for extraction of essential oil from Pogostemon cablin Benth: Analysis and modelling of extraction kinetics

Abstract In this study the extraction of essential oil from Pogostemon cablin Benth done by using microwave hydrodistillation. In the patchouli oil extraction with microwave hydrodistillation method is studied the effect of the size of the material (intact and chopped leaves) and the effect of the ratio of raw material to be extracted with a solvent to the yield of patchouli oil. Besides it also studied the effect of microwave power to the yield of patchouli oil and kinetics during the extraction process. Then, a microwave hydrodistillation model based on the assumption of a second-order mechanism was developed to predict the rate constant of extraction, the saturated extraction capacity and the initial extraction rate with various temperatures in two microwave powers, 400 and 600 W. Furthermore, the activation energies were determined as based on the second-order rate constants of extraction used for the model building. The values resulting from these calculations and experiments were compared and discussed.

Anti-Listerial Activity of Four Seaweed Essential Oils Against Listeria monocytogenes.

BackgroundListeria monocytogenes is one of the most virulent types of bacteria and causes severe foodborne illness, such as listeriosis. Because this pathogen has become resistant to sanitizers and other disinfectants that are used to clean utensils and surfaces during food processing, it poses a serious threat to the food industry.ObjectivesThe study was conducted to determine the anti-listerial potential of essential oils extracted from four edible seaweeds against L. monocytogenes.Materials and MethodsEssential oil was extracted from four edible seaweeds (Enteromorpha linza, Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, and Porphyra tenera) against L. monocytogenes using the microwave hydrodistillation method. The anti-listerial activity of the essential oil was determined using the standard disc diffusion method.ResultsAmong the four essential oils, E. linza (ELEO) was most effective against all three strains of L. monocytogenes (11.3 - 16.0 mm). The other three essential oils were only effective against two strains, L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 (10.0 - 10.5 mm) and L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 (11.0 - 15.0 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration of all four essential oils varied from 12.5 - 25.0 mg/mL. Further, the mode of action of ELEO against L. monocytogenes was investigated by examining its effect on cell viability, the release of 260-nm absorbing materials, the number of K+ ions, the relative electrical conductivity, and the salt tolerance capacity. The results indicated that the essential oils exhibited strong anti-listerial activity against multiple strains of L. monocytogenes. It displayed potential inhibitory effects on the viability of bacterial cells and loss of integrity as indicated by an increase in the relative electrical conductivity, leakage of K+ ions and other 260-nm absorbing materials, and a loss of the salt tolerance capacity.ConclusionsThe results presented herein provided insight into a possible explanation for the modes of action of essential oils on L. monocytogenes. The outcome of the present study may aid the food industry in locating the most promising potential anti-listerial agents from edible seaweed sources to control L. monocytogenes and also in facilitating their application in food processing and preservation techniques in a nontoxic and environmental friendly manner.