Microstrip Patch Antenna Research Articles

H-Shape Microstrip Patch Antenna: Design, Simulation, and Characterization

This paper presents the design, simulation, and characterization of an H-shape microstrip patch antenna intended for high-frequency applications. The proposed antenna is modeled using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio, a powerful tool for simulating electromagnetic fields and optimizing antenna parameters. The H-shaped configuration is chosen to enhance the antenna's radiation characteristics, bandwidth, and gain, while minimizing size and surface wave effects. The design process involves parameter optimization, including substrate selection, patch dimensions, and feed point configuration, to achieve superior performance. Detailed simulation results are presented, demonstrating the antenna's return loss, VSWR, gain, and radiation pattern. The antenna operates efficiently with stable resonance, offering low return loss and high radiation efficiency. The simulation results confirm that the H-shape microstrip patch antenna is well-suited for various wireless communication systems, showing potential for integration in compact, high-performance devices. This paper serves as a step towards further optimization and practical implementation of H-shape microstrip antennas in advanced RF systems.

Structure, thermal and microwave dielectric properties of cold-sintered Li2MoO4-Al2O3 ceramic

Dielectric ceramics are essential components in communication systems that operate within the microwave frequency range. In high-density packages, dielectric substrates ceramics must possess high thermal conductivity to efficiently dissipate heat. However, achieving adequate thermal conductivity (κ) in ceramics sintered at low temperatures is challenging. In this study, we employed the cold sintering process (CSP) to fabricate Li2MoO4-x%Al2O3 (0≤x≤80, in volume) ceramics under 200 MPa pressure at 150 °C. The Li2MoO4-40%Al2O3 composite exhibited significantly enhanced κ of 5.4 W·m–1·K–1, an 80% increase compared to pure Li2MoO4 ceramic with κ of 3 W·m–1·K–1. At 40% Al2O3 content, the Li2MoO4-Al2O3 ceramic demonstrated notable microwave properties (ε ∼ 6.67, Q×f ∼ 17,846 GHz, τf ∼ −105 ×10–6/°C). Additionally, simulation of a microstrip patch antenna for 5 GHz applications using Li2MoO4-20%Al2O3 ceramic as dielectric substrate via Finite Element Simulation software showed excellent performance, with radiation efficiency exceeding 99% and low return loss (S11 < −30 dB) at both 4.9 GHz and 28.0 GHz center frequencies. These findings underscore the suitability of Li2MoO4- Al2O3 ceramics for microwave dielectric substrate. KeynotesMicrowave dielectric ceramic, Thermal conductivity, Cold sintering process, Antenna

A novel dual-band defected ground structure wearable microstrip patch antenna for breast tumor detection in biomedical applications

This paper presents a dual-band, low-profile wearable antenna for detecting breast tumors in biomedical applications. The antenna is designed on the FR4 substrate with an optimized dimension of 32 × 27.5 × 0.61 mm3. The compact rectangular patch is miniaturized by cutting the rectangular slots on the front side. The partial ground structure is used for moving the resonance frequency in the ISM band region and for giving the tripping result of the return loss. A breast phantom is created between the transmitter and receiver for detecting the tumor in the phantom model. The different sizes and positions of the tumor in the breast phantom provide different values of the return loss. The final optimized design of the antenna is operated at 2.43 GHz and 3.32 GHz with −35 and −24 return losses respectively. It has been observed from the simulated and measured results that the antenna has a negligible difference between the reflected coefficient, radiation pattern and gain. Afterward, the antenna is also checked for biocompatibility, which represents its good performance. The on-body analysis of the antenna represents a minor variation in the results. The Specific Absorption Ratio (SAR) value of the antenna is in the acceptable range as defined for the wearable device. It is a promising compact wearable antenna that can be used in biomedical applications.

Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for WSN Application

Abstract: This paper focuses on the design and simulation of a microstrip patch antenna for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications, utilizing HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator) software and an FR-4 epoxy substrate. The objective is to develop an efficient and cost-effective antenna tailored for the 2.4 GHz frequency band, commonly used in WSNs due to its favourable propagation characteristics. The choice of FR-4 epoxy substrate, with a relative dielectric constant (ࡾࢿ (of 4.4 provides a balance of performance, availability, and cost-effectiveness. These properties are crucial in determining the antenna's resonant frequency and overall efficiency. The design process involves optimizing the dimensions of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna to achieve the desired frequency and performance metrics. HFSS simulation tools are employed to model the antenna's behaviour, allowing for precise adjustments and performance predictions. Key parameters analysed include return loss (S11), gain, radiation pattern, and bandwidth.

Planar Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Corporate-Feed Network for Gain Enhancement

Abstract: The design and performance analysis of a inset-fed planar rectangular microstrip patch antenna array with corporatefeed network systems is presented in this paper. This design aims to increase the gain of the rectangular patch antenna through the use of a 16-element planar rectangular antenna array. Each element in this planar array is fed by T-junction power divider networks with quarter-wave transformer lines via the corporate-feed method. The antenna is designed over the operating frequency of 2.4 GHz using the substrate material FR-4, which has a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.002. By the addition of radiating patches in the array design, the gain, directivity and bandwidth also has been improved significantly. The proposed antenna array provides a gain of 9.284 dB, a directivity of 16.2 dBi, and a bandwidth of 0.361 GHz. The designed antenna can be used for wireless applications.

Detecting Manufacturing Defects on Printed Circuit Boards Using Metamaterial-Based Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna

In this study, a microstrip circular patch antenna is designed having a metamaterial-based (MTM) ground plane to detect manufacturing defects of short circuits and open circuits on printed circuit boards (PCB). In that regard, PCB specimens of FR-4 as the substrate and copper microstrip lines as the conductive wiring lines are designed and manufactured. Five vertical copper lines printed side by side on the top of the substrate are used to demonstrate the working mechanism of the designed antenna sensor. Two different defect scenarios of open and short circuits with controlled locations are studied to determine variations in the return loss data of the proposed structure. MTM cell structures with cross lines enclosed by an octagon ring are periodically placed as part of the ground plane of the proposed antenna to obtain higher sensitivity of the designed and manufactured sensor. Antenna return loss behaviors in terms of the locations of the faults are employed to prepare a database to detect not only the presence of the faults but also determine their locations. Since the samples to be measured are not irreversibly damaged during the testing process, the proposed design can be considered a non-destructive measurement method to provide information about the type and location of defects with real-time measurement data.

Development of an innovative patch antenna design and implementation using ENG materials for health care systems and 5G networks

The object of this study is a new design of an overhead microstrip antenna, including Epsilon Negative (ENG) metamaterials and L-shaped parasitic overlays aimed at achieving dual-band operation and improving the performance of modern wireless communication systems. The research is aimed at solving the problem of limited bandwidth and dual-band functionality in conventional antenna designs. This study solves the problem of limited bandwidth and dual-band functionality in conventional microstrip patch antenna designs, which are crucial for modern wireless communication systems. The inclusion of L-shaped parasitic overlays effectively expands the bandwidth in each frequency range. The results indicate significant improvements: at the upper resonant frequency, a 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 27.84 % (2.88–3.81 GHz) and a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 5.05 % (2.90–3.05 GHz) are achieved, while at the lower resonant frequency, a return loss bandwidth is 10 dB, which is 6.11 % (2.22–2.36 GHz). These improvements indicate a significant increase in antenna performance compared to conventional designs, which is confirmed by comparing the simulation results with the measurement results. Distinctive features contributing to these results include the use of ENG metamaterials, which improve electromagnetic properties and signal propagation; vertical transitions, which provide efficient dual-band operation; and L-shaped parasitic overlays, which significantly expand bandwidth. These characteristics combine to eliminate the limitations of traditional designs, which makes the proposed antenna suitable for use in a wide frequency range in modern wireless communication systems.

Design and feed two models for microstrip antenna in two different feed methods and compare their properties

In any wireless communication, the antenna plays a very important role. The need in this technology is to reduce the size of the antenna, weight, and cost with a low profile, high performance, and low return loss (RL), which is what researchers are striving for. This paper attempts to implement a rectangular microstrip patch antenna and analyze its performance for different types of feeding techniques. In this research, we designed two thin slice antennas fed in two different ways, using FR4 epoxy as an insulating substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.3. Copper was used as a conducting material for the radiating patch and the transmission line, with nearly similar geometrical dimensions. The first antenna has dimensions of (31x 26x1.6) m3 and the second antenna has dimensions of (30x27x1.6) m3. The first antenna operates with a coaxial probe feed technique and the second one operates with a microstrip line feed technique. The return loss for the first antenna we obtained is -26.0113dB with a standing wave voltage ratio of 1.1053 at a frequency of 3.59GHz, and -24.743GHz with a standing wave voltage ratio of 1.8908 at a frequency of 5.529GHz. The return loss for the second antenna is -27.468dB with a standing wave voltage ratio of 1.0884 at a frequency of 3.45GHz. The design, simulation, and inclusion of shapes and graphics for both antennas were done using the CST (Computer Simulation Tool) program

Design of high flexible multi-band conformal printed patch antenna for sub 6 GHz 5G-based vehicular communication

ABSTRACT Vehicular communications (VCs) play a major role in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In addition to preventing unintentional collisions and traffic jams, this system can lower fuel and energy usage in the transportation system. The Internet of Vehicles emerges by integrating the IoT with vehicles for smooth communication. In IoV, vehicular communications may be from vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to pedestrian (V2P), and vehicle to network (V2N) or vehicle to roadside unit (V2R). The antenna used in vehicular communication has some problems, such as less efficiency and high return loss. The frequency response in the existing methods should not give sufficient data for selecting a better band. To avoid this kind of issue and improve the performance by selecting a better frequency band, this work presents a highly flexible multi-band conformal printed patch antenna for sub-6 GHz 5 G-based vehicular communication application. The substrate used to design the antenna is polyimide, and the microstrip patch antenna is designed with cross-shaped slots. The multi-band circularly polarised antenna is designed to operate in vehicular communication bands such as 2.4 GHz, 4.7 GHz, 5.3 GHz, and 5.9 GHz. The proposed work is simulated in HFSS, and the results of directivity, gain, reflection coefficient, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), radiation pattern, axial ratio, Left-Hand Circular Polarisation (LHCP), Right-Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP) and surface current distribution are evaluated for the conformal antenna.

Analysis, design, and optimization based on genetic algorithms of a highly efficient dual-band rectenna system for radiofrequency energy-harvesting applications

This paper gives an enhanced Rectenna design that operates at dual-band [2.45 and 5.8] GHz in the ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band and is printed on an FR4-Epoxy substrate. This Rectenna design includes two proposed sub-designs for the receiving antenna and rectifier circuit based on the microstrip technology. The first sub-design concerns the microstrip patch antenna (MPA) described by its radiating element as a pentagonal, its ground being affected by a defective ground structure technique, and its polarization manner as circular polarization. This MPA design is analyzed, designed, optimized using genetic algorithms (GAs), simulated under CST MWS (i.e., computer simulation technology microwave studio), and confirmed by another software named HFSS (high-frequency structure simulator). The second sub-design concerns the microstrip rectifier circuit (MRC) that contains an input matching network based on a coupled-line impedance transformer strategy to achieve good adaptation between MPA and MRC, voltage doubler converter using an SMS7630 Schottky diode thanks to its high sensitivity, microstrip interdigital capacitor to mitigate the intrinsic losses due to the lumped elements, harmonic rejection filter based on a stepped-impedance low-pass filter to reject the unwanted harmonics generated by the non-linear behavior of SMS7630, and the resistive load that models the consumption of the system to be fed. This MRC is analyzed, designed, optimized using GAs, and simulated under ADS (Advanced Design System). The effectiveness of the proposed MPA is proven in terms of gain equals 3.06 dBi and 4.683 dBi at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz respectively, and efficiency equals 95.13 % and 96.552 % at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz respectively. The proposed MRC is effective in terms of efficiency at a lower input power value of about 97.18 % and 67.93 % at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz respectively.

Ultra-Wide Band Printed Microstrip Patch Antenna with Two Band Rejection Feature

This work presents a new design idea for a UWB printed micro strip patch antenna with two band-rejection features. The patch has an elliptical shape and its feeding using micro strip feeding line. To achieve the UWB, an elliptical slot was etched on a ground plane. The rejection of two-band is achieved with the addition of two different slots on the radiating patch, the first slot is inverted U shaped slot and the other is U-shaped slot, so there is no need for antenna’s additional size. The radiation pattern of the suggested antenna has an omnidirectional shape for the frequency band from 3.168 GHz to over 15 GHz. There is a two rejection bands, the first one covering 4.87-5.79 GHz with a center frequency of 5.42 GHz, and the other covering 7.2-8.45 GHz with a center frequency of 7.8 GHz. The chosen substrate for the current work is FR-4 having permittivity of 4.3 and thickness of 1.43 mm and the suggested antenna has a small size of 24.5 * 24.5 mm^2. The Experimental results of the manufactured antenna showed agreement with those results of the simulated one.

Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Inspired by Split Ring Resonators for 5.8 GHz Applications

Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Inspired by Split Ring Resonators for 5.8 GHz Applications

A review on microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication systems at 3.5 GHz

This article presents a review of several microstrip patch antennas for 3.5 GHz wireless applications. Different substrate materials, FR-4 (loss), FR-4 Epoxy, Rogers RT/droid 5880, TLC-30, and Rogers RT/droid 5880 LZ, are used. In recent years, wireless antenna applications have increased, including biomedical appliances, internet of things (IoT) terminals, edge devices, radars, mobile phones, and many more. In this work, several articles were reviewed and investigated, and several microstrip patch antennas with a resonance frequency of 3.5 GHz were designed using different substrate materials and shapes. This article also discussed the geometric shapes of antennas, antenna properties, sizes of substrate materials, loss tangent, thickness, return loss, bandwidth, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, efficiency, and directivity. Several software is used for design and simulation, including computer simulation technology (CST), high-frequency simulation frequency (HFSS), and advanced design system (ADS), FEKO, and MATLAB. The main goal of this paper is to talk about different wireless application papers that work in the S-band at a frequency of 3.5 GHz and have been published in various international journals and conferences.

Low-profile, low sidelobe array antenna with ultrawide beam coverage for UAV communication

This paper presents a design method to implement an antenna array characterized by ultra-wide beam coverage, low profile, and low Sidelobe Level (SLL) for the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) air-to-ground communication. The array consists of ten broadside-radiating, ultrawide-beamwidth elements that are cascaded by a central-symmetry series-fed network with tapered currents following Dolph-Chebyshev distribution to provide low SLL. First, an innovative design of end-fire Huygens source antenna that is compatible with metal ground is presented. A low-profile, half-mode Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) is utilized to serve as the magnetic dipole and a monopole is utilized to serves as the electric dipole, constructing the compact, end-fire, grounded Huygens source antenna. Then, two opposite-oriented end-fire Huygens source antennas are seamlessly integrated into a single antenna element in the form of monopole-loaded MPA to accomplish the ultrawide, broadside-radiating beam. Particular consideration has been applied into the design of series-fed network as well as antenna element to compensate the adverse coupling effects between elements on the radiation performance. Experiment indicates an ultrawide Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW) of 161° and a low SLL of −25 dB with a high gain of 12 dBi under a single-layer configuration. The concurrent ultrawide beamwidth and low SLL make it particularly attractive for applications of UAV air-to-ground communication.

A comparative study of dielectric substrate materials effects on the performance of microstrip patch antenna for 5G/6G application

A comparative study of dielectric substrate materials effects on the performance of microstrip patch antenna for 5G/6G application

Gain Enhancement and Sidelobe Level Reduction of Microstrip Patch Antenna Under Operation of TM50-Like Mode

Gain Enhancement and Sidelobe Level Reduction of Microstrip Patch Antenna Under Operation of TM₅₀-Like Mode

Design and analysis of a metamaterial based biosensor to determine blood glucose concentration

In this paper, a biosensor utilizing metamaterials is designed and simulated to detect blood glucose concentration. The proposed sensor comprised of a microstrip patch antenna designed on a Rogers RT5880 substrate. A circular-shaped complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) cell is integrated onto the patch of the antenna which acts as the sensing region. The sensor is analyzed in order to ascertain the blood glucose concentration ranging from 50-300 mg/dL in a human finger model. The sensing parameter is amplitude of reflection coefficient, which exhibits variation in response to alterations in the dielectric characteristics of the sample being tested. The Cole-Cole relaxation model is employed to predict the dielectric properties of different finger tissues. An analysis of the characteristics of the CSRR was conducted to illustrate its significance in the realm of glucose detection. The glucose level is determined through the utilization of a linear regression model that describes the relationship between the reflection coefficient of the sensor and glucose level. The sensor demonstrates an impressive sensitivity of 1.792 dB per (mgdL&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and has the ability of determining glucose levels with a good accuracy, as verified by the application of Clarke error grid. This sensor exhibits enhanced performance compared to some other recent glucose sensors.

A Split Square-shaped Metamaterial Loaded Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Communication

This paper describes a split square-shaped metamaterial (MTM) design which was applied for the performance enhancement of a rectangular-shaped microstrip patch antenna (MPA). A proposed split square-shaped MTM-based microstrip patch antenna resonates at two frequencies, 18.57 GHz and 25.24 GHz. In both cases, the bandwidths were obtained at 2 GHz and 6.72 GHz respectively. The proposed antenna was designed on FR-4 substrate material, with the dimensions of 20×20 mm2. For the performance investigation, the MTM was placed first at the front side of the antenna and subsequently placed at the back side of the antenna. It was found that the antenna showed better performance when the MTM was placed at the back side of the antenna instead of the front side. The wide bandwidth, high directivity and enhanced gain have made the antenna a potential one for the 5G communication.

Left Handed Metamaterials in Microstrip Patch Antenna Design: Miniaturization, Multiband Operation, and Improved Performance

The exotic electromagnetic properties of metamaterials (MTM) can be utilized to meet the increasing demand for smaller, lighter, and more compact multiband antennas. As the resonant frequency is dependent on the aperture parameters of the antenna, metamaterials allow for the miniaturization and performance enhancement of antennas. In this paper, two novel designs of metamaterial loaded microstrip patch antennas are proposed. The first structure emphasizes the miniaturization of patch antennas with performance improvements. The second one deals with the multiband operation of metamaterial loaded antennas with wider bandwidth and improved performance. Compared to the conventional microstrip patch antenna (MPA), the proposed metamaterial loaded antenna has reduced the size by 75%, and antenna characteristics have also improved significantly. The proposed metamaterial antenna resonates at 2.45 GHz, the return loss is -26 dB, and a gain of 5.28 dB is achieved. The multiband antenna can be realized by etching different numbers of complementary split ring resonators in the ground plane. The model proposed with three split ring resonators (SRR) at the ground plane shows quad band operations and can be used in S-band and C-band simultaneously. The quad-band antenna resonates at 3.04 GHz, 3.42 GHz, 5.35 GHz, and 6.08 GHz with bandwidths of 78 MHz, 93 MHz, 167 MHz, and 185 MHz, respectively. The antennas are designed on an FR-4 substrate with a permittivity of 4.3. Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) method has been employed for the extraction and verification of the metamaterial properties of the unit cells. Due to its ability to capture more energy, the reported antenna can be used as a wireless device as well as an RF energy harvesting device. DUJASE Vol. 8 (1) 1-12, 2023 (January)

Malfunctioning conformal phased array: Radiation pattern recovery with particle swarm optimisation

AbstractThe electronic beam steering in conformal phased arrays is formed by exciting the multiple antennas with appropriate phase shifts. However, the malfunctioning of phase shifters connected to the central antenna elements in the conformal array distorts the radiation pattern of the array system severely as compared to edge elements resulting in the reduction of the array gain and increase in the side lobe levels. Here, the authors propose a non‐dominated sorting multi‐objective particle swarm optimisation (NS‐MOPSO) technique capable of recalculating the independent phases of working antenna elements in the array in such a manner as to correct the overall radiation pattern. To illustrate the radiation pattern's recovery capabilities of the optimisation technique in case of malfunctioning of any random phase shifter(s), a 1 x 7 microstrip patch antenna array operating at 2.45 GHz on a wedge‐shaped conformal structure was designed in CST simulator. To test, the radiation pattern's recovery capabilities of the NS‐MOPSO approach, phase shifters connected to the antenna elements in the array were made to malfunction. Then the optimisation algorithm recalculates the phases for individual antenna elements to achieve the desired corrected radiation pattern. The simulated and measured radiation pattern recovery results are in good agreement with each other.