Microscopic Examination Of Urine Research Articles

Approach to Diagnosis and Management of Hematuria.

Hematuria is one of the alarming manifestations of a renal disease. It can present as macroscopic hematuria or microscopic hematuria due to either glomerular or non-glomerular disorders. Clinical presentation and urine microscopy can differentiate glomerular from non-glomerular hematuria. In the majority, a good clinical examination and basic investigations including a urine microscopic examination withsophisticated tools like phase contrast and automated microscopescan help differentiate glomerular from non-glomerular causes for hematuria. Drug induced hematuria, especially secondary to use of analgesics needs to be recognized in routine clinical practice. Rarer causes of hematuria may need more detailed evaluation with a renal biopsy, electron microscopy, urine biochemical testing and imaging. There is no specific treatment to resolve or prevent hematuria. Resolution of hematuria usually occurs with appropriate management of the underlying disorder. Persistent microscopic hematuria indicates the presence of a renal disease that warrants close monitoring and evaluation. Prompt referral to a pediatric nephrologist is indicated in situations when hematuria does not resolve within 2 weeksof onset of glomerulonephritis, there is a need for a renal biopsy, in the presence of persistent microscopic hematuria andneed for specific urine biochemistry testing or imaging studies.

The utility of urinary dipstick in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is frequent in children and may have significant adverse effects, especially for young children. Objective: The objective was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of pyuria, leukocyte esterase, and nitrite test in the diagnosis of UTI and whether they can be used as an alternative to the conventional culture, which is expensive and needs more time for the result to be obtained. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which 143 patients were prospectively studied in Kerbela teaching hospital for children, who were suspected to have UTI and did not receive antibiotics for at least a week. Urine samples were collected using urine catheter for children who are not toilet trained and midstream urine for older children. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were measured for nitrite, leukocyte esterase, and pyuria. Results: There was a highly significant association between the positive results of urine dipstick (nitrite test and leukocyte esterase test) and microscopic (examination for pyuria) and the positive results of urine culture (P

Acyclovir crystalluria: The utility of bedside urine routine microscopic examination

Acyclovir, an acyclic nucleoside, is commonly used for the treatment of viral infections. Acyclovir is well tolerated in children. However, severe nephrotoxicity has been shown to occur in some children. One of the mechanisms for acyclovir-induced nephrotoxicity is acyclovir-induced crystalluria. Prompt attention to urine microscopy examination can help avoid drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Here, we report a case of a seven-year-old febrile comatose child who received intravenous empirical acyclovir therapy and developed cloudy urine. Bedside urine microscopic examination shows fine-needle-shaped crystal. The urine was cleared within 12 h of stopping the acyclovir and adequate intravascular hydration. A child recovered without evidence of acute kidney injury.

Prevalence of urinary tract infections and risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in government primary health-care centers in Akure, Nigeria

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) has become the most common bacterial infection in humans, both at the community and hospital settings. It has been reported in all age groups and in both sexes. This is also a leading cause of Gram-negative sepsis in hospitalized patients. This study was carried out to identify and evaluate the associated risk factors of UTIs in relation to the sociodemographic characteristics among pregnant women in the study area. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June, 2018, on the urine of pregnant women, and the sociodemographic information of the women was collected. A total of 300 clean midstream urine samples were collected, and a general urine microscopic examination and culture were carried out. Results: Out of the 300 urine samples cultured, 183 (61.0%) yielded significant growth of urinary pathogens, whereas 117 (39.0%) yielded either insignificant growth or no growth of any urinary pathogen. Prevalence of UTI was statistically significantly associated with the type of toilet used, symptoms of UTI, and previous history of UTI (P

Screening for Urine Abnormalities Among School Children in Qalubyia

Background Early identification of kidney diseases in children and adolescents is an important initial step in prevention of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). The current study was undertaken to screen asymptomatic school children in Qalubyia governate, Egypt, and to detect the prevalence of renal disorders using urine dipstick method. Aim of Work The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of urinary abnormalities by dipstick test (reagent strips) in asymptomatic school children. Patients and Method This cross sectional study, was carried out in Qalubyia Governorate, from September 2018 to February 2019. It comprised (1000) school children of both sexes after obtaining an informed consent from the children's care givers. Ages of the children included in the study ranged from 6 to 12 years and they were 411 males (41.1%) and 589 females (58.9%). Results Out of total 1000 children, 411 (41.1%) were male children and remaining 589 (58.9%) were female students. During the first screening by urine dipstick method, 66 (6.6%) children were found to having urinary abnormalities which were further investigated by confirmatory complete urine analysis. Finally 33 were diagnosed having urinary abnormalities. The prevalence rate of isolated hematuria (IH) was 0.9%; isolated proteinuria (IP) was 0.4%; combined hematuria and proteinuria (CHP) was 0.1% and urinary tract infection (UTI) was 1.8% and Glycosuria was 0.1%. In microscopic urine examination, crystals was found positive in 0.8% of the cases. Abnormality in sonography of kidneys were found in 5 cases. Urine culture results were positive in 8 cases. Conclusions In conclusion, asymptomatic urinary abnormalities might be detected by urine screening program at school age.

Prevalence of Schistosoma Haematobium Measured by a Mobile Health System in an Unexplored Endemic Region in the Subprefecture of Torrock, Chad.

BackgroundSchistosoma haematobium is a parasitic digenetic trematode responsible for schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia). The disease is caused by penetration of the skin by the parasite, spread by intermediate host molluscs in stagnant waters, and can be treated by administration of praziquantel. Schistosomiasis is considered to be an important but neglected tropical disease.ObjectiveThe aim of this pilot study was to investigate the prevalence of schistosomiasis in the subprefecture of Torrock, an endemic area in Chad where no earlier investigation had been conducted and no distribution system for pharmacotherapy has ever existed.MethodsThis study examined 1875 children aged 1 to 14 years over a period of 1 year. After centrifugation, urine examination was performed by a direct microscopic investigation for eggs. The investigation was conducted with a mobile health (mHealth) approach, using short message service (SMS) for communication among parents, local health workers, a pharmacist, and a medical doctor. An initial awareness campaign requested parents to have their children examined for schistosomiasis. Urine was then collected at home by the parents following the SMS request. Urine results that proved positive were sent to a medical doctor by SMS, who in turn ordered a pharmacist by SMS to distribute praziquantel to the infected children.ResultsDirect microscopic examination of urine found 467 positive cases (24.9% of the total sample). Of all male and female samples, 341 (34%) and 127 (14.4%) samples were positive, respectively. The infection rate was equally distributed over age groups. The newly developed mHealth system had a limited level of participation (8%) from an estimated total of 25,000 children in the target group.ConclusionsThe prevalence of schistosomiasis in children in the subprefecture of Torrock is moderately high. Efforts will be required to enhance the awareness of parents and to reach a larger percentage of the population. Systematic governmental measures should be put in place as soon as possible to increase awareness in the area and to diagnose and treat cases of schistosomiasis.

Clinical urine analysis: a role in modern paediatric practice

Urine testing has not only helped physicians to diagnose various diseases since ancient times, but has also stimulated the emergence of such areas of medicine as urology, nephrology, endocrinology. The method itself has evolved over the centuries from purely visual (uroscopy) to modern, physico-chemical, biochemical and microscopic examination of urine. Despite the emergence in recent years of new accurate and more advanced methods for the study of biological fluids, clinical analysis of urine remains one of the most frequently performed studies in the practice of a doctor, including a paediatrician. This relatively simple and quick analysis is a screening method for the diagnosis of diseases of the urinary system, as well as many other organs and systems. The article describes the current aspects of this laboratory study, which is still one of the most important in the arsenal of a pediatrician.

Low accuracy of microscopic hematuria in detecting coagulopathy from Bothrops pit viper bites, Brazilian Amazon

Introduction: The common lancehead snakes (Bothrops atrox) are responsible for up to 90% of snakebites in the Amazon, especially in remote areas. The prevalence of microhematuria is similar to that of coagulopathy in B. atrox envenomation in the Amazon. Thus, this study aimed to assess the reliability of microhematuria as an inexpensive and simple alternative to detect snake-induced consumption coagulopathy.Methods: We analyzed samples from patients with confirmed B. atrox envenomation in terms of plasma fibrinogen and microhematuria (>3 red blood cells per high power field) in order to access the reliability of microhematuria to detect snakebite-induced coagulopathy, within 12 hours from admission.Results: A total of 186 patients were recruited. From the total, 85.5% of patients had hypofibrinogenemia and only about 50% (n = 94) had a microscopic examination of urine within 12 hours where microhematuria was present in 39 (41.5%). Diagnostic performance showed 38.6% sensitivity and 36.4% specificity (cutpoint 200 mg/dL). No clear association was seen between microhematuria and hypofibrinogenemia (r: −0.10; p: .34).Conclusion: In this study, microhematuria presented poor diagnostic performance to detect coagulopathy. Further studies are necessary to screen inexpensive and simple alternative diagnostic tools.

Screening for Asymptomatic Urine Abnormalities among Primary School Children in Qallin City of Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate,Egypt

Abstract: Background: Chronic kidney disease is cause of death and disability. Urine dipstick is a simple, non-invasive cost effective method with high ability to detect urine abnormalities in earlier stages for proper management and prevention. Objectives: 1-To assess prevalence of urine abnormalities. 2- To compare positive results of urine dipstick test with microscopic examination of urine.Methods: A sample of 320 students was randomly selected from two primary schools in Qallin city in Kafr El- sheikh governorate by simple random sampling technique. Students were assessed through a predesigned questionnaire to determine socioeconomic status of studied group. Urine dipstick was performed for each studied child to examine the morning urine sample. Another urine sample was taken from children who had abnormal urine dipstick results for complete microscopic urine analysis. Results: There was 15% from all the studied children having urine abnormalities during screening by dipstick test. The most prevalent abnormalities were hematuria, lecocyturia, nituria and lastly proteinuria 9.7%, 7.5%, 2.2% and 0.9% respectively. The most common abnormality in microscopic urine examination was crystaluria. Cases were +ve for urinary tract infection by dipstick confirmed by 67% were +ve for pus by microscopic analysis, while 9.6% of cases who were +ve for hematuria by dipstick screening confirmed by 100% +ve for blood by microscopic analysis.Conclusion: Prevalence of urine abnormalities was 15% among studied group. The most prevalent abnormalities were hematuria in dipstick test and crystalluria in microscopic examination.

Multidimensional Analysis of Urinary Stone Diseases in Pediatric Patients.

Objectives:Urinary tract stones are less common in children than in adults. Determining the etiology is the most important step to achieve successful treatment and prevent future recurrence. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and possible risk factors for urinary stone disease in pediatric patients.Methods:The data of 126 patients with urinary stone disease who were treated in a pediatric nephrology clinic between 2000 and 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. A total 126 patients were enrolled in the study: 70 (55%) male and 56 (45%) female patients were included. The complaints, age of diagnosis, family histories, and stone location were examined. Direct urine microscopic examination, complete urinalysis, and urine culture were performed for all of the patients. Calcium, uric acid, oxalate, citrate, magnesium, and cystine levels were measured in urine collected in a 24-hour period. Serum electrolyte, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, and albumin levels were measured. Urinary ultrasound was performed. Stone analysis was conducted using the X-ray diffraction method. The mean age of the patients was 55 months (range: 1-162 months) at presentation.Results:In all, 34% of the patients had a family history of urinary stone disease. The rate of previous urinary tract infection was 26%. It was determined that 34% of the patients had been taking vitamin D and 5% had been taking a high dose. Metabolic risk factors determined were: hypercalciuria in 41%, hypocitraturia in 30%, hyperoxaluria in 14%, hyperuricosuria in 10%, and cystinuria in 5%. Among the group, 81% of the patients had kidney stones, 6.5% had ureter stones, and 2.5% had bladder stones. Furthermore, it was determined that 45% of the stones were composed of calcium oxalate, 35% had calcium phosphate stones, 14.2% had uric acid stones, and 13.3% had cystine stones. In 52% of the cases, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was performed, and 71% underwent surgical treatment.Conclusion:Metabolic evaluation and stone analysis should be performed to prevent future recurrences in children with urinary stone disease and lifelong follow-up should be emphasized.

Urinary capillariosis in a free-ranging Marsican brown bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus)

Extraintestinal nematodes have been seldom investigated in the brown bear (Ursus arctos). In this study, a case of urinary capillariosis and bladder associated lesions is reported in a deceased free-ranging Marsican brown bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus) from Central Italy. Gross lesions in the urinary bladder consisted of scattered foci of mucosal hyperemia, while at histological examination mild cystitis was observed. At microscopic examination of urine and bladder lavage fluid, capillariid adult female nematodes and eggs were found, suspected of belonging to the genus Pearsonema based on their location in the urinary bladder. This is the first report of Pearsonema infection and associated bladder lesions in a brown bear.

Time-dependent changes in kidney histopathology in ethylene glycol poisoning.

Ethylene glycol (EG) may be acutely toxic following ingestion. In fatal cases, microscopic examination of urine and kidney specimens can establish a post-mortem diagnosis of EG poisoning. We describe the main renal histopathologic changes during different stages of EG poisoning, which might be helpful when dating the EG poisoning itself. A single-centre retrospective study conducted on all EG poisoning cases demonstrated that in an early stage of EG poisoning, fine dust-like crystals were deposited to the tubular cell basement membrane, followed by internalisation of calcium oxalate crystals into the epithelial cells. Later, the crystals formed larger aggregates within the epithelial cells. As the changes became advanced, pronounced tubular epithelial damage occurred, with detachment of epithelial cells from the basement membrane. In the final stage, coarse calcium oxalate crystals were recognised in the tubular lumen, with cellular debris from damaged epithelial cells. Our study shows that the time-dependent histological changes described follow the clinical stages of EG poisoning and may therefore provide a rough estimate of the time of EG ingestion before death.

Homoeopathic Medicine ‘Cantharis 30CH’ Substituted Antibiotic: A Case Report of Infantile Urinary Tract Infection.

Introduction: Cantharis is not an uncommon homoeopathic remedy for Urinary Tract Infections (UTI), but this case was unique as it was a case of rapidly progressing acute UTI. The patient was a 4-month-old infant and the pediatrician of modern medicine had already suggested that administration of antibiotics was the only way of treatment, but Cantharis 30CH could cure the case, within a short period. Case Profile: The four-month-old male baby presented on 5th Jan.2018, with the symptoms of: incessant crying, especially more before and while urinating; irritability and total loss of appetite. The routine and microscopic examination (REM it was advised to dissolve one globule in the breast milk and give thrice daily. There was significant improvement of symptoms within 3 days; microscopic examination of urine showed decrease in leucocytes and there was complete disappearance of all symptoms within 6 days. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the case report that a well-selected homoeopathic similimum, in right potency and dosage can cure awful cases of E.coli infections even in infants and can replace antibiotics and save the little ones from the adverse effects of antibiotics. Clinical trials on the efficacy of Cantharis on infantile UTI are suggested.

9. Profile of acute kidney injury in patients with decompensated chronic liver disease at a tertiary care center in North India

Background and Aims: The hepato-renal syndrome (HRS) is a form of functional renal failure without renal pathology that occurs in about 10% of patients with advanced decompensated cirrhosis or acute liver failure. It is primarily caused due to marked disturbances in the arterial renal circulation in patients with cirrhosis; these include an increase in vascular resistance accompanied by a reduction in systemic vascular resistance. Methods: Study was conducted at Himalayan Institute of Medical sciences, Dehradun, India over a period of 12 months. Admitted patients of decompensated chronic liver disease were taken as subjects and aims of the study were to: to study prevalence of Acute Kidney Injury in patients with decompensated chronic liver disease, to classify patients with Acute Kidney Injury as pre-renal/renal/ post-renal cause, to identify prevalence of Hepato-renal syndrome in patients with Acute Kidney Injury in cirrhotic patients. Patient were diagnosed as having pre-renal acute kidney injury if their serum creatinine reduced by 0.3 mg/dl within 48 hours of admission after resuscitation with IV fluids (normal saline with or without albumin). In patients whom serum creatinine did not improve or worsen after adequate fluid resuscitation and fulfilling other diagnostic criteria were classified as hepato-renal syndrome. Patients with findings on microscopic urine examination (hematuria RBC > 50/HPF, proteinuria or cast in urine were classified as intrinsic renal disease. Patients were classified as having post renal azotemia if on imaging there is evidence of pelvi-calyceal dilatation. Results: A total of 175 patients were enrolled in the study. The Prevalence of AKI was found to be 43.7%, with pre-renal AKI – 71.23%, Intrinsic – 2.7% and Obstructive Uropathy – 1.35%. The prevalence of HRS was found to be 21.9%. Conclusions: Amongst the patient population AKI was seen in 67 patients and out of which 16 patients were found to have HRS. The authors have none to declare.

Paediatric Urinary Tract Infection: Microbiologic Profile and Antibiotics Sensitivity in Children Presenting with UTI

Background: This study was designed to determine the microbiologic profile and Antibiotics Sensitivity in Children presenting with UTI. Materials & Methods: This hospital based prospective study was conducted in 28 patients Patients from 2 months to 12 years were admitted to the pediatric ward and visited in outpatient department (OPD) with diagnosis of UTI based on history with routine and microscopic examination of urine were considered for this study. The UTI investigation protocol recommended ultrasound, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), and DMSA scan. Clinical and laboratory parameters at the index infection, including highest measured temperature, highest C-reactive protein (CRP), bacterial findings, and the number of febrile recurrences, were recorded. Results: Fever was the most common symptom accounting for 76.4% of patients with nausea and vomiting (42.8%), dysuria (53.6%), abdominal pain (57.1%) and anorexia (46.4%). Urine analysis was done in all suspected cases of UTI. Among all urine samples 60.7% had WBC >10/hpf, followed by 87 (28.6%) which had WBC between 6-10/hpf. Only 6 (10.7%) had WBC 5 or less. Among all urine analyses 68 (57.1%) Conclusion: E. coli (82%) was the most common organism found followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (12%), Proteus mirabilis (5%)and 1% were other pathogens like Enterococcus species (Table 4, Fig 1). All isolated E. coli was sensitive to Imipenem, Nalidixic acid, Netilmicin and Vancomycin. E. coli were 80-90% sensitive to Amikacin, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, Ofloxacin, Gentamicin and Nitrofurantoin.

Effects of Diagnostic Work-Up on Medical Decision-Making for Canine Urinary Tract Infection: An Observational Study in Danish Small Animal Practices.

BackgroundClinical signs of urinary tract disease in dogs often lead to prescription of antibiotics. Appropriate diagnostic work‐up could optimize treatment and reduce the risk of inappropriate use of antibiotics.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo describe and evaluate the impact of diagnostic work‐up on decision to treat (DTT) and choice of antibiotic treatment (COT) for dogs presenting with clinical signs of urinary tract disease.AnimalsOne hundred and fifty‐one dogs presenting to 52 Danish veterinary practices.MethodsProspective, observational study. Clinical signs, diagnostic work‐up, and prescriptions were recorded. Urine samples were submitted to a reference laboratory for quantitative bacterial culture (QBC) and susceptibility testing. The laboratory results were used as reference for assessing the appropriateness of DTT and COT.ResultsIn the majority of dogs, veterinarians performed dipstick (99%), microscopic examination of urine (80%) and bacterial culture (56%). Fifty‐one percent of dogs had urinary tract infection (UTI) based on reference QBC. Appropriate DTT was made for 62% of the dogs, while 36% were over‐prescribed and 2% under‐prescribed. Inappropriate use of second‐line agents was found in 57% of the UTI cases. Performing microscopy—but not culture—significantly impacted DTT (P = 0.039) while no difference was seen in COT (P = 0.67). The accuracy of in‐house microscopy and culture were 64.5 and 77%, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Over‐prescription of antibiotics was common among dogs with suspected UTI, regardless of the diagnostic work‐up performed. Test inaccuracy under practice conditions and incoherence between diagnostic test results and decision‐making both explained inappropriate and unnecessary use of antibiotics.

Utility of dipstick test (nitrite and leukocyte esterase) and microscopic analysis of urine when compared to culture in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children

Background: Urine culture is the gold standard in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI), but usually takes at least 48 hours and is expensive. Urine dipstick test and microscopy are useful for early diagnosis and initiation of treatment. The current study aims to assess the diagnostic value of dipstick and microscopy of urine in the diagnosis of UTI in comparison with culture.Methods: Children aged between 3 months-15 years of age, in whom UTI was suspected clinically were included in the study. Dipstick and microscopic examination of urine were done and compared with the urine culture. Results were analyzed using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values.Results: Total of 104 children with clinical suspicion of UTI were evaluated in the study. The specificity of nitrite is 93.94%, leucocyte esterase 75.76%, urine dipstick test (nitrite and leukocyte esterase) 96.97% and urine microscopy is 50% when compared to urine culture.Conclusions: Urine dipstick test (nitrite and leukocyte esterase) and urine microscopy can be used as screening tests to rule out or rule in UTI. This would be useful clinically as treatment could be commenced in children pending culture reports.

A CASE REPORT ON ISOLATED HEMATURIA WITH ANEMIA DUE TO SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM

An unsual case in India was reported with an Isolated Hematuria with Anemia due to Schistosoma Haematobium. A male North African patient aged with 22 years admitted in hospital in Hyderabad with chief complaints of hematuria with dysuria, fever with night sweats and shortness of breath during exercise. His skin appears as pale. His history known that he came to India for his academics. He has a habit of swimming in lake at his country. He has no known past medical history and medication history. His blood reports were found to be low hemoglobin levels and low RBC count. His urine analysis results with reddish colored erythrocytes and crystals with an absence of proteins and casts. Microscopic examination of urine detects Schistosoma Haematobium eggs by using repeated concentration techniques.

A Comparative Study of Routine Microscopic Examination of Urine in Microbiology Laboratories at Primary and Secondary Level Before and After Implementation of Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)

Context : Laboratory services have become an integral and inseparable component of modern medicine and public health. The use of standard operating procedure (SOP) in laboratory testing is one of the most crucial factor in achieving the quality. This cross sectional study was done to assess the quality of routine microscopic examination of urine of a microbiology laboratory at primary level and one microbiology laboratory at secondary level by evaluating the test results before SOP and re evaluating the test results after implementing SOP to see if there was any improvement in quality of those tests.Material and Methods: A cross sectional, descriptive type of study was conducted in Narsingdi Sador Hospital as secondary level microbiology laboratory and Polash Upzilla Health Complex as primary level microbiology laboratory. The study was performed on clinically suspected patients of urinary tract infection (UTI) attending at the primary and secondary level laboratory for microscopic examination of urine. Clinically suspected cases of UTI who had taken any anti microbial treatment in the past 48 hours were excluded from the study. 60 urine samples were collected from each level before implementing SOP and 30 urine samples were collected from each level and tested after following SOP.Result : In routine microscopic examination of urine at primary and secondary level, before SOP, regarding significant number of Pus cells discrepancy was found in 21.67% cases at primary level and 18.33% cases at secondary level. After implementing SOP, discrepancy in the result was reduced to 10% from 21.67% at primary level and 0% from 18.33% at secondary level. This difference in results was statistically significant (p< 0.05).Conclusion: Implementing SOP and after practicing appropriate and standard techniques for collection and examination of urine at primary and secondary level, discrepancy in the results of routine microscopic examination of urine between investigator and Medical Officer (MOPathology) was reduced and overall quality of tests were improved.J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 25, No.2, October, 2016, Page 87-93

Urinary tract infection in children: clinical aspects and utility of urine dipstick test

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common genitourinary disease in children and accounts for significant morbidity. To prevent the potentially dangerous sequel, early detection of UTI in childhood is essential. This depends entirely on strong clinical suspicion and urine culture report. Recently, advances in investigations are taking place to diagnose UTI rapidly. Urine dipstick is one such bedside method to diagnose UTI. This study aims at studying the clinical features of UTI and evaluating sensitivity and specificity of urine dipstick in diagnosing UTI.Methods: This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Vadodara from January 2013 to June 2014, on 60 children admitted with clinical suspicion of urinary tract infection. Along with study of clinical features, results of urine dipstick tests (Nitrite and Leukocyte esterase), urine microscopy and urine culture were compared. Accuracy of urine dipstick tests was assessed statistically by evaluating sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values considering urine culture as a gold standard.Results: Fever was found to be the most common presenting features (53%) in all the patients studied. The sensitivity of urine microscopy, Nitrite test and Leucocyte esterase test was 63.5%, 50% and 61% and specificity was 25%, 31% and 25% respectively. Combination of Nitrite and Leucocyte Esterase test had an improved sensitivity (68%).Conclusions: Urinary tract infection can present with variety of non-specific signs and symptoms especially in younger age. Dipstick test using Leucocyte Esterase and Nitrite together is better than urine microscopic examination alone. Urine culture as a confirmatory test still remains gold standard.