Microprocessor System Research Articles

The Method of Diversity-Based Ensuring the Reliability of the Router in the IIoT System

The architecture of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) system assumes the presence of a router as the main subsystem, which will allow connecting the subsystems into a single network and connecting them to the equipment of the Internet service provider. Failure of the router can lead to downtime of industrial equipment and the whole workshop at the industrial enterprise, and to the failure of the IIoT system as a whole. Control processing units of industrial routers (RCPU) are complex microprocessor systems (MS). Violation of their operability can be caused by both hardware (HW) and software (SW) failures. Therefore, to increase the reliability of RCPU it is reasonable to use such methods of reliability assurance as HW redundancy (duplication of processors with comparison of results), as well as the use of modern means of control and diagnostics. However, the number of HW and SW failures in RCPUs, is still quite high. In this connection, the solution of issues related to the development of methods for ensuring high reliability of RCPU is of great urgency. This paper proposes a method of ensuring the reliability of RCPU using SW diversity on the basis of priority series. The method let to choose the variant of redundancy of HW and the number of versions of SW as diversity in RCPU.

Microprocessor System Control Stage: Railway Tracks Example

Microprocessor System Control Stage: Railway Tracks Example

Internal combustion engine acoustic diagnostics

Introduction. To ensure stable performance of transport and technological machines, constant monitoring of their technical condition is necessary. Timely diagnosis is difficult to carry out when working in remote regions, as well as when transporting goods over long distances due to the lack of closely located maintenance centers.Materials and methods. One of the solutions to the above problem is the use of a diagnostic method based on sound parameters. In particular, this method is applicable to power plants. Its advantage is the ability to quickly assess the condition of the engine mechanisms and systems on site using a portable device (without the use of large-sized and low-mobility equipment) by non-destructive testing. Thus, the research and implementation of the acoustic diagnostic method is promising and in demand today. One of the most important areas for improving power plants today is the automation of control processes for their operation based on the use of electronics and microprocessor systems. With a positive effect on the efficiency of the engine, these complex systems expand the range of its potential malfunctions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fundamental possibility of determining and comparing the acoustic parameters of an engine with and without violations of the operating mode in the event of failures in electronic control systems of its operation. As an example, the Ford Focus passenger car was chosen as the object of the study. A malfunction in the electronic ignition module was used as a test fault. The obtained spectral patterns of the sound radiation of the internal combustion engine (with and without violations of the operating mode) enable to determine the nature of the engine malfunction by sound parameters.Results. A frequency range at which it is possible to identify the spectral pattern of an engine with impaired operation and an engine without impaired operation was obtained. This range was 6,000-6,500 Hz, since in this segment the sound level reaches more than 40 dB.Discussions and conclusions. The conducted experiment is the initial stage of a large-scale experimental study, the result of which will serve as a starting point for the introduction of the acoustic method into the process of diagnosing electronic control systems for internal combustion engines.

FPGA in hardware description language based digital clock alarm system with 24-hr format

Currently, digital clock adapts microprocessor or microcontroller system. Performance of speed and reconfigurability issue become a main concern in digital clocks. New additional feature may be introduced in digital clocks in the future. Field programmable gate array (FPGA) offer better performance of speed and reconfiguration features. Based on these advantages, it is essential to study or explore the digital clock with FPGA design. The objective in this study is to create a hardware description language (HDL)- based digital clock with alarm system and implement it onto the Altera DE2- 115 board. Using Verilog HDL language in Quartus Prime 20.1 Lite Edition software, all submodule components is developed and being test benched using ModelSim-Altera Starter Edition 13.1 to ensure the correct functionality. Then all inputs and outputs will be assigned through pin assignment in the software. For verification purpose, it will be downloaded to the Altera DE2-115 board. In conclusion, the file has been successfully implemented to the board and the digital clock with alarm is fully functional as expected. This was proved by the alarm signal, time adjustment and display of the three-display mode which is clock, alarm, and input where each mode carries their own functions as expected.

РОЗРОБКА СИСТЕМИ КЕРУВАННЯ КРОКОВИМ ДВИГУНОМ НАВЧАЛЬНОЇ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ ЛІНІЇ

Stepper motors have long been successfully used in a variety of industrial and special equipment. The advantage of stepper motors is that a high degree of motion control can be achieved. Stepper motors are controlled using microprocessor systems. However, in this case, the stepper motor is controlled by the program loaded into the microcontroller. There is often a need to dynamically change the operation parameters of the stepper motor - speed of rotation, direction and magnitude of the angle of rotation, etc. The work is devoted to the development of the stepper motor control system of the educational transport line, implemented at the Department of Automation of Production Processes of the Ukrainian State University of Science and Technology. The system allows you to dynamically change system parameters using either a personal computer (PC) by sending the appropriate commands to the system via the COM port, or by using a tablet by sending the appropriate commands to the system via Bluetooth. Such a system can be used both in the educational process to practice standard stepper motor control techniques and microcontroller programming skills, and in industrial systems that require high-precision mechanism position control.

Analysis of the operation of the microprocessor control system of a bridge crane using optimum control laws

This work presents the results of studies on the influence of the error of the main parameters of the bridge crane on the quality of optimal control. The quality of control refers to the exact positioning of the load at the stopping point and the magnitude of the final fluctuations of the load after the crane stops. The concept of optimal control is based on L.S. Pontryagin's maximum principle, which is when the goal is achieved by switching the acceleration-braking control of the load suspension point according to a specific algorithm. To achieve the maximum speed of operation of the crane, certain restrictions and conditions have been removed, namely, the refusal to eliminate load fluctuations during crane acceleration, which simplifies the subsequent elimination of load fluctuations during crane braking. However, this is an unnecessary waste of time, and therefore, acceleration is carried out at the maximum possible acceleration without eliminating load fluctuations. Of course, at the same time, significant fluctuations in the cargo occur, and they continue throughout the entire time the crane is moving. Moreover, the final goal is achieved only at the end of the cycle by switching the acceleration-deceleration modes - the cargo is delivered precisely to the specified point without fluctuations after the crane stops. A PC program that generates optimal control laws for a specific crane has been developed. This program can be used for any lifting machine where the suspension point moves in a straight line, and flexible load suspension is used, such as overhead or gantry cranes, hoists, etc. The results of the research were tested on several objects: a 0.5t crane, a 5t bridge grab crane, and models of bridge cranes. In each case, a good coincidence of theoretical and experimental results was observed, resulting in effective management of the object. The original microprocessor system implemented the optimal control laws, built first based on the MKP-1 microcontroller and then based on Arduino. However, a good result is guaranteed only if the fundamental parameters of the crane coincide with the theoretical ones. This is not easy to achieve during the actual operation of the crane. They vary within a specific range. The article examines how the error in each of the main parameters of the crane affects the result and how the control system can be improved to reduce the negative impact to a minimum. Keywords: optimal control, elimination of load fluctuations, accurate positioning, crane, microprocessor, reloading cycle

CONCEPT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PRECISION MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL SYSTEM OF COLLECTOR ENGINE OF CNC MACHINE

An emerging trend in recent decades is the increasing role of CNC equipment, which has already become one of the main types of equipment in significant portions of modern technological lines. This is attributed to both the complication of technological processes and the rising demands for product quality, as well as the increased productivity and functionality of modern microprocessor systems. It is worth noting that the DC motor and its electric drive, which can operate on both direct and alternating current, occupy a significant niche in the social production system and deserve special attention. One of the key features of modern scientific and technological progress is the wide use of microelectronics in various branches of the national economy, which is constantly growing. The role of microelectronics in the development of social production is determined by its versatile capabilities in solving various tasks and its deep influence on culture and everyday life of a person. Currently, special attention is focused on the introduction of microprocessors that solve the tasks of automating the control of mechanisms, devices and equipment. Adaptation of microprocessors to specific tasks is usually carried out by developing appropriate software, which is then loaded into the device's memory. Hardware adaptation, in most cases, is carried out by connecting the necessary integrated circuits and organizing input-output corresponding to the problem being solved. These characteristics ensure high flexibility of such systems, which allows you to quickly adapt production equipment to new technological conditions. The article proposes a concept for implementing a precision microprocessor control system for a CNC machine's DC motor, implemented on the basis of single-chip microcomputers, characterized by increased reliability due to the reduction in the number of serial links. A methodology for implementing a precision microprocessor control system for a CNC machine's DC motor has also been developed, the application of which will significantly simplify the design process and reduce the time required to build such a system.

Margin Elimination in a 55 nm Near-Threshold Microcontroller with Adaptive Prediction Capability and Voltage Scaling

This paper presents an innovative approach for error prediction (EP) tailored to near-threshold operations, addressing the energy-efficient requirements of digital circuits in applications such as IoT devices and wearables. The novel EP technique combines the benefits of error prediction and detection, effectively addressing critical issues associated with each method by enabling adaptive prediction capability and voltage scaling. More specifically, the presented EP method requires no modifications to the processor pipeline and mitigates the generation of false-positive errors, ensuring stable operation of the system at high-efficiency points. The effectiveness of this strategy is demonstrated through its implementation in a near-threshold 32-bit microprocessor system with a modest 5.82% area overhead. Silicon measurements validate the adaptive EP system from 0.59 to 0.66 V (4–32 MHz) and confirm its removal of all voltage margins. Here, the EP technique reduces the energy consumption by 18.6–25.1% with respect to the signoff margins and it allows the system to operate without energy overhead compared to its ideal non-margined critical operation point, with less than a 5% throughput loss.

An intelligent insole based on wide-range flexible pressure sensor

In this paper, an intelligent insole that contains five wide-range flexible capacitive pressure sensors is developed. The output signal of these five sensors is collected and processed by a portable microprocessor system, which is then transmitted to a cloud platform via a Wi-Fi module. The ensuing data visualization is constructed with a WeChat mini-program. The wide-range flexibility is achieved by employing composition materials with a high pressure-sensitive effect. A novel approach is proposed to fabricate flexible pressure-sensitive dielectrics, thereby significantly enhancing the sensitivity and detection range of pressure sensors. The fabrication process involves utilizing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a flexible substrate, incorporating nano-iron powder and polyvinylidene fluoride as sensitizing materials, and applying an external magnetic field to control the distribution of iron nanoparticles during the curing process of PDMS. Furthermore, a motion detection system tailored for these flexible sensors is developed. By integrating sensor networks with Internet of things technology, the application potential of wide-range flexible pressure sensors in kinematics and medical rehabilitation fields can be effectively realized.

Design Training Kit STM32F1 ARM Cortex on Microprocessor and Microcontroller System

Along with the plan of the Electrical Engineering study program for laboratory development, especially the control system laboratory, the teaching team also prepares itself to make a laboratory development plan by multiplying practicum modules accompanied by training kits. To answer these problems, one of them is conducting laboratory-based research. The research conducted in the form of design of STM32F1 ARM Cortex training kit is used to learn the basic knowledge of using microprocessor and microcontroller system applications with its implementation in the form of I/O (Input/Output), LCD Interface (Liquid Crystal Display), HC-SR04 sensor to measure and detect an object, DHT11 Sensor to measure temperature, humidity and Thermostat, ADC (Analog Digital Converter) 12 Bit, PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) on Duty Cycle, RTC (Real Time Clock) for Digital Clock and Alarm. The results showed that the C/C++ program created using the STM32CubeIDE application for implementation consisting of 10 experiments ran successfully on the microprocessor and microcontroller system. So that the STM32F1 ARM Cortex Training Kit can be used in learning microprocessor and microcontroller system practicum.

Incorporating DRAGON12-light trainer board in an introductory microprocessors course

The HCS12 microcontroller and DRAGON12-Light Trainer boards are extensively utilized in microprocessor system design education. This paper details the rationale, approach, and outcomes from implementing the DRAGON12-Light Trainer board in teaching an upper-level undergraduate microprocessors course at Oakland University. The course’s primary goal is for students to acquire the skills necessary to design both hardware and software for microprocessor-based systems, with applications across various industries. The paper assesses the effectiveness of employing the Motorola HCS12 microcontroller for its real-world relevance and integrates the Freescale CodeWarrior IDE v5.1 environment for software development. This research uniquely contributes by measuring the improvement in students’ practical skills, specifically in hardware and software design using assembly and C programming, through hands-on lab assignments. It reports on the development of students’ abilities to engage in microprocessor-based system design and critically evaluates the applied aspects of pedagogy by incorporating the DRAGON12-Light Trainer in lab exercises, such as those involving ’Measuring Human Reaction Time’ and ’Servo motor interfacing.’ Quantitative results, derived from student surveys and assessments, indicate significant improvements in students’ programming competencies. The paper provides statistical results showcasing the increase in students’ self-rated confidence levels in assembly and C language programming before and after course completion. Additionally, qualitative insights are discussed, reflecting students’ experiences and the perceived applicability of the skills they acquired. These results underscore the pedagogical value of integrating practical training devices like the DRAGON12-Light Trainer board into microprocessors curricula.

Adaptive Antenna Array Control Algorithm in Radiocommunication Systems

An important element of modern telecommunications is wireless radio networks, which enable mobile subscribers to access wireless networks. The cell area is divided into independent sectors served by directional antennas. As the number of mobile network subscribers served by a single base station increases, the problem of interference related to the operation of the radio link increases. To minimize the disadvantages of omnidirectional antennas, base stations use antennas with directional radiation characteristics. This solution allows you to optimize the operating conditions of the mobile network in terms of reducing the impact of interference, better managing the frequency spectrum and improving the energy efficiency of the system. The work presents an adaptive antenna algorithm used in mobile telephony. The principle of operation of adaptive systems, the properties of their elements and the configurations in which they are used in practice are described. On this basis, an algorithm for controlling the radiation characteristics of adaptive antennas is presented. The control is carried out using a microprocessor system. The simulation model is described. An algorithm was developed based on the Mathcad mathematical program, and the simulation results of this algorithm, i.e., changes in radiation characteristics as a result of changing the mobile position of subscribers, were presented in the form of selected radiation characteristics charts.

Microprocessor system control stage: railway tracks example

This paper introduces a novel method of managing railway tracks by utilizing a control system based on microprocessors. The creation and deployment of an advanced system intended to improve the effectiveness, security, and dependability of railway operations is the main objective. The suggested system makes use of cutting-edge microprocessor technology to keep an eye on, manage, and repair a number of railway infrastructure components, such as train movements, signal operations, and track integrity. The system offers an automated approach to identify and resolve any problems such track defects, signal failures, and unwanted access through real-time data collecting and processing. Additionally, the integration of predictive maintenance algorithms helps in preemptive identification of wear and tear on tracks, thereby reducing the likelihood of accidents and improving overall service quality. The paper details the architectural design of the system, its operational mechanisms, and the results of a series of simulations and real-world tests conducted to validate its effectiveness. The findings demonstrate significant improvements in operational efficiency, reduced maintenance costs, and enhanced passenger safety, illustrating the potential of microprocessor-based systems in revolutionizing railway infrastructure management.

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCE CONTROL MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM FOR PV PUMPING STATION

This paper examines a water tower, where pipes run from the reservoir with a number of branches introduced into different plots of land. A microprocessor system for regulating the water level in the tank has been developed. The convergent transient characteristics of a closed-loop system with unit feedback are obtained.

Solar tracking system with fuzzy reasoning applied to crisp sets

In this paper, a low cost and an easy to implement solar tracker system is presented. The design of the system is based on the fuzzy reasoning applied to crisp sets. In this case, it can be easily implemented on general purpose microprocessor systems. Four light sensitive devices, such as LDR, photodiodes or phototransistors are mounted on the solar panel and placed in an enclosure. The four light detectors are screened from each other by opaque surfaces. Each pair of the light sensors is used to inform the controller on the orientation of the solar panel vertically and horizontally respectively.

Negative Design Margin Realization through Deep Path Activity Detection Combined with Dynamic Voltage Scaling in a 55 nm Near-Threshold 32-Bit Microcontroller.

This paper presents an innovative approach for predicting timing errors tailored to near-/sub-threshold operations, addressing the energy-efficient requirements of digital circuits in applications, such as IoT devices and wearables. The method involves assessing deep path activity within an adjustable window prior to the root clock's rising edge. By dynamically adapting the prediction window and supply voltage based on error detection outcomes, the approach effectively mitigates false predictions-an essential concern in low-voltage prediction techniques. The efficacy of this strategy is demonstrated through its implementation in a near-/sub-threshold 32-bit microprocessor system. The approach incurs only a modest 6.84% area overhead attributed to well-engineered lightweight design methodologies. Furthermore, with the integration of clock gating, the system functions seamlessly across a voltage range of 0.4 V-1.2 V (5-100 MHz), effectively catering to adaptive energy efficiency. Empirical results highlight the potential of the proposed strategy, achieving a significant 46.95% energy reduction at the Minimum Energy Point (MEP, 15 MHz) compared to signoff margins. Additionally, a 19.75% energy decrease is observed compared to the zero-margin operation, demonstrating successful realization of negative margins.

Гравитационная транспортная система: принципы построения и управления

The paper considers the principle of constructing a gravitational transport system designed for container transportation of the technological materials. It proposes a scheme of the transport system providing the container shuttle motion between the stations. A scheme is developed, and description of the stations operation principle is presented being a part of the transport system; the compressed air energy is used there to provide transport container with the potential energy ensuring its motion along the transport route under the gravity influence. The proposed station scheme makes it possible to consider the station as a functionally complete module forming the basis for possible development of the extended transport systems with various configurations. An algorithm for the station functioning was developed that implemented the processes of sending and receiving a container. A microprocessor system for managing the station mechanisms is proposed, which controls the sensor signals state and generates control signals for the compressed air distributors. A computer model of the control system was designed and developed to debug algorithms for controlling the transport system stations. The considered schemes and algorithm are intended to develop the technological transport lines.

Computer simulation of the microprocessor liquid level automatic control system

Today, automation occupies a leading place in most branches of modern society, in almost all types of industry and economy. One of the main tasks of designing modern automatic control systems is the realization of high indicators in terms of accuracy, control range, and speed, taking into account the features of the control object itself. The purpose of the work –researching the microprocessor system of automatic control of the liquid level by means of computer modeling, taking into account the transport delay, the nonlinearity of the control characteristic of the pump and the presence of an insensitivity zone. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved: a computer model of a closed microprocessor system for automatic control of the liquid level wasdeveloped, taking into account the nonlinearity of the characteristics of the pumping unit and transport delay; a number of experiments were conducted to find the values of PI-regulator coefficients that bring the transient process of a real system with a transport delay as close as possible to the transient process of a system in which there is no transport delay; search for optimal values of the coefficients of the PI controller by minimizing the functional of the root mean square deviation of the real from the specified transient processes. As a result of research, it was established that the minimum points of the functional for the control signal and the liquid level do not coincide. At the same time, at the minimum point of the functional for the liquid level, a larger amplitude of oscillations of the control signal is observed, and at the minimum point of the functional for the control signal –an increase in the duration of the transient process. Therefore, the final decision should be based on the selection of priorities or optimal ratios between the speed and wear of the equipment, which is due tothe instability of the control signal.

Increasing the Quality Indicators of the Functioning of Fuzzy Solvers at the Defuzzification Stage

An approach to the implementation of the defuzzification procedure in microprocessor systems of fuzzy information processing is proposed. A computationally efficient model of the defuzzification operation is considered, based on the use of the concept of the measure of validity of a logical conclusion as a composition of the current values of the reliability of all elements of the conditional part of the rule that proposes this conclusion. The application of the approach provides a significant improvement in the quality of fuzzy approximation with little complexity of algorithmic and hardware-software tools. Examples of the use of this approach in practical problems are given.

Methodological approach to recovery correct functioning of embedded systems at the level of programmable element base

The article proposes a methodical approach to restoring the proper functioning of specialized microprocessor control systems at the level of the programmable element base. This approach includes two stages. At the first stage, the main task of technical diagnostics is solved, namely the recognition of the state of a specialized microprocessor system, which includes: assessment of the technical state, forecasting, detection and localization of malfunctions. This task is solved by detecting errors in the operation of a specialized microprocessor control system, which are caused by the failure and failure of digital devices, errors in software, or other reasons, using existing control methods, as well as localization of malfunctions of a specialized microprocessor control system, using methods of test and functional diagnostics digital devices that are part of the system under consideration. At the second stage, the correct functioning of the specialized microprocessor control system is restored by reconfiguring its internal structure at the level of logical elements. At the same time, the reconfiguration of the internal structure is based on the position of the prescriptive theory, which considers the issue of purposeful management of objects of various nature, which are in a state of "conflict" with other objects. The implementation of the proposed approach in the future can be the basis for the design of active fault-tolerant systems that will be able to counteract failures a hardware and software nature as a result of internal or external adverse actions.