Microprocessor System Research Articles

Method for Calculating Safety Features of Railway Automation Devices

The problem of quantitative analysis of safety of microelectronic and microprocessor systems of railway automation and telemechanics is considered. The problem remains relevant, since the subject of safety analysis is rarely occurring, but extremely dangerous events. The risk and significance of failure are selected as the main safety features of these systems. The way to identify a failure was chosen according to MILSTD‑1629A standard, as the most adequate.Calculated expressions for significance of a failure are proposed. The probability of a dangerous failure is calculated by the method of model analysis. It is proposed to calculate the probability of a failure further developing into an accident using scenario analysis methods by constructing event trees. Calculated ratios for ratings of violations are suggested, allowing to compare dangerous failures and emergency sequences developed from a failure. The risk assessment of operation of railway automation systems was selected not related to economic categories, and thus convenient for rationing. It is based on probabilistic concepts of the nature of risk and is calculated using the methods of probability theory. The developed design ratios and models make it possible to analyze performance of the functions of train traffic safety systems by methods common to control systems, at the same time reflecting the features of operation of railway automation.

Information Systems of Support of Pedagogical Control in the Physical Education of Students

The study is to substantiate and implement modern electronic automated monitoring systems to improve the testing of speed-strength abilities in the process of physical education. Materials and methods. To solve the research tasks used the methods of comparing and contrasting are used and analysis, synthesis, abstraction, formalization and technical modeling. Results. The developed capacitive sensor device for speed control is presented. The device is built on a combination of modern nanotechnology and microprocessor systems. As part of the device, the array of active electrodes with digital output registers an input signal from a marker placed on the monitoring object and whose position changes during the exercise. Then the digital signal through the interface and the communication line, goes to the signal converter, where it is processed and wireless transmission devices signal goes to the personal computer, where the result of the exercise is displayed. Conclusions. Use in pedagogical control of the physical education process of the developed device provides a reliable objective test data with little loss of time to ensure the quality of control.

Аналіз методів прогнозування технічного стану інформаційно-керуючих систем

The article presents the results of analysis and theoretical generalization of scientific works, which consider the problems of determining the condition and resource of technical means of information and management systems in industry. In spite of the specificity of construction and functioning of railway automatics systems, an approach to the synthesis of complex evaluation based on the formation of an integral indicator on the basis of data on the functioning of individual components.The problem of estimating the technical condition and resource of any technical means, and in particular OF the information and control systems, is very topical nowadays, because service methods and exploitation terms of a specific service are grounded on its basis. The issue of the resource intensity determination has become of particular importance during recent years, in connection with the introduction of information and control systems having a fundamentally new elementary basis. Furthermore, operating older relay type systems also demands to determine the date and time of their decommissioning.It should be noted that modern relay control systems used in railway transport, stay in operation for an average period of 35-40 years and or more. As a rule, the same exploitation terms are used during the development of regulatory documents regarding microprocessor system life cycle, without taking into account the fundamental differences in the design and element bases. Moreover, in most cases the decision is usually made administratively and is based on the expertise of a specific manager.This raises the question of formalizing this problem and the issue of the methods and mathematical models development for assessing the state and resource intensity of the railway transport information and control systems.

Electrothermal coupling analysis of three-dimensional integrated microsystem based on dual cell method

With the improvement of the integration and power density of three-dimensional integrated microsystem, it is imperative to simultaneously investigate the multi-field coupling analysis of electrical design and thermal management. This paper is to investigate a three-dimensional integrated microprocessor system and realize the rapid electrothermal analysis of the system through an improved dual cell method (DCM). This method decomposes the constitutive matrix into a constant matrix and a temperature-dependent matrix by introducing the coupling of leakage power and material coefficients with temperature. In the calculation, only the temperature-dependent matrix needs to be updated and assembled, which makes the calculation speed faster than the traditional finite element method. The simulation results show that the speed of the proposed algorithm is improved by about 30% compared with that of the traditional finite element method. After considering the thermal coupling factors of material coefficient and leakage power, the hot spot temperature of the system increases by 20.8 K compared with before coupling. Finally, the algorithm proposed in this paper is used to study the layout of three-dimensional integrated microprocessor system. The influence of TSV array conventional layout and centralized layout under the processor core(core-layout) on the hot spot temperature of upper and lower chips are compared, and the influences of uneven power distribution on the two layouts are studied. The results show that compared with the conventional layout of TSV array, the core-layout can reduce the hot spot temperature of processor, but it will aggravate the hot spot problem of DRAM at the same time. And when the power is not evenly distributed on the four cores, the hot spot of DRAM under the core-layout will be more seriously affected. In conclusion, the algorithm model proposed in this paper can quickly analyze the electrothermal coupling problem of 3D integrated microsystem, realize the hot spot prediction of the system, and provide theoretical guidance for designing the chip layout of 3D integrated microsystem.

RETRACTED: Using microprocessor and video surveillance system for data simulation of sports public service data platform

The new open help hypothesis is another policy implementation hypothesis set up by acclaimed authoritative researchers. Its centre thought is to improve administration mindfulness, advance majority rule support, and seek after the augmentation of public interests. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) and have been utilized to expand the throughput of cell neural organizations. All the more correctly, FPGAs have been as of late embraced to quicken the usage of profound learning organizations, because of their greatest parallelism, and because of their energy productivity capacities. Here, the strategy surveys the ongoing existing innovation of quickening machine learning to become familiar with the organization on FPGA. Feature the significant capacities utilized by different advancements to improve increasing speed execution The considerations contained in this hypothesis have significant hypothetical and functional essentialness for the development of China's people group sports public assistance gracefully. Along these lines, utilizing the new open help hypothesis has a significant beneficial outcome and incentive in investigating the flexibly of machine learning network sports public administrations. This examination utilizes writing technique, poll review strategy, field overview strategy and information measurements strategy to research the primary substance and gracefully substance of the network sports public help flexibly framework in Kunming. Joining the centre thoughts of the new open help hypothesis, it advances proposals and gives recommendations and premise to the development of the public assistance flexibly arrangement of metropolitan network sports public administrations.

Design and Construction of A Two Axes Sun Tracker Prototype with A Real Time Controller and Hybrid Stepper Motors (Dept.M)

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Анализ подтверждения соответствия, обеспечение качества и безопасности микропроцессорных систем железнодорожной автоматики

The article analyzes the current regulatory framework for proof of safety, quality assurance, and confi rmation of the conformity of microprocessor-based railway automation and remote control systems in the EAEU. CENELEC standards are briefl y discussed. A brief overview is provided as regards measures to ensure the required level of safety of microprocessor-based railway automation and remote control systems from the point of view of quality management of development, safety management, and confi rmation of the proper functioning of microprocessor systems. The practice of confi rming the railway transport automated process control systems comply with standards in the form of a declaration of conformity per TR CU 003/2011 has been analyzed. It is concluded that there is a need to develop a regulatory framework to ensure regulated analysis and assessment of railway automation and remote control systems following the requirements of functional safety, as well as further development of standardization documents to regulate methods for assessing functional safety.

A study of monitoring roadmaps using microprocessors

Microprocessors based protective relays have been generally used to give many advantages involving monitoring, system performance, compliance and technology. In recent times, benefits have begun to restore already creation of microprocessor-based protective devices with controls and modern intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) protection. The upgrade is partly due to higher earlier device generation failure rates, as well as benefiting from new features including system integration, Synchrophasor application, communication IEC61850 and cyber security. The method of updating numerical relays is very special and much more complicated than updating conventional electromechanical or solid-state relays with an identical working unit. In addition to replacing the hardware, it is necessary to consider functions related to cyber security, protection, automation and control, event recording and digital communications. Safety and control device professionals continue to handle the asset and develop plans with feedback from other partners through business lines as well as externally with suppliers, authorities, contractors or even adjacent utilities as the specification and implementation requirements have changed with new technologies and functions being added. This paper addresses the existing aspects of asset management, efficiency, substitution, and technology, focused on T&D utility activities. Strategies and functional issues including compliance with hardware and software, security settings, or other functionality such as automation or other potential combined and similar set point functions, as well as commissioning and checking while modifying or removing a microprocessor system are defined in depth. This paper will assist utility or business electrical engineers with an existing relay improvement initiative, or intend to update their outdated microprocessor relays through lessons gained from several large North America power companies.

An approximate solution of lithium ion diffusion process in spherical active particles with controllable error

As an important supplementary part of experiment, multi-scale modeling and simulation plays an important role in reasonable design and performance prediction of lithium-ion batteries. Due to the complexity of spherical diffusion equation, the calculation error of Li-ion diffusion process in solid spherical active particles is an important factor restricting the accuracy of the simplified mechanism model of Li-ion batteries. In this study, based on the quasi-steady state of spherical active particles in Li-ion diffusion processes, the concepts of zero-state response, zero-input response, and total response in the discipline of circuit analysis are introduced to expand the spherical diffusion equation, the analytical solution of Li-ion diffusion process in active particles is solved by using the variable-separation method, and an error-controllable method for solving the approximate solution of diffusion process in spherical particles is proposed and verified. Besides, the computational complexity of the algorithm is very low, therefore, this study is of great significant to construct the high-precision simplified mechanism model of Li-ion batteries and to realize the high-accuracy battery management algorithm on microprocessor systems.

Application of information technologies and microprocessor equipment for reducing the number of road accidents

Problems. Overcoming the consequences of road accidents places a heavy burden on the country's health care and social services. The International Transport Forum has prepared a report "Striving for Zero: High Challenges and a Systemic Approach to Road Safety". The forum experts consider driving while intoxicated one of the key problems in the growing number of road accidents, and the use of information technology is one of the ways to reduce the number of accidents. Goal. On the basis of the conducted analysis the purpose of research which consists in creation of a way and the device for impossibility of driving of vehicles by drunk drivers is formulated. Tasks: 1. To formulate the concept of improving road safety in Ukraine in terms of preventing drunk drivers from driving; 2. To develop the functional scheme of the device for anti-alcohol blocking of vehicles; 3. To develop a schematic diagram of such a device; 4. To collect and test a full-scale sample of the device in the laboratory for experimental confirmation of the efficiency of the proposed method. Methodology. The analytical method was used – the study of existing systems that do not allow drivers to drive while intoxicated and the method of synthesis - the creation of a block diagram of a new system based on the advantages and disadvantages of the analyzed systems. Results. When creating a method of a device to prevent driving a vehicle, an analysis of existing methods and devices for forcible restriction of driving under the influence of drinks was made, which showed the lack of solutions to this problem in Ukraine at the moment. We have developed a method of improving safety in transport, based on the unconditional impossibility of driving under the influence of drunk drivers and developed its block diagram. A functional diagram of an anti-alcohol blocking device for the implementation of the proposed method on modern cars, which requires changes in their software, has also been developed. An electrical circuit of the locking device for vehicles based on the Arduino microprocessor platform has been developed. Using Arduino allows the developer to assemble the device with the desired properties and independently program the microprocessor to perform the desired actions in a given sequence. As a result, an anti-alcohol blocking device was assembled, programmed and experimentally tested. Experimental testing in conditions as close as possible to real (car starter and battery) showed that the developed device disconnects the starter from the power supply in the presence of a given amount of alcohol in the air. Practical value. The practical significance of the developed method of improving transport safety, which makes it impossible for drunk drivers to drive vehicles, is the possible savings for the state of Ukraine of about twenty billion hryvnias, which are spent each year on the consequences of road accidents. But the most important thing is the lives saved, which cannot be estimated in hryvnias or dollars.Key words: Arduino platform, information technologies, reduction of accidents on highways, microprocessor systems, microprocessor programming.

Mathematical support of walking robots-tetrapods movement algorithms

This work presents a mathematical model that describes the movement of robots with four limbs (tetrapods). The relevance of the publication is justified by the popularity and increased demand for robotic devices used in production and everyday life. The main advantage of these machines is the ability to move over rough terrain, so are often used to perform transport and loading operations. The authors considered the most common movement scheme, taking into account the features of the kinematic scheme of this type devices. Tasks of transforming the coordinates of legs contact points of the supporting surface are formulated and solved to form tasks for controlling servo drives. The resulting mathematical expressions are universal for the considered robots and allow their statically stable movement in all directions and turning through a given angle. The obtained results can be used in development of algorithms of control programs for different microprocessor systems, in design of kinematics of these devices, in selection of optimal electromechanical equipment, as well as in creation of similar mathematical models for other types of walking robots. The materials of the article can be useful for engineers and scientists in the field of robotics and automation.

Peculiarities of NTP protocol realization for microprocessor systems with limited computing resources

The article gives brief information on the structure of the NTP protocol messages, describes the problems that arise during the formation and analysis of such messages in microprocessor systems with limited computing resources. Various ways of converting the time values into the timestamp format of the NTP protocol are analyzed, and recommendations for choosing the most appropriate method are given.

Positional control of a parallel kinematics mechatronic manipulator linear drive

The research is part of the current work on the design and research of precision actuators with parallel kinematics, designed to guide and orient of various objects. To protect the sensitive load and the supporting platform from undesirable disturbances above the permissible ones, as well as to limit the time of transient processes and the consumed power, a method for planning the trajectory of the linear actuator stem when operating in positional mode is proposed. The article describes an algorithm for calculating the parameters of the trajectory of an object under specified restrictions on speed, acceleration and acceleration derivative, and also proposes an algorithm for implementing control along a planned trajectory for a modern microprocessor system, which implements the dependence of speed on movement. The advantage of the proposed control method is the elimination of the cumulative effect of the static displacement error while observing dynamic constraints, as well as the possibility of using algorithms in both closed-loop and open-loop drives based on various types of electric motors. The article presents the results of computer simulation of an open-loop drive operating according to the proposed algorithm, the advantages and disadvantages of this approach are noted.

ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS OF MODELING OF MICROCONTROLLERS WITH ADDITIONAL MODULES OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION PROTECTION

The field of application of the protected microprocessor systems includes information security functions: authentication of subjects and objects of information interaction, information encryption, integrity control, access control, key management. Today, the urgent task is to establish the security of microprocessor-based systems using a variety of computer simulation software environments. The work analyzes the most effective and affordable computer simulation programs for microprocessor systems and gives practical recommendations for their use. It has been shown that the most powerful computer-aided design system is the Proteus software suite which allows simulating virtually the operation of various microprocessor devices with support for several microcontroller families from different manufacturers. The main advantages include: performing all stages of development in a single environment; the ability to write, debug, and test firmware, generate diagnostic messages to find programming errors; accelerating the development of a microprocessor device; support for interoperation of hardware devices that are connected through a computer port. Using Multisim in the educational process makes it possible to: review and change the status of the register content, program memory and data, stack cells and bit configuration; visualize the result of the execution of a single command or a program as a whole; demonstrate the practice of joint use of languages C and Assembler in one project in order to optimize the program; to study the basics of operation and features of peripheral devices functioning. However, the limited set of microcontrollers in the Multisim program imposes significant restrictions on the possibility of using it for development of real projects. The computer simulation program TINA has a russified interface that is much easier compared to the Proteus with an ability to enter all the information about the created project into one file. Compared to Multisim, the TINA library contains significantly more microcontroller models, and the built-in programmer allows modifying programs and observing the results.

Developing of Low-Cost Air Pollution Sensor-Measurements with the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Poland.

This article presents the capabilities and selected measurement results from the newly developed low-cost air pollution measurement system mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The system is designed and manufactured by the authors and is intended to facilitate, accelerate, and ensure the safety of operators when measuring air pollutants. It allows the creation of three-dimensional models and measurement visualizations, thanks to which it is possible to observe the location of leakage of substances and the direction of air pollution spread by various types of substances. Based on these models, it is possible to create area audits and strategies for the elimination of pollution sources. Thanks to the usage of a multi-socket microprocessor system, the combination of nine different air quality sensors can be installed in a very small device. The possibility of simultaneously measuring several different substances has been achieved at a very low cost for building the sensor unit: 70 EUR. The very small size of this device makes it easy and safe to mount it on a small drone (UAV). Because of this device, many harmful chemical compounds such as ammonia, hexane, benzene, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, as well as flammable substances such as hydrogen and methane, can be detected. Additionally, a very important function is the ability to perform measurements of PM2.5 and PM10 suspended particulates. Thanks to the use of UAV, the measurement is carried out remotely by the operator, which allows us to avoid the direct exposure of humans to harmful factors. A big advantage is the quick measurement of large spaces, at different heights above the ground, in different weather conditions. Because of the three-dimensional positioning from GPS receiver, users can plot points and use colors reflecting a concentration of measured features to better visualize the air pollution. A human-friendly data output can be used to determine the mostly hazardous regions of the sampled area.

Research Of Modeling Environments For Microprocessor Systems With Additional Modules Of Cryptographic Information Protection

The field of application of the protected microprocessor systems includes information security functions: authentication of subjects and objects of information interaction, information encryption, integrity control, access control,key management. Today, the urgent task is to establish the security of microprocessor-based systems using a variety ofcomputer simulation software environments. The work analyzes the most effective and affordable computer simulation programs for microprocessor systems and gives practical recommendations for their use. It has been shown thatthe most powerful computer-aided design system is the Proteus software suite which allows simulating the operationof various microprocessor devices with support for several microcontroller families from different manufacturers. Themain advantages include: performing all stages of development in a single environment; the ability to write, debug, andtest firmware, generate diagnostic messages to find programming errors. Using Multisim in the educational processmakes it possible to: review and change the status of the register content, program memory and data, stack cells andbit configuration; visualize the result of the execution of a single command or a program as a whole; demonstrate thepractice of joint use of languages C and Assembler in one project in order to optimize the program; to study the basics ofoperation and features of peripheral devices functioning. However, the limited set of microcontrollers in the Multisimprogram imposes significant restrictions on the possibility of using it for development of real projects. The computersimulation program TINA has a russified interface that is much easier compared to the Proteus with an ability to enter allthe information about the created project into one file. Compared to Multisim, the TINA library contains significantlymore microcontroller models, and the built-in programmer allows modifying programs and observing the results. Beingable to use the free version of TINA-TI and having an online version of TINACloud using cloud technologies makes thisprogram very useful for education. Web service offers many educational resources and the ability to perform research onthe design of microprocessor systems.

A Software Improvement Technique for Platinum Resistance Thermometers

Temperature measurement is essential in industries. The advantages of resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are high sensitivity, repeatability, and long-term stability. The measurement performance of this thermometer is of concern. The connection between RTDs and a novel microprocessor system provides a new method to improve the performance of RTDs. In this study, the adequate piecewise sections and the order of polynomial calibration equations were evaluated. Systematic errors were found when the relationship between temperature and resistance for PT-1000 data was expressed using the inverse Callendar-Van Dusen equation. The accuracy of these calibration equations can be improved significantly with two piecewise equations in different temperature ranges. Two datasets of the resistance of PT-1000 sensors in the range from 0 °C to 50 °C were measured. The first dataset was used to establish adequate calibration equations with regression analysis. In the second dataset, the prediction temperatures were calculated by these previously established calibration equations. The difference between prediction temperatures and the standard temperature was used as a criterion to evaluate the prediction performance. The accuracy and precision of PT-1000 sensors could be improved significantly with adequate calibration equations. The accuracy and precision were 0.027 °C and 0.126 °C, respectively. The technique developed in this study could be used for other RTD sensors and/or different temperature ranges.

Fuel flow meter based on the AVR Microchip (Atmel) microcontroller

Problem. During operation of the vehicle, it is necessary to periodically monitor fuel consumption. Experimental methods are known for determining fuel consumption according: by signal from the engine control system, by the fuel level in the tank, by the flow rate in the fuel line of the fuel supply system. A physical measurement of the amount of fuel per unit time in a vehicle’s fuel line provides accuracy of up to 1%. Goal. The purpose of the work is to improve the method of measuring fuel consumption in the fuel line of a car, by constructing a control and measurement system based on the use of microprocessor systems. Methodology . An algorithmic research method is used that describes the transformation of information in the fuel flow meter control system, data transfer to a computer, analysis and presentation of results for the user. Results. The measuring system is based on the ATMega 328p microprocessor manufactured by Microchip (Atmel). The controller controls the fuel flows inside the sensor, through interruptions determines the moment of filling the measured volume, registers the time between cycles, calculates the instantaneous and accumulated flow. The controller software organizes the output of information on the screen, writes fuel consumption readings to a file on an SD card, and organizes data transfer to a computer via UART. The developed computer software receives data from the microprocessor through the serial port via USB, displays the received fuel consumption information on the computer screen in graphical and text form. All stages of the implementation of the system, the use of tools, software products and libraries are described. Originality . The fuel flow meter is built on the basis of a modern element base using affordable and inexpensive components. Practical value. The fuel flow meter can be used to diagnose the general condition of the car, to detect timely hidden malfunctions during operation, to evaluate the effectiveness of fuel and economic indicators. Key words: fuel, flow meter, vehicle, measuring system, microprocessor, software, information technology.

Constructing a method of multi­coordinate control over the static thyristor compensators with forced commutation

The configuration and the principle of operation of the static thyristor compensator of reactive power with the forced commutation and voltage addition for networks with a compensated neutral have been considered. The integrated indicators of the compensator energy process have been defined for the case when it is powered by a rectangular-shaped voltage in the case of independent control over the switching thyristors. At certain values of thyristor control angles, the specific losses of active power become less than the similar specific losses when the compensator is powered by a sinusoid voltage. This ensures its competitiveness relative to other static compensators.A method of multicoordinate control over the static thyristor compensators with forced commutation has been proposed. It implies independent control over all switching thyristors in a compensator in accordance with the objective function of the system, which is determined under condition that the specific losses of active power do not exceed their economically justified level.A circuit to control the static thyristor compensator with forced commutation and voltage addition has been suggested. The application of the circuit makes it possible to reduce active power losses in the compensator when controlling the reactive power and to execute independent control over the phase reactors. Real-time microprocessor control over all elements of the system makes it possible to enable the required algorithm for switching commutation thyristors and to implement multi-coordinate control over the compensator energy processes. An algorithm for operating the microprocessor system of the static compensator when controlling the reactive power has been constructed. The algorithm, due to an increase in the voltage addition coefficient during the action of a negative half-wave of supply voltage, makes it possible to reduce the specific losses of active power in the electrical network and compensator

LAYOUT DESIGN OF 4-BIT RIPPLE CARRY ADDER BASED ON PASS TRANSISTOR LOGIC

The full adder is a key element of any arithmetic logic units used in microprocessor systems. For microprocessor components created for modern mobile digital devices, compact layout design on the silicone chip is of great importance. In this paper an area effective layout design on the chip is proposed for 4-bit ripple carry adder based on pass transistor logic. The full adder is simulated using EDA tool and output signal waveforms are obtained to demonstrate the functionality of the design. It is shown that 1-bit full adder based on pass transistor logic and composed of two 3T XOR gates and one 2T multiplexer allows us to obtain area effective layout design on the chip for 4-bit ripple carry adder providing acceptable characteristics for output signals.