Microporus Xanthopus Research Articles

Documentation of macrofungi traditionally used by Jakun people in Johor, Malaysia in treatment of various illnesses

This study documented the ethnomedical knowledge of the Jakun community at Kampung Peta, Endau Rompin Johor National Park, Johor, Malaysia on macrofungi that can potentially be used as medicine. Seven key informants were selected through snowball sampling and data on the potentially medicinal macrofungi was collected through semi-structured interview, observation and focus group. There were 20 species of macrofungi documented to have medicinal properties. Macrofungi-based concoction is commonly used by the local community in this area. Thematic analysis was used as the qualitative method in this study. The most common species of macrofungi used as medicine are Sichzophyllum commune, Microporus xanthopus, Ganoderma lucidum and Pluerotus ostreatus. According to the Jakun community, S. commune can treat asthma and has anti-aging properties while M. xanthopus were also used for its anti-aging properties, birth-control and breast cancer remedy. G. lucidum was known to treat tumor and cancer due to its anti-tumor, immune-modulating and anti-fibrotic properties, while P. ostreatus can lower cholesterol level and increase inner strength. Hence, there is a need to document the traditional knowledge on these macrofungi to prevent knowledge erosion in the future generation.

Evaluation of Compounds Extracted from Eight Genera of Wild Mushrooms from Nigeria for Anti-cell Proliferation Activity in Vitro

Mushrooms have bioactive compounds that have antimicrobial, anti-cancer and antioxidant activities among other medicinal benefits. In the present study, we examined the anti-cell proliferation activities of mushrooms from eight genera obtained from the wild in Nigeria. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a model organism to screen mushroom extracts for anti-cell proliferation activity. Polyphenols, high molecular weight polysaccharides and low molecular weight compounds from aqueous extracts were obtained from the test mushrooms using methanol and water respectively. The extracts were screened in vitro at different concentrations of extracts with the CyQuant cell proliferation assay. The high molecular weight polysaccharides from tested mushrooms reduced cell proliferation (96.79% inhibition in Ganoderma multipileum Ding Hou to 66.71% inhibition in Coltricia perennis (L.) Murrill at 10.00mg/ml). Percentage inhibition caused by low molecular weight compounds varied from 94.22% (Ganoderma multipileum) to 76.19% (Coltricia perennis) at 10mg/ml. Percentage of inhibition with the polyphenols varied from 94.12% (Microporus xanthopus Fr) Kuntze) to 79.82% (Coltricia perennis) at high doses. High molecular polysaccharides, low molecular weight compounds and polyphenols from mushrooms have anti-cancer properties. The CyQUANT assay proliferation kit was a very efficient tool for screening extracts from wild mushrooms for anti-cell proliferation activities. Medicinal mushrooms in Nigeria show a lot of promise as a reservoir for drug discovery particularly in the area of cancer research.

THE MACROFUNGI DIVERSITY AND THEIR POTENTIAL UTILIZATION IN TANGALE NATURE RESERVE GORONTALO PROVINCE

Tangale Nature reserve is a conservation area located in Gorontalo that have the biodiversity typical of Wallacea bioregion including macroscopic fungi. The purpose of this study was to identify the fungal species diversity found in the Tangale Nature reserve as well as its potential use, considering that the information on species diversity of fungi in the Wallacea region is very limited. This research was conducted using the cruise method by identifying macroscopic fungi along the hiking trail of Tangale Nature Reserve. The macroscopic fungi were observed for its morphological characteristic include the colour, diameter, surface of the veil, the shape of the stem, the length and diameter of the stem, the lamella, including ring and pore, type of lamella and the type of volva. The research recorded the substrates and the location where the fungus was found. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitative. The results of the research identified 28 species of macroscopic fungi that included to the division Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. It belongs to 16 families and 8 orders are Pezizales, Agaricales, Auriculariales, Boletales, Cantharellales, Gomphales, Polyporales, dan Russulales. Based on place to grow as much as 57,14% were found growing on decaying wood and 42,86% found growing in the soil/litter. Based on the potential of use, it has identified four species of mushrooms potentially as edible mushroom are Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricula, Ramaria formosa, and Polyporus arcularius. 11 species of mushrooms potentially as medicinal mushroom are Calvatia craniiformis, Scleroderma citrinum, Lenzites betulina, Microporus flabelliformis, Coriolus versicolor, Microporus xanthopus, and Albatrellus confluens.

Molecular Phylogeny of Polyporales from Bafut Forest, Cameroon and Their Importance to Rural Communities

The polyporales are a large order of pore fungi within the Basidiomycota (Kingdom Fungi). They are mostly found on decay wood with some edible and medicinal species and others causing diseases of trees. In Cameroon, the knowledge on the phylogeny of polyporales is limited, their historical uses as food, medicine, source of income and the sociological impacts are apparently threatened due to slow ethnomycology research drive. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the phylogenetic relationship of polyporales in the Bafut forest and document its uses to the local communities. DNA was extracted using CTAB method and amplified using primers ITS 1 and ITS4. Their identities were determined in GeneBank using BLAST and a phylogenetic analysis was done using MEGA version 7. For ethnomycological studies, a total of 180 semi structured questionnaires were used to collect information on traditional knowledge in four communities around the Bafut forest. Results from phylogenetic studies showed that, ten species were identified and belonged to seven genera comprising of the Microporus, Hexagonia, Ganoderma, Trametes, Favolus, Steccherinum and Cymatoderma which formed 7 independent monophyletic groups. Ethnomycological findings revealed that, polypores are used as food and medicine within these communities. Microporus xanthopus and Microporus vernicipes were used as food and medicine while all Trametes species were reported to be only medicinal. The Bafut people commonly called mushrooms “Boh” and those that grow on wood “Boh ti”. They usually differentiate the edible and nonedible mushroom using the term “yi kworu” and “yi tekworu”. Thus “Boh yi kworu” and “Boh yi tekworu” respectively. This study represents the first on the identification, phylogeny and uses of polyporales to the communities around the Bafut forest reserves and helps in their conservation.

The inventory of edible mushroom in Kamojang Nature Reserve and Nature Park, West Java, Indonesia

Arko PF, Marzuki BM, Kusmoro J. 2017. The inventory of edible mushroom in Kamojang Nature Reserve and Nature Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 530-540. Research on the potential of macroscopic fungi in the forests of Indonesia as food and medicine still hasn't much been done. Until now, the biodiversity data of macroscopic fungi are destitute. On the other hand, we are faced with the rapid rate of decline of biodiversity both by natural processes and by human activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the species of edible mushroom in Kamojang Natural Reserves and Nature Park, Bandung-Garut Districts, West Java. The method used in this research were exploration method assisted with line transect and semi-structural interviews to people around Kamojang Nature Reserves and Nature Parks. The results of the study were obtained and analyzed descriptively. Thirty-five species of macroscopic fungi that categorized as edible mushroom were found in Kamojang Nature Reserves and Nature Parks, i.e. Armillaria sp., Auricularia sp., two species of Cerrena, Clavulina sp., Fistulina hepatica, two species of Ganoderma, Inocybe sp., four species of Marasmiellus, four species of Marasmius, Microporus xanthopus, Oudemansiella sp., Phellinus sp., Phlebia sp., Pleurotus sp., Pluteus thomsonii, Polyporus meridionalis, Polyporus tenuiculus, Polyporus udus, Postia sp., Schizophyllum commune, Stereum rameale, Stereum gausapatum, Stereum ostrea, Suillus sp., Xylaria longipes, and two species of Xylaria. From the 35 species of edible mushroom, only ten species that had been used by villagers in Kamojang as food and medicine, i.e. Armillaria sp., Auricularia sp., Fistulina hepatica, both species of Ganoderma, Marasmiellus sp.2, Oudemansiella sp., Polyporus meridionalis, Polyporus tenuiculus, and Polyporus udus.

Diversity of macrofungi on wood in forest nature reserve of bojonglarang jayanti cianjur west java

This study was conducted to determine the Diversity of macrofungi growing on wood substrates in Block CiselaLowland Forest Nature Reserve Bojonglarang Jayanti, Cianjur, West Java.Fungi is a nucleated organisms, sporated, lacking chlorophyll and its cell wall composed of cellulose or chitin.Wood is a good habitat for mold growth. This research was conducted in may 2015 usingroaming method by exploring the entire region along 300-meter transect line, left to right along 5 meter and 5 meter length. Field data capture wasdone by establishing 5 stations. The results of the researchwhich has been conducted provided 19types of fungi that grow on timber substrate, namely, Auricularia polytricha, Boletinellus merulioides, Campanella junghuhnii, Favolaschia cyatheae, Ganoderma lucidum,Marasmiellus Candidus, Marasmiellus ramealis, Marasmiellus sp., Microporus xanthopus, Phellinus noxious, Polyporus alveolar, Polyporus, arcularius Polyporus melanopus, tenuiculus Polyporus, Schizophyllum sp., Trametes sp., Trametes versicolor, Tyromyces chioneus, xylaria apiculata, xylaria hypoxylon,Trametes versicolor mushrooms were found most often atevery station.

Fungal Biodiversity in Cardamom Protected Forests and Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area of Cambodia

Mushroom surveys and collections were conducted in the western and eastern forest areas in Cambodia, and then fungal biodiversity was analyzed by identifying mushrooms. One thousand and three hundreds eighty three specimens were identified by morphological and genetical characteristics, and were classified into 238 species, 160 genera, 52 families, 15 orders, and 3 phylums. The collected mushrooms were immersed in 70% ethyl alcohol for DNA extraction, and the rest of them were dried in the portable mushroom dryer for 12 hrs. Among these mushrooms, the genera Mycena (8.7%), Ganoderma (5.6%), Microporus (5.3%), Marasmius (4.2%), Marasmiellus (3.0%), Phellinus (2.5%), Trametes (2.5%), Hygrocybe (1.9%) and Pycnoporus (1.5%) were dominant. In the western Cambodia, 1,061 specimens were collected from Koh Kong forests, while 263 specimens were collected from the eastern Cambodia, Seima and Mondulkiri forests. Elevations of surveyed sites were ranged from 0 to 750 m above sea level. The number of species observed in the elevation of 251-500 m was the highest as compared to the other ranges of elevation. Daldinia concentrica, Microporus vernicipes, Microporus xanthopus, Pycnoporus coccineus, Stereum hirsutum, and Stereum ostrea were commonly distributed in all ranges of elevation, while the distribution of Ceratomyxa fruticulosa, Panus fulvus, Schizophyllum, Trametes versicolor, and Tyromyces chioneus were limited under 500 m. One hundred and forty one species including Amauroderma sp., Bjerkandera adusta, Trichaptum abietinum, and Tyromyces chioneus were collected only in Cardamom, while 20 species including Auricularia auricula-judae, Coriolopsis sanguinaria, Rigidoporus microporus, and Xylaria polymorpha were collected only in Seima. Ganoderma sp., Mycena sp., Marasmius sp., Microporus xanthopus, Phellinus sp., and Russula sp. were dominant species in both the western and eastern Cambodia. Species diversity indices in the eastern and western survey sites were 1.83 and 1.77, respectively, while evenness indices were 0.92 and 0.90. The species similarity index between two survey sites was 0.42.

Wild Mushrooms of Odisha: Prospective Candidates of Antioxidant Sources

Wild medicinal mushrooms, mostly woody mushrooms comprised Lenzites betulina, Lentinus polychrous, Trametes versicolor, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Pycnoporus sp, Inonotus radiatus and Microporus xanthopus were analyzed for antioxidant properties. Of the seven wild mushrooms, Inonotus radiatus had highest content of flavonoid content (13.50±1.33mg/gm), FRAP (1.47±0.09 mg AEAC/gm) and total phenolics content (3.5±0.052mg/gm). Pycnoporus and P. cinnabarinus showed considerably good amount of carotenoids. M. xanthopus showed higher amount of ascorbic acid (5.70±0.01 mg/gm) than other species studied. Results in this study revealed that the composition of all the woody mushrooms are below the phytotoxicity level and ongoing research in this regard can lead for the formulation of drugs in the future.

Wood-rotting fungi in East Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, northeast India, with special reference to Heterobasidion perplexa (a rare species ‒ new to India)

Field surveys and collection of the basidiocarps of wood-rotting fungi were carried out in eight forest stands of East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, India. Seventy eight wood-rotting fungi belonging to 23 families were identified. The undisturbed Mawphlang sacred grove was found to harbour a much larger number of the wood-rotting fungi (33.54 %) as compared to the other forest stands studied. Similarly, logs also harboured the maximum number of wood-rotting fungi (59.7 %) while living trees harboured the least (7.8%). Microporus xanthopus had the highest frequency percentage of occurrence with 87.5 %, followed by Cyclomyces tabacinus, Microporus affinis and Trametes versicolor with 62.5 %. Majority of the wood-rotting fungi are white-rot fungi (89.61%) and only few are brown-rots. A rare species of wood-rotting fungus, Heterobasidion perplexa which has been reported only from Nepal, was found growing on stumps and logs of Pinus kesiya in two collection sites. This fungus is new to India.

NaCl salinity and temperature effects on growth of three wood-rotting basidiomycetes from a Papua New Guinea coastal forest

The growth of three wood inhabiting basidiomycetes ( Microporus xanthopus, Pycnoporus sanguineus and Schizophyllum commune ) isolated from a tropical coastal forest of Papua New Guinea is characterized in relation to temperature and NaCl salinity. P. sanguineus and M. xanthopus present a very similar response to NaCl salinity, but P. sanguineus has a wider tolerance for temperature variations. S. commune withstands wide temperature variations, but it is the only one to present a marked salt resistance. This correlates with its abundance along the sea. The presence of P. sanguineus in the same habitat is rather unexpected since it is very sensitive to NaCl salinity. Its high growth rate probably allows it to take advantage of periods of high rains that limit salt accumulation.

Diversity and frequency of macrofungi associated with wet ever green tropical forest in Assam, India

Tapwal A, Kumar R, Pandey S. 2013. Diversity and frequency of macrofungi associated with wet ever green tropical forest in Assam, India. Biodiversitas 14: 73-78. A study was conducted in Jeypore Reserve Forest located in Assam, India to investigate the diversity of macrofungi associated with different tree species. The diversity of broad leaves trees and high humidity during monsoon period favours ideal growth of diverse group of macrofungal fruiting bodies. Thirty macrofungal species representing 26 genera belonging to 17 families were collected from six different sites in the study area. Out of these maximum six genera assignable to family Polyporaceae, five genera to Russulaceae, three genera to Agaricaceae, two genera to Ganodermataceae and Cantharellaceae each and rest of the families were represented by single genus only. The ecological preference of the species reveled that maximum (17) species were saprophyte, living on dead substrates or decaying wood debris, ten species were found associated with roots of higher trees, while three species were found parasitic. Overall 20 species were found edible including some species having medicinal utilization. The present study revealed that maximum frequency of occurrence was exhibited by Trametes versicolor and Schizophyllum commune (83.33%), followed by Microporus xanthopus, Pycnoporus sanguineus (66.67%) and Coprinus disseminates (50%). The rest of the species exhibited the frequency distribution ranging between 16.67-33.33%. The maximum density was recorded for Schizophyllum commune (126.67%) followed by Trametes versicolor (120%) and Xylaria polymorpha (93.33%). The density of rest of the species were ranged between 3.33- 6.67%. The key objective of the present study was to generate a database on macrofungal diversity of Jeypore Reserve Forest along with their ecological preferences and utilization, which is not earlier documented.