Porous Microspheres Research Articles

Hierarchical heterostructure Ni2P hollow carbon spheres derived from MOFs for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption

In this study, a hierarchical heterogeneous structure of Ni2P hollow carbon spheres (Ni2P-HCS) was synthesized through a two-step process involving carbonization and phosphorization of Ni-metal organic framework (Ni-MOF) precursors. During the construction of the Ni2P/C nanostructure, heterointerface recombination and secondary graphitization were observed, which contribute to the modulation of interface polarization. Structural analysis revealed that the Ni2P/C nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed, forming stable porous structured microspheres, thereby leveraging dielectric and magnetic losses. The combination of Ni2P with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can optimize impedance matching, enhance effective absorption bandwidth, and consequently improve electromagnetic wave absorption performance. The results show that Ni2P-HCS (Ni2P-HCS700) exhibited superior electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption characteristics when the carbonization temperature is 700 ℃. It achieves a maximum reflection loss (RL) of −46.7 dB at a thickness of 2.9 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.8 GHz at 1.71 mm thickness, almost covering the Ku-band (13.3 GHz−18 GHz). Radar cross-section (RCS) simulations utilizing CST indicated an optimal RCS reduction value of 41 dB m² at theta=0° for Ni2P-HCS700. This work introduces a universal approach to designing high-performance lightweight absorbers derived from MOFs, incorporating transition metal phosphides to form composites for impedance matching control.

One step synthesis of cerium-based porous carbon microsphere by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and its adsorption of rhodamine B

Cerium-based porous carbon microsphere (Ce/PCM) was synthesized by one step ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP), and the structure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Raman spectrometer. Furthermore, the adsorption performance of Ce/PCM was tested by Rhodamine B. (Rh B). The characteristic’s results showed the structure and specific surface area of Ce/PCM were affected by the pyrolysis temperature, and 800-Ce/PCM had the maximum specific surface area as 472.9 m2·g−1. The adsorption evaluation showed that 800-Ce/PCM had the best removal efficiency, and the maximum adsorption capacity was as high as 508.2 mg·g−1. The results suggested the adsorption kinetics of Ce/PCM for Rh B follows pseudo second-order dynamics and Freundlich model, which indicated that the adsorption process includes chemical adsorption and multilayer adsorption. Kinetic thermodynamic studies proved the absorption was endothermic reaction. The analysis of absorption mechanism indicated that the removal mechanism mainly includes pore filling, hydrogen bonding and surface adsorption.

Design and Fabrication of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Porous Metallo-Polymeric Microsphere for Water Disinfection.

An expedient and efficient approach is used to synthesize a new class of metallo-polymeric microspheres (MPMs) as antimicrobials to succumb the wide range of bacteria from water. Three types of MPMs, that is, poly[Silver (I)-methacrylate-co-methylmethacrylate] (pAgMA), poly[Copper (II)-methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate] (pCuMA), and poly[Nickel (II)-methacrylate-co-methylmethacrylate] (pNiMA), are prepared via radical suspension polymerization technique in 3D shape with porous texture. The structural and morphological characterization of the prepared microspheres are examined by analytical techniques. The antimicrobial potentialities of prepared MPMs are investigated at the laboratory scale study, revealing that the MPMs exhibit strong antibacterial activity (≈99.9% killing) against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria [Enterobacter hormaechei (EH), Bacillus megatarium (BM), and Bacillus bataviensis (BB)]. The MacConkey agar medium test reveals that MPMs have substantial biocidal efficacy against broad-spectrum Gram-negative bacteria present in tap water. The MPMs exhibit significant antimicrobial efficacy via contact killing owe to the presence of integrated biocidal metal moiety, which represents that the MPMs are safe for water disinfection.

Heterointerface engineering in porous microspheres for magnetic-dielectric balance to boost electromagnetic wave absorption

Heterointerface engineering originated from structure design is a promising approach to develop high-performance electromagnetic (EM) absorption materials but remains challenges in revealing the EM modulation mechanism. In this work, a diffusion-driven self-assemble strategy was proposed to construct porous NiFe2O4 microspheres with rich confined cavities. Followed by an in-situ vapor phase polymerization, conductive polypyrrole (PPy) layers were tightly coated on NiFe2O4 surface, building numerous ferrite-polymer heterointerfaces. Systematic investigation demonstrated that the controllable coating thickness and porous structure were crucial to regulate the component dependency EM properties and the dielectric-magnetic balance. Accordingly, these activated heterointerfaces and lattice defects inevitably produced polarization response to enhance the dielectric loss, and the confined magnetic coupling among hierarchical cavities strengthened the magnetic loss, jointly contributing to the boosted dissipation of incident EM energy. Owing to the synergy merits, optimum core–shell NiFe2O4@PPy microspheres exhibited an impressive broadband EM absorption performance with a wide effective absorption bandwidth covered 6.8 GHz at 2.62 mm. This study provides methodological guidance to design magnetic-dielectric EM absorption materials, and deciphers the mechanism of structure-interface modulated EM properties.

Integrated Copper Nanomaterials‐Decorated Microsphere Photothermal Platform for Comprehensive Melanoma Treatment

Patients who undergo resection for melanoma face challenges, such as delayed healing and radiation dermatitis. Moreover, incomplete tumor resection is a key factor contributing to poor prognosis and increased recurrence rates. However, a therapeutic platform that can effectively prevent tumor recurrence and promote wound healing remains a challenge. Hence, a pioneering approach is presented using melanoma‐derived cancer cell membrane (CM) as a tumor antigen to encapsulate copper (Cu)‐based metal‐organic framework (MOF) nanomaterials to fabricate nanomaterials termed MOF@CM. Then MOF@CM is adsorbed onto polydopamine (PDA)‐modified poly lactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA) porous microspheres (PLGA/PDA) to develop the copper nanomaterials‐decorated microspheres termed PLGA/PDA‐CCM (PLGA/PDA loaded with CM‐coated MOF). It exerts homologous tumor targeting and photothermal effects, inducing immunogenic cell death. Simultaneously, the sustained release of MOF@CM shows enhanced antigen presentation in dendritic cells (DCs) with the help of CpG, and induces DC maturation and activated immune responses, acting as an effective vaccine to prevent tumor recurrence. The platform harnesses the combined advantages of the local thermal effect and the presence of a Cu‐based MOF, which endow antibacterial properties and stimulate angiogenesis, thereby facilitating wound healing and mitigating radiation dermatitis. This integrated microsphere treatment platform represents a promising strategy for addressing melanoma.

3D porous ZnO microspheres sensitized by Ag quantum dots for highly responsive TEA sensors

The study aims to create a highly responsive gas sensor for TEA. In order to achieve this goal, spherical ZnO with layered structure was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. Subsequently, Ag quantum dots (QDs) are precipitated onto the surface of the ZnO microspheres. The ZnO microspheres were analyzed to demonstrate that they are comprised of porous nanosheets measuring roughly 10 μm in diameter. The composite with the optimal mass percentage displayed outstanding sensitivity to triethylamine (TEA), yielding a response of 1223, approximately 90 times higher than that of the pure ZnO sensor. Furthermore, this composite also demonstrated remarkable selectivity towards TEA. The exceptional detection results were achieved due to the catalytic influence of Ag as a precious metal, coupled with the distinctive structure of quantum dots and ZnO materials.

Biomineralization-inspired porous calcium carbonate microspheres as a controlled release system of herbicides/pesticides

Low bioavailability and environmental pollution are the key problems that restrict the sustainable development of traditional herbicides and pesticides. In this study, inspired by biomineralization, we prepared porous calcium carbonate microspheres (PCMs) using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCs) as particle size and morphology modifiers. PCMs have large specific surface area (87.6 m2/g) and mesoporous structure, which allows them to efficiently load herbicides (497±24 mg/g) and pesticides (318±17 mg/g). Additionally, the PCMs exhibit pH-responsive decomposition, enabling responsive release of glyphosate/chlorpyrifos in weak acid environments. In the simulation experiments, we found that the PCMs improved the adhesion ability of glyphosate/chlorpyrifos on the leaf surface and reduced the glyphosate/chlorpyrifos loss rate (1.69-fold reduction for glyphosate; 1.68-fold reduction for chlorpyrifos). Furthermore, glyphosate/chlorpyrifos loaded PCMs (GLY@PCMs/CPF@PCMS) exhibited herbicidal/insecticidal performance with the same efficacy as glyphosate/chlorpyrifos. Therefore, the PCMs provide an effective method for controlling herbicides/pesticides loss, controlled release of herbicides/pesticides, and improving herbicides/pesticides utilization efficiency. As a result, PCMs have the potential to be used as a pesticide/herbicide controlled release system, providing new ideas and theoretical support for the design of multifunctional nanoherbicides/nanopesticides in the future.

Green conversion of CO2 by N-heterocyclic carbene-CO2 adducts grafted hierarchical porous silica microspheres

The multiphase catalysts DMSNs-Cb-X containing NHC-CO2 adducts were synthesized by soft template method that is, first preparing dendritic multi-model pore silica nanoparticles (DMSNs) with central-radial structure, and then grafting imidazoline functional groups, and finally allowing to react with dimethyl carbonate to graft NHC-CO2 adducts. The investigations had the scope to improve the performance and to elucidate the effect of NHC-CO2 adducts on the CO2 cycloaddition reaction. The optimum catalyst DMSNs-Cb-1 and the optimum reaction conditions (200 mg, 100 °C, 10 h) were obtained via thermogravimetric analysis. CO2 cycloaddition reaction with epoxide DMSNs-Cb-1 can convert CO2 and epoxide to cyclic carbonate at ambient pressure without solvent and co-catalysts (1 bar, 100 °C). The reaction proceeds with high yield and high conversion frequency (TOF = 27.4 h−1). The prepared catalyst is easily recovered and still has high activity after five cycles of experiments. The excellent catalytic performance of the obtained catalyst can be attributed to the synergy of hierarchical porous structure and NHC-CO2 adducts acting as CO2 adsorption sites as well as zwitterionic catalytic sites. This work demonstrates an efficient strategy for green conversion of CO2 into cyclic carbonates.

Improvement of liraglutide release from PLGA microspheres by a porous microsphere-gel composite system

In the current work, we aimed to prepare a liraglutide-loaded porous microsphere-gel composite system. By employing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a porogenic agent and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLGA) as a carrier, the liraglutide microspheres were prepared and dispersed in a temperature-sensitive gel made of poloxamer 407 (F-127) and poloxamer 188 (F-68), which served as the gel matrix, to construct the composite system. The porous microsphere-gel composite system demonstrated prolonged and steady drug release, with a reduction to 4.7% in the initial release within 1 d, according to data from in vitro release tests. The drug release from the porous microspheres decreased from 53% to 29% during the rapid release phase as the PEG concentration increased and the release rate slowed down. In vivo experiments in rats revealed that the composite system prolonged the release period by about 10 d. The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC0-1 was decreased by 24.78 ng/ml*h, the initial burst release was decreased, and the blood drug concentration fluctuation was lessened. The construction of a porous microsphere-gel composite matrix offers a novel approach to the systems with a sustained, long-lasting release that utilizes rational design.

Nickel-cobalt alloy oxide nanoparticles wrapped by carbon black for efficient oxygen evolution electrocatalysis

The search for the simple and convenient design method of a non-precious metal oxygen evolution catalyst is still an emerging strategy today. Usually, nano-alloy oxide can enhance the catalytic activity for large specific surface area and active site, which have been widely studied for the purpose of developing active electrocatalysts for water splitting, while, nanoparticles are fundamentally less stable and prone to substantial size growth in long-term operations. Therefore, a framework of hierarchical porous composite microsphere with NiCoOx nanoparticles wrapped by Carbon Black (NiCoOx@CB) was fabricated successfully through spray-drying in this paper. Benefitting from the porous nanostructure and 0 D nano-alloy oxide active site, a remarkable OER performance with a low overpotential for 241 mV at 10 mA·cm−2 in alkaline media was exhibited. And, from the support of wrapped structure, NiCoOx@CB showed a superior durability with 90 h for nanoparticles were prevented to reunion during the reaction. Also, the heterogeneous interfaces with strong charge transfers between CB and NiCoOx nanoparticles could enhance OER performance (NiCoOx showed 265 mV at 10 mA·cm−2). The proposed method in this paper work provide a facile route to construct the porous composite microsphere with excellent OER electrocatalytic activity based on non-noble metal oxide wrapped by CB.

Micron-Sized Thiol-Functional Polysilsesquioxane Microspheres with Open and Interconnected Macropores: Preparation, Characterization and Formation Mechanism.

Polysilsesquioxane (PSQ) microspheres have shown promise in many fields, but previous studies about porous PSQ microspheres are scarce. Herein, we fabricated novel micron-sized thiol-functional polysilsesquioxane (TMPSQ) microspheres with open and interconnected macropores by combining inverse suspension polymerization with two-step sol-gel and polymerization-induced phase separation processes, without using phase-separation-promoting additives or sacrificial templates. The chemical composition of the TMPSQ microspheres was confirmed using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The morphology of the TMPSQ microspheres was characterized using SEM and TEM. TGA was employed to test the thermal stability of the TMPSQ microspheres. Mercury intrusion porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption-desorption tests were performed to investigate the pore structure of the TMPSQ microspheres. The results showed that the TMPSQ microspheres had open and interconnected macropores with a pore size of 839 nm, and the total porosity and intraparticle porosity reached 70.54% and 43.21%, respectively. The mechanism of porous generation was proposed based on the morphological evolution observed using optical microscopy. The macropores were formed through the following four steps: phase separation (spinodal decomposition), coarsening, gelation, and evaporation of the solvent. The macropores can facilitate the rapid mass transfer between the outer and inner spaces of the TMPSQ microspheres. The TMPSQ microspheres are promising in various fields, such as catalyst supports and adsorbents.

Confinement and phase engineering boosting 1T phase MoS2/carbon hybrid for high‐performance capacitive deionization

AbstractCapacitive deionization (CDI) has attracted significant attention as a water treatment technology owing to its low cost, high efficiency, and eco‐friendliness. However, the unsatisfactory desalination performance of traditional electrode materials hinders the development of CDI. Herein, 1T‐MoS2/C hybrid microspheres are successfully fabricated through confinement and phase engineering strategies. The confinement effect of porous hollow carbon microspheres reduces the overgrowth and agglomeration of MoS2 nanosheets, which is beneficial for exposing more active sites and enhancing stability. Meanwhile, the 1T phase MoS2 displays high intrinsic conductivity and large interlayer spacing, which is conducive to rapid insertion/extraction of Na+. Consequently, 1T‐MoS2/C hybrid becomes a prospect electrode material for CDI, which showcases outstanding desalination capacity (48.1 mg/g at 1.2 V), eminent desalination rate as well as exceptional stability. Moreover, the desalination mechanisms are clarified through various characterizations and density functional theory calculations. This study provides new perspectives on designing high‐performance MoS2‐based CDI electrode materials.

Hierarchical porous hollow carbon microsphere/carbon nanotube heterostructures for high-performance supercapacitor

Constructing carbon nanotube (CNT)-based electrode materials is an effective strategy for the development of supercapacitors with high-rate capability. In this work, hierarchical porous hollow carbon microsphere (HCM)/CNT heterostructures were prepared by calcination of 3-aminophenol formaldehyde resin microspheres (AFSs) with the assistance of ethanolamine and Ni salts. This approach, which ingeniously combines the template and CVD methods, not only generates both HCMs and CNTs, but also achieves the growth of CNTs on HCMs. The length and dispersion of CNTs as well as the porous structure of HCMs could be easily controlled by adjusting the amount of ethanolamine and the size of AFS. Combining the advantages of the fascinating structure, i.e., abundant micro-, meso-, and macropores, high electrical conductivity, and good wettability induced by the presence of high-level N atoms, the optimal sample exhibited superior electrochemical performance, such as a high specific capacitance of 234.9 F g−1 at 2 A g−1, excellent cycling stability with the capacitance retention of 93.9 % after 10,000 cycles. More importantly, it possessed outstanding rate capability because its capacitance remained almost constant as the current density was increased above 5 A g−1. This research sheds light on an avenue to construct CNT-based carbon heterostructures for efficient energy storage.

Magnetic porous microspheres enhancing the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: Synergistic free and attached methanogenic consortia

The addition of exogenous materials is a commonly reported method for promoting the anaerobic digestion (AD) of sludge. However, most exogenous materials are nano-sized and their use encounters problems relating to a need for continuous replenishment, uncontrollability and non-recyclability. Here, magnetic porous microspheres (MPMs), which can be controlled by magnetic forces, were prepared and used to enhance the methanogenesis of sludge. It was observed that the MPMs were spherical particles with diameters of approximately 100 µm and had a stable macroporous hybrid structure of magnetic cores and polymeric shells. Furthermore, the MPMs had good magnetic properties and a strong solid–liquid interfacial electron transfer ability, suggesting that MPMs are excellent carriers for methanogenic consortia. Experimental results showed that the addition of MPMs increased methane production and the proportion of methane in biogas from AD by 100.0 % and 21.2 %, respectively, indicating the MPMs notably enhanced the methanogenesis of sludge. Analyses of variations in key enzyme activities and electron transfer in sludge samples with and without MPMs in AD revealed that the MPMs significantly enhanced the activities of key enzymes involved in hydrolysis, acidification and methanation. This was achieved mainly by enhancing the extracellular electron transfer to strengthen the proton motive force on the cell membrane, which provides more energy generation for methanogenic metabolism. A careful examination of the variations in the morphology, pore structure and magnetism of the MPMs before and after AD revealed that the MPMs increased the prevalence of many highly active anaerobes, and that this did not weaken the magnetic performance. The microbial community structure and metatranscriptomic analysis further indicated that the acetotrophic methanogens (i.e., Methanosaeta) were mainly in a free state and that CO2-reducing methanogens (i.e., Methanolinea and Methanobacterium) mainly adhered to the MPMs. The above synergistic metabolism led to efficient methanogenesis, which indicates that the MPMs optimised the spatial ecological niche of methanogenic consortia. These findings provide an important reference for the development of magnetic porous materials promoting AD.

Synthesizing high performance LNMO cathode materials with porous structure by manipulating reynolds number in a microreactor

The demand for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has significantly grown in the last decade due to their extensive use electric vehicles. To further advance the commercialization of LIBs for various applications, there is a pressing need to develop electrode materials with enhanced performance. The porous microsphere morphology LiNi x Mn2–x O4 (LNMO) is considered to be an effective material with both high energy density and excellent rate performance. Nevertheless, LNMO synthesis technology still has problem such as long reaction time, high energy consumption and environmental pollution. Herein, LNMO microsphere was successfully synthesized with short precursors reaction time (18 s) at 40 °C without using chelating agent by microreaction technology combined solid-state lithiation. The optimized LNMO cathode shows microsphere (∼8 μm) morphology stacked by nano primary particles, with abundant mesoporous and fully exposed low-energy plane. The electrochemical analysis indicates that the optimized LNMO cathode demonstrates 97.33% capacity retention even after 200 cycles at 1C. Additionally, the material shows a highly satisfactory discharge capacity of 92.3 mAh·g−1 at 10C. Overall, microreaction technology is anticipated to offer a novel approach in the synthesis of LNMO cathode materials with excellent performance.

Biomimetic hybrid porous microspheres with plant membrane-wall structure for evaluating multiscale mechanisms of ultrasound-assisted mass transfer

Determination of mass transfer during ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has always been a challenge, not to mention the novel breakthrough of mechanisms for its positive effects. Herein, versatile porous microspheres (PM) with membrane-wall structure like plant tissues, which were made from sodium alginate/polyacrylamide dual crosslinking gels loaded with liposomes, were prepared to reveal the micro mass transfer effects during UAE. Results showed that prepared PM kept stable microstructure during extraction and ultrasound significantly accelerated the pore diffusion rather than surface diffusion. This effect resulted in higher UAE efficiency of PM with 60 % porosity than solid microspheres (143.72 to 155.47 mg/L), and the finding can be further explained as the accelerated internal diffusion (14.25 %) under ultrasound treatment. Moreover, multi-physics coupling simulations were performed to elucidate the enhanced pore flow and UAE efficiency. Acoustic streaming induced by cavitation effect increased the seepage velocity within the PM, and the pore structure would undergo compression and expansion deformation with alternated acoustic pressure due to its elastic characteristic. Both microscale effects improved the mass transfer and increase the UAE efficiency without structural damage from cavitation. This study fills the UAE mechanisms from micro view and provides a novel method for the study of vital micro processes.

Soluble starch-derived porous carbon microspheres with interconnected and hierarchical structure by a low dosage KOH activation for ultrahigh rate supercapacitors

The developed porous structure and high density are essential to enhance the bulk performance of carbon-based supercapacitors. Nevertheless, it remains a significant challenge to optimize the balance between the porous structure and the density of carbon materials to realize superior gravimetric and areal electrochemical performance. The soluble starch-derived interconnected hierarchical porous carbon microspheres were prepared through a simple hydrothermal treatment succeeded by chemical activation with a low dosage of KOH. Due to the formation of interconnected spherical morphology, hierarchical porous structure, reasonable mesopore volume (0.33 cm3 g−1) and specific surface area (1162 m2 g−1), the prepared carbon microsphere has an ultrahigh capacitance of 394 F g−1 @ 1 A g−1 and a high capacitance retention of 62.7 % @ 80 A g−1. The assembled two-electrode device displays good cycle stability after 20,000 cycles and an ultra-high energy density of 11.6 Wh kg−1 @ 250 W kg−1. Moreover, the sample still exhibits a specific capacitance of 165 F g−1 @ 1 A g−1 at a high mass loading of 10 mg cm−2, resulting in a high areal capacitance of 1.65 F cm−2. The strategy proposed in this study, via a low-dose KOH activation process, provides the way for the synthesis of high-performance porous carbon materials.

Elastic porous microspheres/extracellular matrix hydrogel injectable composites releasing dual bio-factors enable tissue regeneration

Injectable biomaterials have garnered increasing attention for their potential and beneficial applications in minimally invasive surgical procedures and tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels and porous synthetic polymer microspheres can be prepared for injectable administration to achieve in situ tissue regeneration. However, the rapid degradation of ECM hydrogels and the poor injectability and biological inertness of most polymeric microspheres limit their pro-regenerative capabilities. Here, we develop a biomaterial system consisting of elastic porous poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) microspheres mixed with ECM hydrogels as injectable composites with interleukin-4 (IL-4) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) dual-release functionality. The developed multifunctional composites have favorable injectability and biocompatibility, and regulate the behavior of macrophages and myogenic cells following injection into muscle tissue. The elicited promotive effects on tissue regeneration are evidenced by enhanced neomusle formation, vascularization, and neuralization at 2-months post-implantation in a male rat model of volumetric muscle loss. Our developed system provides a promising strategy for engineering bioactive injectable composites that demonstrates desirable properties for clinical use and holds translational potential for application as a minimally invasive and pro-regenerative implant material in multiple types of surgical procedures.

Energy storage nanoarchitectonics of La2W2O9 porous microspheres for advanced supercapacitive performance

Lanthanum tungsten oxide (La2W2O9 or LWO), a novel supercapacitor material, in the form of porous microspheres (PMS), a material that hasn't been investigated for use in energy storage before. We demonstrate LWO's electrochemical functionality. It has promising energy storage capabilities thanks to PMS. The substance is permeable. A large platform for charge storage and quick ion transport is provided by microstructure. Galvanostatic and cyclic voltammetry are two methods for evaluating the performance of electrochemical systems. Charge-discharge measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments provided the information. Low charge transfer resistance and pseudocapacitive behavior in LWO PMS. The content had a significant specific capacitance of 178 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, and even at a current density ten times greater, it still retained 72% of its capacitance. Its potential for long-term energy storage applications was also highlighted by the electrode material's outstanding cycling stability over 5000 charge/discharge cycles. Our results imply that the development of high-performance supercapacitors, which are crucial for the creation of effective and environmentally friendly energy storage systems, is made possible by LWO PMS.

Hyperactivation of lipase by oil-water interface in interfacial immobilization on hierarchical porous hollow silica microsphere: dynamics, mechanism and application

Lipases exhibit high activity at oil−water interfaces due to interfacial activation effect. In this work, the interfacial immobilization of lipase was developed based on Pickering emulsion through using lipase solution as the aqueous phase, n-hexane as oil phase, and stabilized by modified hierarchical porous hollow silica microsphere (HPHSM-C1). The prepared immobilized lipase HPHSM-C1@AY400-II achieved highest specific activity (6.4 IU/mg) with the amount of immobilized protein of 34.5 mg/g, surpassing traditional adsorptive immobilized lipase (HPHSM-C1@AY400) by 1.89-fold, and retained 70 % of residual activity after ten operational cycles. The conformational change of HPHSM-C1@AY400-II was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared. The interfacial adsorption at oil-water interface was influenced by intraparticle and surface diffusion, as evidenced by adsorption kinetic. Finally, the HPHSM-C1@AY400-II was applied in enzymatic enrichment of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) in glycerides, and the content of ω-3 PUFAs in the glyceride significantly increased from 32.35 % to 54.78 % after 3 h of selective hydrolysis. This study opens a promising avenue to improve lipase activity in immobilization process, contributing to enzymatic synthesis of functional lipids.