Micro-hydro Power Research Articles

THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF KAMPONG PAKUNCEN IN YOGYAKARTA BASED ON THE GREEN CONCEPT

This study aims to determine the green concept of a slum “kampong” with the green concept and carbon footprint approach based on daily activities, building materials and fuel consumption as well as to deliver the concept of renewable energy. The carbon footprint is the measure of total amount of carbon dioxide gas emissions directly or indirectly caused by daily main activities and accumulation of products used daily. It is the case study of Kampong Gampingan-Pakuncen, Yogyakarta. This kampong is known as a densely populated kampong located in the city centre not far from Malioboro, the centre of commercial and business districts in Yogyakarta City. The employed methods were the quantitative-comparative method between carbon footprint of existing and planning condition and the quantitative approach of renewable energy. The results showed that the carbon dioxide concentration of Kampong Pakuncen in the existing condition is 1,712.767 tonnes CO2/month while the total amount of carbon dioxide concentration of the design is 1,293.785 tonnes CO2/month, hence 24.462% carbon dioxide concentration reduction. To save energy consumption in daily activities, it is proposed that water wheel as micro-hydro power should be used for electricity.

The application of Project Based Learning method in learning micro-hydro electrical power

This research aims to determine the effect of a project-based learning model to improve the understanding of materials about electric machines. The majority of students who take electrical machine courses only understand the theory of electric machines but have not applied directly. In this research, students are directed to make learning media of micro-hydro power plant system. The research was conducted in Electrical Engineering Education Study Program of Universitas PGRI Madiun on the sixth-semester students who attended Electrical Machinery course. The sample consists of 17 students in the Electrical Engineering Department of the Education Universitas PGRI Madiun. The technique of collecting data using observation and test. The results showed that the implementation of project-based learning model with learning media of micro-hydro power plant can improve students’ understanding of the given material. Through the learning process by utilizing micro hydro media students can understand the working principle of the electric machine directly and its relationship with the power plant system with the medium N-Gain score. These results suggest that micro-hydro power generation media can be an effective way to deliver fairly complex and abstract material to students.

A Micro Hydro Pelton Turbine Prototype (Review of the effect of water debitand nozzle angle to rotation and pelton turbine power)

This research began when the writer conducted a field study to Curup Tenang Bedegung Waterfall, Tanjung Agung District, Muara Enim, South Sumatra. The CurupTenang Bedegung waterfall has the potential to build a micro-hydro Pelton turbine power plant. This study aims to see the flow rate andwater discharge. From this preliminary study, the researcher decided to carry out the design of a micro-hydro Pelton turbine prototype on a mini scale but has optimal rotation and power. In this study, the analyses of the effect of water dischargewere 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 1/s and the nozzle angle was 50 °, 55 °, 60 ° and 65 ° toward rotation and Pelton turbine power. From the results obtained the higher the water discharge, the turbine rotation is increasing, the highest turbine rotation (691.3 rpm) achieved was at a water discharge of 40 l/s with nozzle angle of 50 °, the higher the water discharge will increase turbine power, the highest turbine power (15.89 watts) was obtained at a water discharge of 40 l/s with a 50 ° of nozzle angle.

An Indicator and Evaluation Criteria for Off-Grid Micro-Hydro Power Sustainability Assessment

Very remote rural locations, require the supply of electricity to be carried out with an off-grid system. The off-grid system development can be done by building fossil fuels power plants or by utilizing local renewable energy sources. The fuel price, the energy sources distant, and the environmental impacts make fossil fuel plants no longer be a priority to be developed in Indonesia. The Renewable energy generation provides the best alternative for the electricity supply. The renewable energy power plant which is being grown in Indonesia today is a micro-hydro power (MHP). Sustainability is a significant problem in micro-hydro power development in Indonesia. This study aims to formulate a set of indicators and evaluation criteria for micro-hydro power sustainability assessment. The research begins with a literature review related to sustainability both in terms of the power plant operations sustainability and sustainable development. The next, to identify indicators that determine viability. After the sustainability indicator is formed, the following is expert judgment. The research results obtained 54 indicators and evaluation criteria of micro-hydro power sustainability, in 5 dimensions: technical, economic, social, institutional, and environmental. Fifty-four indicators and evaluation criteria can be used to evaluate the micro-hydro power sustainability index.

Optimized Operation of Hybrid System Integrated With MHP, PV and PHS Considering Generation/Load Similarity

Renewable energy is widely used as a clean energy in the world, yet the intermittent of the power generation from renewable energy power plants, resulting in poor quality of power supply. However, the hybrid energy system and some energy storage devices can be installed to mitigate the power fluctuation, to achieve power smoothing and maximize the profit, a double-objective optimization model of hybrid system integrated with micro-hydro power (MHP), photovoltaic (PV), and pumped hydro storage (PHS) is established in this study. The day-ahead optimized operation strategy of the PHS based-on hour-level data of seven days is obtained, which aims to maximize the similarity value (SIM) between the power generation curve and load profile, and the economic revenue (ER) of the PHS. Optimized schedule is obtained by means of chance-constrained programming (CCP) and modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO). The performance of the model is evaluated by using the meteorological, the historical MHP power generation and the load data obtained in Xiaojin County, Sichuan province, China. The simulation results reveal that the best trade-off value between SIM and ER can be obtained on the Pareto front with comprehensive consideration of the system operation strategy and target. Furthermore, the generation/load similarity can be increased 7.89% under the participating of the PHS.

The Usage of Mining Void in Limestone Mining For Micro Hidro Power Plan in PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero) Tbk

Pt. Semen Baturaja TBK Persero is one of the state-owned companies engaged in the cement industry, since 1974 located in West Baturaja, Ogan Komering Ulu, South Sumatra Province. PT Semen Baturaja utilizes limestone as the main raw material in making cement by applying surface mining and blasting methods. every end of the mining activity must implement reclamation. one of the post mining activity plans by PT Semen Baturaja Tbk is to utilize voids as a micro hydro power plant. One of the parameters that must be met is the quality of water. The results of water sample testing indicate that the water content in the limestone mining area has a suspended solid content of 17-22 mg / L, with the metal content contained in the water still below the water quality standard. With a void area of 53.94 Ha, it is capability to storing of water, void in the area of the former limestone mining at PT Semen Baturaja has the potential as a source of water for micro-hydro power plants

An investigation of dummy load energy in gunung sawur 1 microhydro power plant - Lumajang East Java

Dummy load are used for microhydro power plant which its work controlled by electronic load controller. Electrical energy supply to dummy load will increased or decreased automatically depends on consumer load. All this time, dummy load energy of microhydro are rejected to the environment without any use. This research was carried out by investigating on Gunung Sawur 1 micro hydroelectric power plant in Sumberwuluh Village, Candipuro Districts, Lumajang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Purposes of this research are to find out the potency of dummy load electric energy on Gunung Sawur 1 microhydro and possibility of its utilization. The research was carried out by recording data of electrical energy of dummy load on microhydro using Fluke 1735 power logger. Research results show that voltage of dummy load was fluctuated, from 0 volt until higher than 100 volts. In the night, the average of dummy load power is 2502.5 watts. Then during the day, the average of dummy load power is 3688.5 watts. The average total electric energy of dummy load is 66.1 kWh per day. Utilization unstable voltage and energy of dummy load can only be used for heating process, such as water heating or water purification on distillation system.

Optimization potential analysis of micro-hydro power plant (MHPP) from river with low head

Indonesia has a lot of civilization without electricity in remote areas. In order to fulfill the high demand of electricity, low cost and environmentally friendly power plants are required to reach remote areas. Micro-hydro power plants are proposed as a solution that could penetrate the limited accessibility for transport, technology, and cost. This paper covers a case study of optimization potential analysis of micro-hydro power plant (MHPP) in Subang. This study analyze the current technical specification of the MHPP in Subang in order to optimize the operation to reach the attached generator capacity with the condition of low head and low discharge of the river. Analysis of the existing MHPP proposes a redesign focused on the penstock pipe and turbine. According to the calculations, penstock pipe design has the minimum required diameter of 0.7 m in order to withstand the debit of 1.1 m3/s. Besides, in order to optimize the cross flow turbine performance with the debit of 1.1 m3/s, the existing turbine’s radius should be redesigned to 0.71 m, with the existing turbine’s blade length should be redesigned to 0.248 m. All of the redesigns proposed could increase the potential power generation up to 200% from the current condition.

Studi Analisis Pengaruh Perubahan Posisi Nozzle Terhadap Pout Pada Prototipe PLTMH

Renewable sources of energy by utilizing water resources, more specifically is PLTMH (Micro-Hydro power plants) to be an excellent choice for potential to be developed in order to overcome the scarcity of energy. For ease in learning about PLTMH then use PLTMH prototype by designing the nozzle position on the corner of 00, 150, 300, 450, 600 and 750 to measurements, using three types of turbine vanes, on the position of the nozzle at an angle of 600 produces round generator and turbine rotation. The position of the nozzle at an angle of 600, a model turbine vanes are recommended to be used is semicircular vanes model because the model in the position and the power-generating turbine vanes most large.

Analysis of integration flow control valve and electronic load controller for micro hydro power plant frequency regulation

Frequency regulation is very important for microhydro power system. Flow control valve (FCV) and electronic load controller (ELC) are common control systems developed for micro hydro power plant (MHPP) with synchronous generator. However, these control systems each other has a drawback in term of frequency response or harmonics issues. This paper proposes an integrate control system, in which FCV and ELC system work together for MHPP in order to obtain a better performance in frequency response and total harmonic distortion (THD). PID and PI controllers were used for FCV and ELC, respectively. The integrated control method influences on the MHPP performance was verified by MATLAB simulation, when the load reduced 10KW in two sequences time. Results of the simulation confirm that the integration of FCV and ELC offered a better trade-off between frequency response and THD issues for MHPP, which cannot be solved by standalone FCV or ELC. By integrating both control systems, they gave the best values for frequency response and THD in around 1.4071 second and 8.57%, respectively.

Facilitating universal energy access for developing countries with micro-hydropower: Insights from Nepal, Bolivia, Cambodia and the Philippines

Community owned micro-hydropower (MHP) is a cost-effective technology that harvests the potential energy of rivers and generates electricity that can meet the demands of isolated communities in developing countries. The feasibility of MHP schemes depends on physical, social, environmental and economic factors. Remote communities, however, cannot carry out independent pre-feasibility assessments due to lack of know-how. Local developers often identify potential sites by personal references, and perform pre-feasibility assessments by sending engineers to record essential physical variables such as the head or the river flow. No holistic and easy to use MHP pre-feasibility assessment method exists. To facilitate pre-feasibility site identification, we developed a MHP pre-feasibility assessment tool that can be used by developers as well as communities. The tool was validated using data on scheme current success scores (SCSS) gathered from interviews to users and developers of 35 communities with MHP schemes from Nepal, Bolivia, Cambodia and the Philippines. The analytic hierarchy process was used for multi-criteria decision making to incorporate 15 key quantitative and qualitative criteria that affect the likelihood of success of community owned MHP schemes. Results show a strong correlation (0.87) between the tool results and the SCSS. The tool gives equal importance to the physical, social and economic factors, which are significantly more important than the environmental factor. Water availability, terrain quality, community cohesion and financial support are identified as the most important criteria affecting the likelihood of success of schemes. The tool can be easily used and manipulated by developers and communities to generate pre-feasibility assessments.

The Assessment of Off-Grid Photovoltaic (PV) Systems for Rural Electrification in Indonesia

There are many rural areas in Indonesia without electricity, especially in remote islands which are challenging to access. The limited access to electricity inhibits people in rural areas to increase their welfare and quality of life. Identifying the urge for electricity access in remote areas and for increasing the utilization of renewable energy resources in Indonesia, the off-grid photovoltaic (PV) systems can be the solution. The paper aims to assess the off-grid PV systems for rural electrification in Indonesia. The Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is conducted to assess the cost-effectiveness of the off-grid PV systems compared to other rural electrification solutions in Indonesia, such as diesel and micro-hydro. It results that LCOE of the PV battery has the highest LCOE with 0.30 US$/kWh. Another off-grid PV configuration: PV battery diesel (hybrid system) has LCOE ranging from 0.19 to 0.22 US$/kWh. This hybrid system can compete with the LCOE of diesel generator (0.17 – 0.24 US$/kWh). The range of LCOE reflects the variation of retail diesel prices in remote areas. The micro-hydro power plant has the lowest LCOE, 0.16 US$/kWh. However, this solution is only reliable in the areas that have stable water flow rate with different elevation. In this case, the off-grid PV systems are more reliable to generate electricity in remote areas because the average daily solar irradiation is 4.8 kWh/m2/day across Indonesia. Additionally, the trend of cost reduction in PV systems and the improvement in PV technologies can be game-changing that make off-grid PV systems more competitive compared to other solutions. Then, the paper analyses the fundamental issues regarding the off-grid PV systems application and it also recommends the policies that can be taken by the Government of Indonesia and the local government to provide sustainable rural electrification based on the off-grid PV systems.

Micro-hydropower in drinking water gravity pipelines: a case study in Uttarakhand, India

ABSTRACT Hydropower development on gravity-based drinking water supply pipelines in India has not been widely practiced, even at the micro-hydropower (MHP) scale. Site visits including measurements of pipeline flow and pressure were conducted at 12 schemes in Uttarakhand, and 3 were chosen for detailed analysis. Due to a complete lack of existing pressure control, the available drinking water flow would have to be reduced to enable retrofitting with MHP turbines. Technical and economic calculations were performed for a hypothetical 20% flow reduction, but showed electric power yields between just 1.2 and 3.9 kW and long payback periods between 8 and 24 years. The favoured alternative proposal is to incorporate the planning of MHP facilities into the inevitably necessary renovation and/or expansion of pipelines to both (1) meet future water demand and (2) enable the development of MHP. This hypothetical improved case showed an increase in electric power yield by a factor of 5 over the retrofitting case, and was recommended to the state water utility Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan.

Preliminary Study of Micro-hydro Power Plant (MHPP) in The Rural Area

Pakenjeng village is one of the villages in the subdistrict Pamulihan, Garut. Garut regency has the potential of natural resources is quite large and varied, namely water resources, energy, and mineral resources. Energy resources available in the form of the potential of renewable energy such as geothermal energy (geothermal), micro-hydro, solar, wave, and wind. Judging from potential micro hydro, Pakenjeng village crossed by two rivers with a flow of water large enough, the river Cikondang and Cibatarua. Currently, both the river Cikondang and river Cibatarua been used for hydroelectric power plant, with a capacity> 100 kW (scale mini-hydro), ie power plants Kombongan (river Cikondang) with a capacity of 165 kW and a power plant Panyairan (river Cibatarua) with capacity of 3 x 200 kW. The result of the potential study (pre-feasibility study) showed that Sungai Cibatarua have the quality and quantity of water that is eligible to be a source of hydroelectric energy for water discharge stable and constant reaches 5100 liters / sec. Cibatarua River has a waterfall that has a head that is high enough that Niagara Panyairan with head up to 63 meters. Hydraulic power that can be generated to reach 3248 kW and a power that can be awakened by the turbine reaches 2404 kW. Potential analysis (pre- feasibility study) of the mechanical and electrical indicates that the turbines are suitable for the MHP in the River Cibatarua namely Cross Flow Turbine Type TC 15 BO 650 with power up to 1 MW.

End Use Promotion of Micro Hydro Project for its Sustainable Development (A Case Study of Malagad Khola MHP)

This research is an attempt to explore the sustainability of a Micro-hydro power project. A micro-hydropower project can make a substantial impact in developing countries where significant water resources exist and where economically viable alternatives are few, such as Nepal. This research explores the opportunities to sustain a micro-hydropower project for a long period with acceptable revenues. Willingness to pay among the community and possibility of productive end uses have been studied. The study finds many possible end uses that can improve sustainability of the project.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2017, 13(1): 125-132

Optimasi Load Frequency Control (LFC) Pada Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro Berbasis PID-ANFIS

Microhydro Power Plant is a small-scale power plant. Microhydro plants are built in areas where there is no power grid.In areas with sufficient water potential to generate electrical energy. The problem that often occurs in the micro-hydro generator system is the occurrence of non-constant generator. This is caused by changes in connected loads. Thus causing frequent fluctuations in the frequency of the system that can cause damage to electrical equipment. Therefore used Load Frequency Control (LFC) in order to control the frequency can be more stable. To get the optimal control parameter in micro hydro power plant system is used an Artificial Intelligence (AI) that is Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) method. ANFIS data is taken from PID controller training data. By using PID-ANFIS control method, microhydro generating system can accelerate settling time and minimize overshoot.

Integer programming to optimize Micro-Hydro Power Plants for generic river profiles

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of designing an optimal micro-hydro power installation in rivers with generic profiles, when micro-hydro schemes are studied. This is geared towards the application of Micro-Hydro Power Plants to supply marginal isolated areas using small Pelton wheels, where both technology and resources are limited. For this purpose, a model of a Pelton micro-hydro plant is first developed. Subsequently, a discretization of the river profile is made, on the basis of which a set of integer variables are proposed, being the model transformed then into an integer optimization problem. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is showed through a specific design problem. The application of the developed method is especially interesting when designing micro-hydro plants to provide electricity to isolated populations, where both technology and resources are limited.

Rainfall prediction using fuzzy inference system for preliminary micro-hydro power plant planning

East Kalimantan is a very rich area with water sources, in the form of river streams that branch to the remote areas. The conditions of natural potency like this become alternative solution for area that has not been reached by the availability of electric energy from State Electricity Company. The river water in selected location (catchment area) which is channelled to the canal, pipeline or penstock can be used to drive the waterwheel or turbine. The amount of power obtained depends on the volume/water discharge and headwater (the effective height between the reservoir and the turbine). The water discharge is strongly influenced by the amount of rainfall. Rainfall is the amount of water falling on the flat surface for a certain period measured, in units of mm3, above the horizontal surface in the absence of evaporation, run-off and infiltration. In this study, the prediction of rainfall is done in the area of East Kalimantan which has 13 watersheds which, in principle, have the potential for the construction of Micro Hydro Power Plant. Rainfall time series data is modelled by using AR (Auto Regressive) Model based on FIS (Fuzzy Inference System). The FIS structure of the training results is then used to predict the next two years rainfall.

A framework for evaluating the current level of success of micro-hydropower schemes in remote communities of developing countries

Micro-hydropower (MHP) schemes can be a good option to meet the energy demands of remote communities in developing countries, particularly in mountainous areas with good water supplies. Physical (i.e. head and flow) and economic requirements are essential for MHP scheme feasibility, but social, environmental and political factors can also be critical for the performance and longevity of the scheme after its installation. MHP scheme feasibility evaluation, thus, requires a holistic approach, where the socio-economic characteristics of the community, electricity policies and other geophysical parameters of the environment have to be considered. This study identified the most important criteria for evaluating the success of MHP schemes from the communities' point of view based on site visits and interviews with developers, operators and key community members of 35 schemes spanning Nepal, Bolivia, Cambodia and the Philippines. Proper regular operation, ongoing support by the community, and long term support from the government or local developer were key factors for MHP scheme success. The most recurrent failure reasons were maintenance difficulties, extreme weather events, and the arrival of the national grid. A framework to evaluate the current level of success of existing schemes was developed and applied for cross country comparison.

Potensi Energi Mikrohidro di Daerah Irigasi (Studi Kasus di Wilayah Sungai Serayu Opak)

Pengembangan energi terbarukan perlu ditingkatkan guna mengatasi permasalahan sumber energi fosil yang semakin menipis. Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA) skala mikro atau mikrohidro berpotensi dikembangkan mengingatIndonesia memiliki gugusan pegunungan dengan mata air yang mengalir sebagai sumber air sungai. Selain di sungai, mikrohidro juga dapat diaplikasikan pada daerah irigasi. Ada 48.043 daerah irigasi di Indonesia yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menambah ketahanan energi Indonesia. Permasalahan yang ditemui adalah belum adanya informasi jumlah potensi energi mikrohidro yang dapat dibangkitkan pada daerah irigasi di Indonesia. Kajian ini bertujuan untukmengidentifikasi dan membuat Peta Potensi Energi Mikrohidro di Daerah Irigasi pada Wilayah Sungai Serayu Opak, serta untuk mengetahui potensi energi mikrohidro yang dapat dibangkitkan di wilayah tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengolahan data melalui analisis geospasial. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa peta potensi energi mikrohidro di saluran irigasi ini dapat digunakan sebagai peta indikasi awal lokasi-lokasi yang memiliki potensi untuk membangkitkan energi sepanjang saluran irigasi, potensi energi mikrohidro yang dapat dibangkitkan di Wilayah Sungai Serayu-Opak sebesar 26 MW.