Micro-hydro Power Research Articles

Multi-Country Scale Assessment of Available Energy Recovery Potential Using Micro-Hydropower in Drinking, Pressurised Irrigation and Wastewater Networks, Covering Part of the EU

Studies have shown micro-hydropower (MHP) opportunities for energy recovery and CO2 reductions in the water sector. This paper conducts a large-scale assessment of this potential using a dataset amassed across six EU countries (Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Spain, and Portugal) for the drinking water, irrigation, and wastewater sectors. Extrapolating the collected data, the total annual MHP potential was estimated between 482.3 and 821.6 GWh, depending on the assumptions, divided among Ireland (15.5–32.2 GWh), Scotland (17.8–139.7 GWh), Northern Ireland (5.9–8.2 GWh), Wales (10.2–8.1 GWh), Spain (375.3–539.9 GWh), and Portugal (57.6–93.5 GWh) and distributed across the drinking water (43–67%), irrigation (51–30%), and wastewater (6–3%) sectors. The findings demonstrated reductions in energy consumption in water networks between 1.7 and 13.0%. Forty-five percent of the energy estimated from the analysed sites was associated with just 3% of their number, having a power output capacity >15 kW. This demonstrated that a significant proportion of energy could be exploited at a small number of sites, with a valuable contribution to net energy efficiency gains and CO2 emission reductions. This also demonstrates cost-effective, value-added, multi-country benefits to policy makers, establishing the case to incentivise MHP in water networks to help achieve the desired CO2 emissions reductions targets.

Energy Recovery Potential in Industrial and Municipal Wastewater Networks Using Micro-Hydropower in Spain

The use of micro-hydropower (MHP) for energy recovery in water distribution networks is becoming increasingly widespread. The incorporation of this technology, which offers low-cost solutions, allows for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions linked to energy consumption. In this work, the MHP energy recovery potential in Spain from all available wastewater discharges, both municipal and private industrial, was assessed, based on discharge licenses. From a total of 16,778 licenses, less than 1% of the sites presented an MHP potential higher than 2 kW, with a total power potential between 3.31 and 3.54 MW. This total was distributed between industry, fish farms and municipal wastewater treatment plants following the proportion 51–54%, 14–13% and 35–33%, respectively. The total energy production estimated reached 29 GWh∙year−1, from which 80% corresponded to sites with power potential over 15 kW. Energy-related industries, not included in previous investigations, amounted to 45% of the total energy potential for Spain, a finding which could greatly influence MHP potential estimates across the world. The estimated energy production represented a potential CO2 emission savings of around 11 thousand tonnes, with a corresponding reduction between M€ 2.11 and M€ 4.24 in the total energy consumption in the country.

Design of a prime mover turbine propeller open flume micro-hydro electric power plant 1 kW

West Java has many rivers that have high falls and varied water discharges where utilization is not optimal. The study aims to utilize water energy to be able to produce a Micro Hydroelectric energy generator. The design of this PLTMH starts from measuring the potential of water, designing turbines and generators, then observing the work system of PLTMH and estimating the electric power that will be generated by the PLTMH. From chosen location, it is known that the water flow is 0.0059 cubic per second and has a waterfall height of 4 meter. This data is used to select the type of turbine, selection of reservoirs, rapid piping, and generator design. The results obtained by the design of Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH) using open flume propeller turbines and 3-phase generators are changed to 1 phase. Open flume propeller turbines have a simple construction and can be operated at a waterfall height of 3-6 meters and low water discharge so that the use of open flume turbines for micro-hydro power plants will be used in river flows that have high waterfall and water discharge the low one is very appropriate. With a turbine rotation speed of 2,063 rpm, this PLTMH is capable of producing 1,346 watt turbine power with a 45 liter per second water flow so that the power obtained is 1,076 watt.

Mapping the potential energy of micro-hydroelectric power in Limboto watershed

The use of river water flow energy for electricity generation has been widely developed to meet the electricity needs of the community. Reality in the field indicates that most of the micro-hydro power plants that are built in the river flow cannot be relied upon to meet the electrical energy needs of the community, especially in remote areas. Many micro-hydro plants cannot operate for a long time and even have a damaged condition. This is because the construction of the power plant has not gone through the proper planning and assessment process of the potential of the river flow energy to be able to operate the power plant continuously. This study aims to find out the potential of the perennial river flow energy through the hydrological modeling technique. The energy of the perennial river flow can be approached due to the amount of rain discharge in the catchment area and the components of the watershed system that affect the water flow. To determine the value of river discharges, it is carried out through the analysis of the dependable flow of the river. The results showed that the electrical energy that can be produced in Alo River is 192.55 KW, in Bionga River is 136.45 KW, in Batulayar River is 408.67 KW, in Marisa River is 147.44 KW, and in Talumelito River is 81.22 KW.

Characteristics Analysis of Archimedes Screw Turbine Micro Hydro Power Plants with Variations in Water Discharge

Electrical energy has a very important role in human life, but the electricity supply still does not fully meet the needs of the community. Many potential energy resources can be converted into electrical energy. One of the potential energy resources is the flow of water that can be used for micro-hydropower plants for remote areas. This paper presents the results of research on micro-hydro power plants using Archimedes screw turbines. This power generation system has several advantages, namely low maintenance costs, does not damage the water ecosystem, does not require extensive land. The purpose of this research is to study the characteristics of the Archimedes micro-hydro power plant on variations in water discharge. These characteristics include mechanical characteristics such as the maximum torque and rpm and electrical characteristics such as voltage, current and electric power. The determination of characteristics is carried out on the prototype of the micro hydropower plant Archimedes screw turbine with the specifications of the turbine screw having 2 blades, the turbine elevation angle of 30°, 2.5: 1 gearbox ratio using four variations of water discharge, namely 1.18 l/s, 2.33 l/s, 2.55 l/s, and 2.64 l/s. The determination results of the micro hydropower plant Archimedes screw turbine characteristics show that an increase in water flow will cause an increase in mechanical characteristics such as large torque and rpm and electrical characteristics such as voltage, current and electric power. However, the increase in the magnitude of these characteristics is not directly proportional to the increase in water discharge.

ANALYSIS OF CO-BENEFITS OF MICROHYDROPOWER ALONG WITH CARBON DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM: CASE STUDY OF RUMA KHOLA MICROHYDROPOWER LOCATED AT WESTERN NEPAL

- Decentralized micro-hydropower was considered one of the affordable options to lightening the remote and isolated areas. Micro –hydropower was became the entry point and provide holistic development approach to many unreached villages of Nepal. This study analyzes the socio-economic benefits along with CDM achieved through the installation of microhydropower in five villages of Mangla Rural Municipality of Western Nepal. Closed type questionnaire was used to collect the data along with Key informant survey and focus group discussion. The research reveals that this micro hydro power plant is contributing to CDM as a Micro hydro is listed in CDM Project of Nepal. Beside the CDM benefit, micro-hydropower plant has brought series of positive development like access to clean electricity developing entrepreneurships, reducing rural drudgery of women, reducing indoor pollution, and access to information and health facilities. Thus, Microhydro project can be the cheap, clean and sustainable solution for rural energy demands.

Optimization-Based Methodology for Selection of Pump-as-Turbine in Water Distribution Networks: Effects of Different Objectives and Machine Operation Limits on Best Efficiency Point

In recent years, many researchers have recognized pressure reducing valves (PRVs) as potential microhydropower (MHP) sites, aiming to improve the efficiency of water networks. Pump-as-turbines (PATs) have been pointed out as the most suitable technology because of their favorable cost. Most of the methodologies available in the literature for selection of a PAT to replace a PRV follow a traditional approach that is based on scaling aprototype data using affinity curves, thus restricting the solution space only to these curves. The optimization-based methodology presented in this paper uses the classical hydraulic regulation scheme with the Nedler–Mead simplex direct search algorithm to search for the optimal solution within space that is constrained only by the boundaries of available centrifugal PATs on the market. The methodology also defines the PAT’s operation limits based on the PAT’s relative mechanical power. Improvements gained by using the novel methodology have been demonstrated on real-world case studies from Ireland and Italy that were previously used in the literature. The results of the considered sites also suggest that the maximal global plant’s efficiency is around 80% of the maximal efficiency of the theoretically optimal PAT. The paper also examines effects of different objective functions and different PATs’ operation limits on the selection of the optimal PAT.

Finite element modeling and analytic algorithm for electromagnetic performance of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) 24 Slot 16 poles from modification of induction motor 0, 75kw 3 Phase

Modification of the induction motor into a permanent magnet synchronous generator is to put a permanent magnet on the squirrel cages stator to generate the magnetic pole as a replacement for the electromagnet pole produced at a separately excitation of the conventional synchronous generator called the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The purpose of this research is to design PMSG by modification of induction motors into permanent magnet synchronous generator with 24 slots 16 pole by using radial flux and utilizing stator. This research is a software-based FEM (Finite Element Method) for design and the magnetic Material used for permanent magnet synchronous generators is Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB). The PMSG on this design obtains the back EMF constant for its half-cycle of 4.902 rad/s and gets a voltage of 191.455 Vdc at 375 rpm speed and when given the loading of 100 Ω at 375 rpm speed produces a voltage of 176.73 Vdc, the current of 1.77 A and the output power is 313.24 Watt with efficiency reaching 85%. The PMSG modelling is done to have a specification of 24 slots 16 poles, changes the the characteristic Induction motor with synchrounous speed of 1500 rpm becomes as low as 375 rp. So This PMSG modification can be used as wind turbine or microhydro power palnt with low speed prime mover energy.

Micro-Hydro Power Plants (MHPP): Technical and analytical studies in creating experimental learning media for physics students

Nowadays, direct media use in learning energy is rarely found. Therefore, the authors intended to design a mini micro-hydro power plant (MHPP) in order to give direct experiences to students. This study generally aims to develop a mini MHPP consisting of equipment design, component selection, and the MHPP assembly. A test on discharge, heights, and produced power is then conducted. The data acquired are then analyzed in terms of either Pteotirik or Preal power using a predetermined equation. An analysis to the factors influencing the P values is then carried out. The power input of resulted from the water discharge management is 35.64 mW, while that of the power output is 9,61 mW. The efficiency of the MHPP set is by 26.96% which is considered quite low due to such factors as turbine blades, penstock pipes, generators, and the shift from water potential energy to other types of energies which is inevitable. It is expected that the developed mini MHPP is applicable as practicum learning media giving a lot of such learning experiences to students as to identify how hydroelectric power plant is, how the water energy shifts into electric energy, how high the electricity produced is, and to analyze factors influencing how high and low the electricity produced by a power plant.

Analisis Efisiensi Daya Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro Menggunakan HOMER (Studi Kasus PLTMH Parakandowo Kabupaten Pekalongan)

Microhydro Power Plant (MPP) is a power plant that uses water as a medium to drive turbines and generators. The power generated by PLTMH depends on the flow of river water that flows through PLTMH Prakandowo. In the dry season the water discharge fluctuates so that the efficiency of the MPP has decreased. The research was conducted to analyze the Power Efficiency of MPP Parakandowo. The research method used in this research is non-experimental quantitative using descriptive methods in Parakandowo Hamlet, Sidomulyo Village, Lebakbarang District, Pekalongan Regency. This study provides an overview of the decrease in power efficiency of PLTMH Parakandowo in the dry season. The results of this study are the efficiency value of PLTMH Parakandowo of 65.33% which indicates inefficiency, due to the effect of decreasing water discharge. The long-term solution is to connect MPP with PLN. Homer software can simulate a grid connected MPP with PLN. The simulation results of Homer software hybridize PLTMH with PLN, namely the energy that can be produced is 122,593 kW / year.Keywords—MPP,efficiency,homer,grid connected

A Simplified Francis Turbine for Micro Hydro Application: Design and Numerical Analysis

Francis turbine is the most widely used type of hydro turbine due to its high efficiency and a wide range of operation. Despite its popularity in large scale power plants, the use of these turbines has not been yet realized for micro hydro applications. Considering the sustainability of micro-hydro power plants, the components of Francis turbine need some simplifications so that the manufacturing and operation of the turbine become more feasible. This study focuses on redesigning the turbine with simplifications in spiral casing and distributor along with investigating its effects on the performance of runner using CFD. Bovet method is used to obtain meridional dimension of runner while Bladegen feature of ANSYS 15.0 is applied to obtain the runner domain. Optimum design of the runner is obtained by analyzing the effect of parameters like wrap angle, lean angle, blade’s beta angle distribution and energy distribution on the runner’s performance. The velocity at the runner inlet is very low for micro Francis turbine which increases the dimension of spiral casing so dimension of spiral casing is made small by adjusting guide vane and stay vanes. A comparative study of conventional and simplified design is made based on pressure and tangential velocity distributions along spiral casing and distributor as well as on the performance of turbine. It is observed that the required reaction ratio and flow conditions can be obtained by combining the stay vanes and guide vanes. In addition, the proportion of combination depends on the magnitude of reaction ratio. It is found that the combining the stay vane and guide vane gives better result in best efficiency point however at other loading condition efficiency is lower which is due to improper stagnation.

Transient Analysis of self excited Induction generator with ELC

— Fast depletion of fossil fuels has drawn attention towards the use of nonconventional energy sources like wind, biomass, tidal/wave, and small hydro potential. In remote locations, harnessing of electrical energy from such local resources can be cheaper and easier compared to grid connection, which involves long transmission lines and associated losses. A micro-hydro system using natural hydro potential with minimal civil works is a strong candidate in this race. Uncontrolled low head turbines are prescribed for such applications. In this paper, a transient analysis of a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) with electronic load controller (ELC) utilized in stand-alone micro-hydro power generation employing uncontrolled turbines. In view of the need to fed single phase loads from such systems, the transient behavior due to switching in of such loads is of interest and is carried out here. A composite mathematical model of the total system has been implemented by combining the modeling of prime mover, SEIG, ELC, and load. Simulated results are matched with the experimental ones, obtained on a implemented prototype of an SEIG-ELC system for the starting of an IM and switching in a resistive load. To starting of an IM, a star/delta starter is utilized to avoid inrush current.

Integrated voltage control and frequency regulation for stand-alone micro-hydro power plant

India has enormous potential of micro hydel plants with total power estimated upto 10000 MW from natural waterfalls and run-of-river schemes. Micro-hydro power plants provide electricity for remote rural communities. Majority of the micro grid systems are isolated from the grid and for ensuring the stability in voltage and frequency at varying loads require good control system. A novel approach with Synchronous Generator in Electronic Load Controller (ELC) is discussed here. ELC design is attempted using an uncontrolled bridge rectifier, an IGBT chopper which feeds a resistive dump load. Proposed ELC is simulated and results are presented.

Effect of Hybrid Resources on Management Outcomes Micro-Hydro Power Plants in Remote Areas

The effect of developing hybrid resources on the management outcomes of micro-hydropower plants in remote areas has been studied and analyzed. The hybrid resource is a combination of two energy sources, such as water and solar energy, that operate together in meeting the needs of electrical power in Ambava Village, Tinondo Sub-district, East-Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. This study has used a management model describing the relationship and influence of latent variables and their manifestation variables. Here, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) based Common-Pool-Resources (CPR) is the proper method of testing the structural model used. The results show that the Critics-Ratio (CR) and Standard Loading Factor (SLF) have fulfilled the expected value. The direct influence of the variable exogenous hybrid resources to the endogenous variable outcome of 0.213 has fulfilled the Gold of Fit criteria. Then, the direct impact of the most dominant latent variable is the operating dimension of the resource. At the same time, the indirect effect on the manifest variable is the increase in electricity reserve. Furthermore, the most dominant indirect impact of the hybrid resources latent variable is the benefit and cost dimensions, while the most dominant manifest variable is people's welfare savings.

Demand Side Management based techno-economic performance analysis for a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system of India

ABSTRACT Today, the off-grid Integrated Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) is considered to be an ambitious source of electrical power due to its technological, economic, and environmental benefits. Optimal integration of renewable energy resources has been found the most viable option for powering of stand-alone remote rural area in Karnataka. This study presents Demand Side Management (DSM)-based techno-economic analysis under Load Following (LF), Cycle Charging (CC), and Combined Dispatch (CD) strategies with Lead Acid (LA) and Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries. Strategic conservation and peak shifting DSM methods are considered in the present work for evaluating the optimal hybrid system using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER®). The optimization results of the LA, Li-Ion batteries-based HRES are compared with and without DSM using two different configurations. From the results, it is observed that the Li-Ion battery-based photovoltaic (PV)/Micro Hydro Power (MHP)/battery (BT) HRES under CD strategy gives the optimal solution. The corresponding net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE) are found to be as $3,14,079 and 0.103 $/kWh, respectively. The implementation of DSM saves 33% in NPC and 0.003 $/kWh in COE, respectively. Further, a sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to evaluate the effect of input parameters such as fuel cost, PV cost, battery cost, and load demand on NPC, COE, and renewable fraction (RF).

PENGARUH SUDUT BUKAAN GUIDE VANE DAN TEKANAN AIR TERHADAP KECEPATAN PUTAR DAN DAYA OUTPUT PADA PROTOTYPE PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA MIKROHIDRO DENGAN TURBIN CROSSFLOW

The pattern of power plants development in Indonesia is still relying on the availability of fossilfuels based energy sources. Meanwhile, Human are faced with a situation of depleting reserves offossil energy sources and increasing environmental damage due to the use of fossil fuels basedenergy sources. Renewable Energy development can be a solution to these problems. One of them isthe development of a Micro Hydro Power Plant. In the realization of Micro Hydro Power Plant inIndonesia, the crossflow water turbine type can be used. It is a type of impulse turbine with a goodcharacteristic at a low head for micro-scale generator capacity. This study analyzes the effect of guidevane opening angle and water pressure on rotation and output power of crossflow turbine. Theopening angle of the guide vane studied was 15º, 30º, 45º, 60º, 75º, and 90º in each water pressurecondition of 4 psi, 8.5 psi and 13 psi. The test is carried out by simulating direct measurements on theprototype of the Micro-hydro Power Plant that has been built. Every combination of parameterstested, the maximum value of rotational speed and output power is obtained at the guide vaneopening angle of 30º and water pressure of 13 psi. Turbine rotation values generated before and aftercoupled with a generator are 591.9 rpm and 522.7 rpm. The values of the generator rotation beforeand after the load coupled are at 3490 rpm and 2368 rpm. And the power value generated by thegenerator is 11.8 Watts.

RANCANG BANGUN PROTOTYPE PLTMH DENGAN TURBIN PELTON SEBAGAI MODUL PRAKTIKUM

Learned about the use of water resources as a micro hydro power plant is very importantto be carried out by Electrical Engineering students at Udayana University. At this time atConvertion Energy Laboratory there was not been a practicum about Mycro Hydro Power Plandue to the unavailability of guide practicum module and micro hydro power plant prototypes.Therefore in this research was design and build a Prototype of Microhydro Power Plan wich had18 buckets where had 5 cm width, 4,47 cm length, 1,6 height and the tickness was 0,28 cm.This prototype can made 4,5 L/s water discharge, 9,809 W Power, and the torque was 0,26 Nm. So that prototype had 1,48% efficiency. To make this prototype as a complete practicummodule was arranged practicum guide modules that was explain abaout Characteristic of MicroHydro Power Plan with Pelton Turbines.

APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI PLTMH TURBIN PROPELLER OPEN FLUME SEBAGAI PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK DESA

Berecek Village, located in Sukatani District, Purwakarta Regency, West Java Province, has a river that has not been used optimally. This community service aims to utilize the available water energy so that it can produce Micro Hydro power plants. The manufacture of a micro-hydro power plant starts from measuring water potential, designing turbines and generators, then observing the work system and estimating the electrical power that will be generated. From the survey results, it is known that the water discharge is 0.0059 m3 / s and has a fall height of 4 m. This data is used to select the type of turbine, reservoir selection, quick pipe, and generator design. The results of the manufacture of micro power plants obtained by designing using an open flume propeller turbine with a turbine rotation speed of 2063 rpm, this PLTMH is able to produce turbine power of 1346 watts with a water discharge of 45 liters / second so that the power obtained is 1076 watts.

Analysis of micro-hydro potential based on landuse planning in the Kelara watershed

Energy needs to become an inseparable part of the community’s living needs, along with the rapid increase in development. The supply of electricity is carried out by PT PLN (Persero), as an official institution appointed by the government to manage electricity problems in Indonesia, so far it has not been able to meet the community’s need for electricity as a whole. So, it is necessary to develop the potential for renewable energy such as hydropower. Potential water resources that can be used as sources of electrical energy such as the Hydroelectric Power Plant and Micro-Hydro Power Plant. Based on these problems, this research was conducted to analyze the potential of micro-hydro using the Geographic Information System method with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and the application of spatial pattern plans to increase potential areas in micro-hydro development in Kelara Watershed, South Sulawesi. This research uses the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model approach and the calculation of hydraulic power. Classification of land cover in 2015 in Kelara watershed with vegetation is 6,469.45 ha (16.81%) of the total area of the watershed. The results showed that with 2015 land cover conditions, there were 22 sub-watersheds with the potential for micro-hydro development from 83 sub-watersheds in Kelara Watershed. Assuming a minimum of 10 kW of power is generated at any time, 12 sub-watersheds are obtained, which can be used for micro-hydropower plants. The implementation of the spatial plan in 2031 can reduce the number of potential sub-watersheds based on minimum discharge. The condition of land cover in 2015 amounted to 22 sub-watersheds, while in the spatial plan, there are 21 potential sub-watersheds.

Perbandingan Perkiraan Debit Banjir Rancangan Menggunakan Data Hujan dan Debit di DAS Kaliwadas Kab. Pekalongan, Jawa Tengah

Design flood discharge is one of the important parameters in the management of water resources, especially water resources utilization structures and water damage control structures. This parameter serves to determine the dimensions and capacity of the planned water structures. As an important reference, this design flood discharge must be carefully determined so that the planned building is effective and financially functional and economically efficient. This study aims to determine the design flood discharge using rainfall data which will be recommended as a reference for the design of a micro-hydro power plant building in Kaliwadas River, Pekalongan Regency, Central Java Province. The results of the analysis based on rainfall data are compared with estimates using discharge data to determine deviations resulting from the use of rainfall data. Frequency analysis is applied to both types of rainfall and maximum daily discharge data. Chi-Square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were performed to test four distribution methods: Normal, Normal Log, Pearson Log III and Gumbel. Transformation of design rainfall into design discharge is done using the Snyder Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method, by first optimizing the hydrograph parameter. The analysis shows that the design flood discharge using rainfall data is relatively lower than using discharge data with an average deviation of more than 15%. This deviation is expected to occur when the transformation of rainfall into discharge is influenced by various very complex parameters, especially changes in land cover and rainfall distribution that have not been fully accommodated. However, for watersheds with very limited discharge data, the use of rain data can be an option for establishing a design flood discharge.