Preparation Of Microemulsion Research Articles

Formulation and Antioxidant Activity of Mask Clay Extract Lycopene Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with Variation of Concentrate Combination Kaoline and Bentonite Bases

Free radicals can cause damage to human skin, so antioxidants are needed to counteract the negative effects of these free radicals, for example preparations in the form of face masks. For tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) contains nutritious substances, namely lycopene which can be useful as an antioxidant in the skin. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in kaolin and bentonite bases on physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of tomato lycopene extract clay mask, and to determine the best formula. Tomato lycopene extract (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was modified into a microemulsion preparation to keep antioxidant activity stable. Kaolin and bentonite which were used as bases had various concentrations in each formula, namely F1 15% and 2%, F2 20% and 1.5%, F3 25% and 1%, F4 30% and 0.5%, respectively. The results showed that the four clay mask preparations were homogeneous and did not change in color, shape and aroma. The pH test on the four formulas is F1 4.33 ± 0.35, F2 5.58 ± 0.24, F3 6.48 ± 0.22, F4 7.34 ± 0.08. The viscosity test on the four formulas, namely F1 20213.3 ± 140.4, F2 24133.3 ± 83.26, F3 29080 ± 105.83, F4 33293.3 ± 378.06. The spreadability test was F1 6.59 ± 0.24, F2 5.59 ± 0.16, F3 4.85 ± 0.11, F4 7.84 ± 0.05. The test time for the preparation to dry was F1 19.02 ± 0.36, F2 15.33 ± 0.54, F3 11.27 ± 0.42, F4 8.24 ± 0.50. Easy-to-clean tests i.e. F1 and F2 are very easy to clean, F3 and F4 are easy to clean. The best formula for clay masks is the F3 preparation where the concentration of kaolin is 25% and bentonite is 1%.

Preparation and properties of dodecylamine microemulsion for the flotation of quartz and magnetite

Dodecylamine (DDA) can only be used with acidification in the reverse flotation of iron ore. To solve this problem, this paper proposed a novel water-in-oil microemulsion with DDA prepared using one or two of AEO-3, OP-10, and Tween-80 & Span-80 as the surfactants, 2-octanol as the cosurfactant, and DDA and kerosene as the oil phase. The freezing point, surface tension, droplet size distribution, and zeta potential were determined for the DDA microemulsion. The results showed that the freezing point of the produced DDA microemulsion can be reduced to –12.5 °C. Moreover, the surfaces of its droplets dispersed in aqueous solution are positively charged at pH values less than 10.0. The flotation performance of the DDA microemulsion was investigated by flotation tests. From the results, DDA microemulsion exhibited good dispersibility and surface activity, thereby confirming its ability to effectively reduce air–water interfacial tension. In addition, it was found to have good adaptability to temperature and pulp pH, yielding a magnetite concentrate with 68.54% Fe and 3.60% SiO2 from magnetite with 64.93% Fe and 9.12% SiO2 using 45 g/t DDA microemulsion. Therefore, the proposed DDA microemulsion can be used as an efficient collector in the reverse flotation of magnetite.

A facile approach to fabrication and characterization of novel herbal microemulsion-based UV shielding cream

BackgroundSince many decades, phytoconstituents are well known for their potential therapeutic benefits but the development of herbal products has been limited due to difficulties like collection, isolation, stability and aqueous solubility of the phytoconstituents. The present study focuses on the development of microemulsion-based sunscreen cream formulation containing therapeutically active phytoconstituents like lycopene, β-carotene and curcumin which are reported for both antioxidant and ultraviolet radiation barrier properties. But the major hurdle in the development of the formulation is poor solubility and stability of these 3 components. Microemulsion preparation helps to enhance the solubility and stability of the final product. Screening of oils, surfactants and cosurfactants were done based on solubility studies followed by the construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, sesame oil, span 80 to tween 80 (surfactant) and isopropyl alcohol (co-surfactant) which were selected to stable microemulsion.ResultBased on a solubility study of components and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, surfactant to co-surfactant (Smix) with 2:1 ratio and oil to Smix with 2:8 ratio were selected for preparation of the final microemulsion. Results show an average globule size of 208 nm, conductance 0.935 moh/cm, pH 7.1, zeta potential − 17.5 mV, refractive index 1.002, polydispersibility index 0.342, percent transmittance 90.68% and viscosity 82.45 cps. In a drug content study, the presence of lycopene, β-carotene and curcumin was found to be 87.53, 85.08 and 90.65%, respectively. Finally, microemulsion-based sunscreen cream was prepared and evaluated for various parameters like pH, extrudability, spreadability and drug content study. The sun protection factor (SPF) of microemulsion and cream was found to be 36.32 and 37.65, respectively. The stability study data shows better stability of the final formulation.ConclusionFormulation of microemulsion-based sunscreen cream may be a better option in the design and development of herbal phytoconstituents.

Preparation and quality evaluation of a volatile oil microemulsion from Flos magnoliae and Centipeda minima.

In order to improve the water solubility of the volatile oils extracted from Flos magnoliae (FM) and Centipeda minima (CM), they were prepared as a microemulsion (ME), which were then used in the development of an FM and CM volatile oil ME for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). ME was prepared by phase inversion emulsification, and the prescription factors such as emulsifier, co-emulsifier, oil phase, Km, which represents the ratio of the mass of emulsifier to that of the co-emulsifier, and preparation factors such as temperature affecting the formation of the ME were selected according to the formation area of ME in a pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The quality of the ME was evaluated based on its appearance, particle size, Zeta potential and stability. The content of eucalyptol in ME was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The cumulative permeability of the ME within 24 h was measured with a transdermal diffusion tester. The results revealed that the best formula for preparation of the ME was as follows: Castor oil polyoxyethylene ether (EL-40) was the emulsifier; the co-emulsifier was anhydrous ethanol; the Km was 2:1; the mixed phase of volatile oil and isopropyl myristate with mass ratio of 1:1 was used as oil phase; and the preparation temperature was 25°C. The content of eucalyptol in the ME was 2.57 mg/g, and the cumulative permeability of the ME in 24 h was significantly increased compared with that of the reference oil solution. The appearance of the ME was uniform, and the solution was transparent. In conclusion, compared with traditional preparations, FM and CM volatile oil ME is a novel, improved and more effective preparation for the treatment of AR.

Preparation and Characterization of Microemulsions Based on Antarctic Krill Oil.

Antarctic krill oil is high in nutritional value and has biological functions like anti-inflammation and hypolipidemic effects. But it has and unpleasant smell, and unsaturated fatty acids are prone to oxidative deterioration. Its high viscosity and low solubility in water make it difficult for processing. Microemulsion can be a new promising route for development of krill oil product. We determined a formula of krill oil-in-water microemulsion with krill oil: isopropyl myristate = 1:3 as oil phase, Tween 80:Span 80 = 8:2 as surfactant, ethanol as co-surfactant and the mass ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant of 3:1. After screening the formula, we researched several characteristics of the prepared oil-in-water microemulsion, including electrical conductivity, microstructure by transmission electron microscope and cryogenic transmission electron microscope, droplet size analysis, rheological properties, thermal behavior by differential scanning calorimeter and stability against pH, salinity, and storage time.

Pengaruh Variasi Kombinasi Konsentrasi Surfaktan Non Ionik (Span 60 Dan Peg-40 Hco) Terhadap Stabilitas Fisik Mikroemulsi Koenzym Q10

Coenzyme Q10 is a compound that functions as an antioxidant with a large molecular weight of 863.36 g / mol and has lipophilic properties. This makes coenzyme Q10 need to be formulated to improve the solubility of the material and the delivery system in the skin. This study aims to determine the effect of various combinations of non-ionic surfactant concentrations (span 60 and PEG-40 HCO) on the physical stability of microemulsions. In this study Coenzyme, Q10 was formulated in oil-type microemulsion preparations in water. The oil used as the oil phase is rice bran oil with a combination of surfactant span 60 and PEG-40 HCO and 96% ethanol as a cosurfactant. the microemulsion was made in 4 microemulsion formulas namely FI, F2, F3, and F4, each formula was made 3 replications. Microemulsion preparations were evaluated after 24 hours after the preparations were made, observations made included organoleptic (shape, color, and phase formed), pH, viscosity, droplet size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index before and after centrifugation test with 10,000 rpm for 30 minutes. The research data were processed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis analysis and Mann-Whitney follow-up tests. The results showed that the surfactant concentration affected physical characteristics (viscosity, droplet size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index) with a significantly different result (p <0.05) but the surfactant concentration did not affect the pH with the results not significantly different (p> 0, 05).

Preparation and characterization of palm oil in water microemulsion for application in the food industry

PurposeRed palm oil contains both tocopherol (∼30%) and tocotrienol (∼70%) with the latter having better antioxidant potency than the former by a factor of 60 times. The microemulsion is one of the most suitable carriers to protect this vitamin E from environmental stress due to food processing and storage. However, the instability of microemulsion might limit the presentation of vitamin E in the food industry. In the present study, we demonstrated the preparation of microemulsions from different ratios of palm oil and Span 60 to achieve potential carrier formulations for vitamin E delivery.Design/methodology/approachThe microemulsions with the different ratios of palm oil and water (o/w) and Span 60 were prepared by using homogenization technique, incubated and observed at 45.0 ± 0.1 °C, room temperature (25 °C ± 0.1) or 8.0 ± 0.1 °C. The microemulsion formed was analyzed by Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to observe the molecular composition and the functional groups in the employed oil and emulsifier. Back-scattered dynamic light scattering (DLS) method was employed to determine the stability of microemulsion by measuring the average particle size and polydispersity index (PDI). The zeta potential values of microemulsion were measured by Shape Zeta sizer Nano ZS. The shape and dynamic properties of the microemulsion were observed by Leica optical polarizing microscope (OPM). The creaming, sedimentation, the ratio of aqueous separation and clarification of the microemulsions were evaluated visually whereas the changes in pH were determined using pH meter.FindingsThe morphological study showed the presence of spherical-shaped particles. The average particle size was found to be the smallest in the presence of 7% Span 60 in the 70/30 (o/w) formulation, and the zeta potential was less than −30 mV for most of the formulations. The most stable pH (the least amount of changes in the pH at room temperature) prevailed for 7% Span 60. Accelerated stability test showed that formulations 30:70 and 50:50 (o/w), in the presence of 5% and 7% Span 60, were the most stable throughout the incubation period.Originality/valueThe palm oil in water microemulsion in the presence of 7% Span 60 has the potential to be further developed as a delivery system for hydrophobic nutrients such as vitamin E, proteins or peptides and antioxidants in the food and beverage industry.

Ultrasound-assisted bimetallic NiMo nanocatalyst preparation using microemulsions for in-situ upgrading application: Impact on particle size

A new nanocatalyst preparation pathway, using ultrasound, for potential application to an in-situ upgrading technology (ISUT) is investigated. An ultrasonic probe is employed for preparing the transient microemulsions of the molybdenum solution with vacuum residue (VR), while high-shear mixing is used for preparation of microemulsions of nickel solution in VR. The results of catalyst preparation showed that the synthesized NiMo nanoparticles are half the size of the particles prepared conventionally using a high shear mixer for both metal precursors. The two prepared batches of suspended nanocatalysts in VR were then tested for evaluating their activity for upgrading reactions. In the upgrading tests, VR + cat and hydrogen were injected into a reactor packed with silica sand, where temperature, pressure and residence time were 350 °C, 7 MPa g, and 48 h, respectively for all experiments. Appreciable activity enhancement was observed for the ultrasound-assisted prepared nanoparticles. Using the new preparation method, the density and viscosity, as well as coking tendency of the products decreased, while the demetallization and desulphurization extent were both enhanced. Therefore, further ultrasound-aided NiMo nanoparticle preparations were carried out to investigate the effect of input sonication energy on the particle size.

Formulation and Stability Testing of Microemulsion Griseovulfin

The use of drugs that are less soluble in water will become clinically less efficient, this is caused by the low penetration of the drug into the body. A microemulsion is a dispersion system such as an emulsion that can increase the solubility of drugs that are sometimes difficult to dissolve in water. Microemulsions have long-term stability, clear, transparent, and good penetration capabilities. In this study, a microemulsion formulation with active ingredients griseofulvin and virgin coconut oil was conducted as an oil phase. The resulting microemulsion evaluates physical stability during 35 storage days. The results showed that the microemulsion preparation remained stable during storage time without changes in color, odor, and consistency, while the pH and dosage viscosity experienced less significant changes. The consequences of the centrifugation test at 3700 rpm for 5 hours and freezing tests for 24 days showed stable preparation and cannot be separated. The diffusion test results obtained by FG2 had the largest permeation percentages of 3.6136%, FG3 2.8724%, and the smallest FG1 2.0477%.Keywords: microemulsion, griseofulvin, stability, diffusion test

Microemulsion composed of combination of skin beneficial oils as vehicle: Development of resveratrol-loaded microemulsion based formulations for skin care applications

Microemulsion can be a potential delivery vehicle to deliver skin care actives to deep skin layer for chronic skin care benefits. On top of skin care active, microemulsion vehicle composed of multiple skin beneficial oils can deliver additional skin care efficacies. In this study, microemulsions were developed using combinations of two skin beneficial oils, tea tree oil and medium chain triglyceride instead of single oil. For that, pseudo ternary phase diagrams were constructed on these oil combinations at different ratios of surfactant/co-surfactants. Ratio of oils and surfactant/co-surfactant combinations exhibited significant impact on the microemulsion region. A few compositions were selected from the single phase microemulsion regions of these phase diagrams for the preparation of resveratrol-loaded microemulsion and microemulsion gel formulations. The particle size of the resveratrol-loaded microemulsions were <50 nm. Cryogenic scanning electron microscope image clearly showed nano-droplets dispersed in continuous phase. Both physical and chemical stability of the formulations varied depending on their compositions, such as surfactant/co-surfactant combination and % total oil. The presence of chelating agent and anti-oxidant was also crucial to stabilize the formulations. The selected formulations demonstrated good physicochemical stability at 5 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C/75 % RH (relative humidity) stability conditions. The results further showed that the % total oil and surfactant phase composition had huge influence on resveratrol release and skin permeation patterns from the microemulsion gels. In vitro skin permeation result indicated that the microemulsion gels can help resveratrol penetration into deep skin layer. Therefore, the developed resveratrol-loaded microemulsion gels can be utilized as skin care product with multiple skin care benefits.

Preparation, Characterization and Cytotoxic Activity of New Oleuropein Microemulsion Against HCT-116 Colon Cancer Cells

The work was aimed to elucidate whether the nanoencapsulation of oleuropein would potentiate its anticancer activity against colon cancer or not. Oleuropein microemulsion was prepared using the water dilution method, in which oleic acid, tween 20, and ethanol were selected as the oily phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. The microemulsion was characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, morphology, in vitro drug release, stability, and anticancer activity on HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Results showed that oleuropein microemulsion was successfully prepared with a particle size of 10 nm, polydispersity index of 0.283, and a neutral charge. Moreover, it was able to sustain the release of drug for 24 h with a cumulative percentage release of 99%. Transmission electron microscopic examination of the microemulsion confirmed its small particle size and revealed spherical particle morphology. The as-prepared microemulsion was stable, with no significant changes in particle size, polydispersity or charge observed upon storage. Moreover, the oleuropein microemulsion was 106 times more cytotoxic than oleuropein alone on HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed microemulsion is a promising delivery carrier for oleuropein, which is worthy of further experimentation on animals to examine the drug bioavailability.

Evaluation of burn wound healing activity of novel fusidic acid loaded microemulsion based gel in male Wistar albino rats

The objective of the present research was to examine the possible usage of microemulsion based gel for fusidic acid (FA) dermal application as burn wound treatment. During the preparation of microemulsion, ethyl oleate as oil phase, tween 80 as a surfactant, ethanol as co-surfactant, water as aqueous phase were used. The prepared microemulsions were evaluated for clarity, pH, viscosity and FA content. Moreover, stability, sterility, antibacterial activity, in vitro release of the formulations were also evaluated. The results showed that the FA loaded microemulsion and microemulsion based gel formation and characteristics were related to many parameters of the components. The performed optimized microemulsion-based gel showed good stability over a period of 3 months. The antibacterial activity of microemulsion-based gel was found to be comparable with marketed cream. RAW 264.7 macrophages were used to determine cell viability (MTT assay) and nitric oxide production. MBG and FA-MBG significantly inhibit the production of the inflammatory mediator NO in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The wound healing property was evaluated by histopathological examination and by measuring the wound contraction. The % of wound area in rats treated with FA (2%) loaded microemulsion based gel ranged from 69.30% to 41.39% in the period from 3 to 10 days. In conclusion, FA loaded microemulsion based gel could be offered as encouraging strategy as dermal systems for the burn wound treatment.

Preparation, characterization and application of a surfactant-free microemulsion containing 1-octen-3-ol, ethanol, and water

The ternary diagram of a surfactant-free microemulsion (SFME) containing 1-octen-3-ol as oil phase and ethanol as the “double solvent” was constructed. Three phase regions of O/W, B.C. and W/O were identified by conductivity measurement and UV–vis spectroscopy. With an increase in 1-octen-3-ol content, the magnitude of change in surface tension of the SFME is comparatively larger in both W/O and O/W regions, but smaller in B.C. region. This change pattern reflects the difference in the microstructures in each phase region of the SFME system. The autocorrelation function of the dynamic light scattering (DLS) was determined, and a double exponential decay phenomenon was observed. The microstructures of the O/W, B.C. and W/O SFMEs were ascertained by the use of DLS method. The microstructures of the SFME were observed from negative staining TEM measurements. It was found that the O/W and W/O SFMEs contain spherical droplets, whereas the B.C. system is a bicontinuous structure.The surfactant-free solubilization of riboflavin in the W/O SFME was measured by UV–vis spectrophotometry. The W/O SFME has good solubilization ability for riboflavin, similar to that of traditional microemulsion systems. The surfactant-free solubilization of curcumin in the O/W SFME was also determined. The solubilized amount of curcumin reached a maximum of 17.65 mg/ml, an increase of approximately 10,000 fold compared to its water solution. The solubilized curcumin has higher light stability and thermal stability in SFME than those in its water solution.

Study on Preparation and Stability of Ginger Oil o/w microemulsion

In order to enhance the stability of ginger oil emulsions, ultrasound-assisted emulsification method was used for the preparation of ginger oil emulsions in this paper. The optimization was based on single factor and response surface optimization experiments. Four main factors in the preparation process (amount of emulsifier, ultrasonic power, time and temperature) were investigated. According to the visual analyses of the result, the optimum condition was obtained. Based on the optimal condition in the response surface optimization experiments, the preparation process was then conducted under ultrasonic emulsification. (The effects of ultrasound amplitude and irradiation time on the encapsulation process were also studied). The microemulsion type, grain size, and phase transition temperature were used to characterize the resulting sample. Finally, the average particle size of ginger oil nano-emulsion attained 94.49 nm in the condition of ultrasonic power 250W, ultrasonic time 5.8 min, ultrasonic temperature 50 °C, emulsifier concentration of 1.0 g / 10 ml, implying that the ultrasonic emulsification technology can solve the difficulty of macromolecular oil microemulsion preparation.

PENERAPAN DESAIN EKSPERIMEN DALAM OPTIMASI FORMULA MIKROEMULSI TEA TREE OIL

Microemulsion is a transparent, isotropic and thermodynamically stable preparation. Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil extracted from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia by steam distillation which has been proven to have antibacterial and fungal uses. Optimization of microemulsion preparations to obtain preparations with small and stable droplet size is also a challenge. The design of an experiment is to design an experiment with a certain pattern, with a combination of certain input variables that allow to shorten the number of experiments. Based on the research results, it is known that the most influential factor on the microemulsion particle size is the combination of surfactants polysorbate 80 with co-surfactants propyleneglycol.

Cow ghee fortified ocular topical microemulsion; in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation

Aim: Utility of cow ghee (CG) as permeation enhancer in development of topical ocular microemulsion (ME) for delivery of fluocinolone acetonide (FA) to posterior eye.Methods: For ME preparation, oil, surfactant and cosurfactant were screened based on solubility of FA. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to determine their ratios. The developed MEs were characterised for their physicochemical properties like size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and stability etc. They were evaluated for ex vivo permeation and irritation. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies were performed on Sprague dawley rats.Results: Lauroglycol as oil, labrasol as surfactant and Transcutol as cosurfactant were selected. The optimised ratio of oil:surfactant:cosurfactant:water was 4:23:23:50. The developed FA loaded ME fortified with CG was characterised. Ex vivo study revealed higher permeation and non-irritancy. In vivo pharmacokinetic study showed retention of CG fortified ME in posterior rat eye.Conclusion: Present investigation established CG as permeation enhancer for ocular topical formulation.

Formulation, Preparation , Physico-Chemical, Microbiological Analysis and Clinical Uses of Capsaicin Microemulsions

The present paper aims at creating a pharmaceutical formulation, i.e. microemulsion with capsaicin as the active principle; the purpose was to solubilize capsaicin and draw up pseudoternary phase diagrams establishing the microemulsion domains. We created a pharmaceutical form: capsaicin ointment, aiming at releasing capsaicin in the microemulsion and ointment bases. Comparative microbiological determinations were performed between microemulsion and ointment. The novelty of the study is formulating microemulsions as a means of solving solubility issues and increasing the bioavailability of medicinal substances.

Bactericidal effects of metallosurfactants based cobalt oxide/hydroxide nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus

This work deals with the fabrication of metallosurfactants derived cobalt oxide and hydroxide nanosuspensions (Ns) by microemulsion method and their antimicrobial, cytotoxic, genotoxic, antioxidant and cytostatic activity have been investigated. The methodology used is environmentally compliant as no external reducing agent was used. Three metallosurfactants i.e. CoCTAC (Bishexadecyltrimethylammonium cobalt tetrachloride), CoDDA (Bisdodecylamine cobalt dichloride) and CoHEXA (bishexadecylamine cobalt dichloride) were used. Co-metallosurfactants were synthesized, characterized and were utilized for the preparation of mixed microemulsion to yield nanosuspensions. Nanoparticles prepared were characterized using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectroscopy and Zeta potential. The nanoparticles were found to be spherical, with size range 1–5 nm, for all the three precursors. Further, their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). To evaluate these activities, techniques such as gram staining method, agar well diffusion, and colony forming unit count (CFU) were utilized. From all these experiments it was confirmed that CoCTAC Ns has maximum antimicrobial activity against multiple medicine resistant S. aureus. Circular dichroism and gel electrophoresis also validated the vigorous genotoxic effect of CoCTAC Ns. The antimicrobial activity trend investigated from CFU experiment was CoCTAC Ns (2 × 105 CFU/mL) > CoDDA Ns (17 × 105 CFU/mL) > CoHEXA Ns (46.5 × 105 CFU/mL). FESEM authenticated the effect of Co Ns on the morphology of S. aureus. Cell shrinkage, formation of holes, change of morphology, and cell wall rupturing was observed for all three cases but most significant antibacterial activity was noted for the case of CoCTAC Ns. In addition, antiproliferative activity was also examined against HepG2 cells (human liver cancer cell line) and HEK293 cells (human embryonic kidney cell line). After 70% confluency of cells, cobalt oxide/hydroxide Ns were added by diluting the nanosuspension in 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.8% V/V ratio to check the cell viability.

Preparation, investigation and characterization of microemulsion used in cleaning waste liquid and drilling cuttings

ABSTRACTIn order to cleaning the drilling cutting and treating the waste liquid which were produced in oil and gas field, several kinds of microemulsion with potential applications in the cleaning system for waste liquid were prepared by using diesel oil, water, n-hexyl alcohol, and mixture surfactant. The stability and formation mechanism of optimal microemulsion were characterized by using dynamic light scattering and fluorescence probe technique. Furthermore, the effects of salinity, temperature and pH on the properties of microemulsion were investigated by setting different gradients. The cleaning efficiency was evaluated by contact angle experiment. It can be proposed that the microemulsion is suitable for cleaning the waste liquid.

Formulation and characterization of acyclovir based topical microemulsions by QBD approach

Objective: The proposed study is focussed at developing acyclovir microemulsions for topical drug delivery systems. QbD was applied for better understanding of the process and to generate design space, using quality target product profile, critical quality attributes, and risk assessment. The aim of the experiment is to prepare a safe, efficacious, stable and patient compliant microemulsion dosage form of Acyclovir. Materials and methods: Pre-formulation studies were carried out which helped in developing a suitable dosage form. UV, FTIR and DSC studies were done for pre-formulation and post-formulation evaluations. QbD was applied to generate design space, using QTPP, CQA, and risk assessment. Microemulsions of acyclovir were developed by using 32 factorial designs. Pseudo terneary phase diagrams were constructed to screen various surfactants and co-surfactants for the preparation of microemulsions. Two independent variables Oil Concentration (X1) and Smix Concentration (X2) at three levels low, medium and high were selected and response surface plots were generated. The microemulsions were prepared by plotting pseudo terneary phase diagrams. Various characterizations that were carried out include % transmittance, Viscosity and % drug release. Statistical analyses of batches and surface response studies were done to understand the effect of various independent variables on the dependent variables. Results and Discussions: The λmax was confirmed at 251 nm by UV spectroscopy. The melting point was determined experimentally to be 2460C which confirms the drug to be Acyclovir. FTIR and DSC studies confirmed that the drug is Acyclovir. Conclusion: The study indicates that microemulsions of Acyclovir by QbD approach were successfully developed.&#x0D; Keywords: Microemulsion, Acyclovir, DoE, QbD