Microecology Research Articles

Progress on the protection of lactoferrin to intestinal mucosa barrier

Lactoferrin, a multifunctional glycoprotein found in milk and other external secretions, can regulate intestinal microecology, and promote the maturation of the intestinal immune system as well as the growth and differentiation of intestinal cells.The intestinal mucosa barrier includes normal intestinal flora, intestinal epithelium layer and intestinal immune system.Its function is mainly to prevent the intestinal bacteria and endotoxin from translocating.Recently, many studies have found that damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier is related to the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis.This article reviews the relationship between the intestinal mucosal barrier and necrotizing enterocolitis, and the progress of lactoferrin in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis by regulating the intestinal mucosal barrier. Key words: Lactoferrin; Necrotizing enterocolitis; Intestinal barrier

Progress of gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

The incidence of type 1 diabetes(T1DM)has increased significantly worldwide and has become a major public health problem.At present, it is believed that the occurrence of T1DM is related to various factors such as genetic susceptibility, immunity and environment, but the specific cause and exact mechanism are still not fully explained.In recent years, with the understanding and research of gut micro-ecology, abnormalities in the composition or functionality of gut microbiota lead to a variety of diseases, for instance, gastrointestinal diseases, obesity, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 2 diabetes and so on.Yet there are evidences indicating that an imbalance of gut microbiota is associated with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus, and in the T1DM children, the ecology of gut microbiota is different from healthy children.However, there are few studies on the gut microbiota in children with diabetes.This article will review the progress of gut microbiota of children with type 1 diabetes. Key words: Gut microbiota; Type 1 diabetes; Children

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与呼吸道微生态的关系研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与呼吸道微生态的关系研究进展

Correlation between high-risk HPV infection and bacterial vaginosis in gynecological outpatient department

Objective To explore the correlation between high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and bacterial vaginosis in gynecological outpatient department. Methods From January 2017 to June 2017, 1 563 cases of gynecologic outpatient who underwent vaginal microecological examination and HPV examination in Jiaxing Maternal and Child Health Care Center were selected to analyze the infection rate of high-risk HPV in different age groups.The 1 563 patients were divided into high-risk HPV positive group and negative group.The vaginal microecological indicators and the incidence of bacterial vaginosis in the two groups were analyzed. Results Among the 1 563 patients, 385 caes were positive for high-risk HPV, the positive rate was 24.63%.The positive rate of high-risk HPV infection increased with age.There wereno statistically significant differences in pH > 4.5, hydrogen peroxide and leukocyte esterase positive rate between high-risk HPV positive group and negative group (40.52% vs.59.48%, 59.74% vs.40.26%, 51.17% vs.48.83%)(χ2=1.625, 0.188, 3.61, all P>0.05), but there was statistically significant difference in sialidase positive rate (12.47% vs.87.53%)(χ2=39.015, P<0.05). The incidence rate of bacterial vaginosis and the positive rate of microecology in the high-risk HPV positive group were significantly higher than those in the negative group (12.73% vs.6.03%, 8.83% vs.3.65%)(χ2=18.377, 16.629, all P<0.05). Conclusion High-risk HPV infection is closely related to female bacterial vaginitis, so it is necessary to pay more attention to the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, restore the balance of vaginal microenvironment, and enhance the vaginal and cervical immunity to further reduce high-risk HPV infection. Key words: Human papillomavirus; Vaginosis, Bacterial; High-risk; Infection; Microenvironment

Effects of probiotics on gut microflora, immune function and inflammatory index in patients with critical cerebral infarction

Objective To observe the effects of probiotics on gut microecology, immune function, and inflammatory index in patients with critical cerebral infarction. Methods A total of 70 patients with critical cerebral infarction treated in our hospital from January 2015 to January 2019 were retrospectively studied.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=35)receiving routine treatment and an observation group(n=35)receiving routine treatment added to capules containing live Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus for 4 weeks.The changes of gut microflora, immune function and inflammatory index were compared between the two groups. Results The number of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus colonies were significantly increased and the colony count of yeast was decreased in the observation group after treatment versus pre-treatment(P 0.05). The level of CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were significantly higher in observation group than in the control group(P<0.05), and the level of CD8+ was lower in observation than in the control group(P<0.05)after treatment.The levels of hemoglobin(Hb), total protein(TP), albumin(Alb), interleukin(IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)were decreased in the two groups, but the decrement of the levelsof IL-6 and TNF was more marked in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05), However, the levels of Hb, TP, A1b in the observation group were lower tan those in te control group(all P<0.05). Conclusions Probiotics can significantly improve the intestinal flora and immune function, release the deterioration of nutritional status, and inhibit the inflammatory response in patients with critical cerebral infarction, which is worthy of clinical promotion. Key words: Brain infarction; Immune function; Inflammation

Intestinal flora as the potential target for nutritional support treatment in abdominal infection and its clinical significance

Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are common in the clinical practice, which include a variety of patholo-gical conditions. Severe IAIs can lead to sepsis, secondary organ dysfunction, and threaten the lives of patients. Patients with IAIs are under a high metabolic reaction, and often have gastrointestinal dysfunction, manifesting as impaired intestinal mucosal barrier function, out of control in intestinal flora regulation, and continuous loss of nutrients. The body is in a malnutrition condition, and body resistance severely declines, which further aggravates disease progression. Intestinal micro-ecology is the largest and most complex ecosystem in the human body. In the case of coexistence of many bacteria, the synergy and antagonism between different strains maintain the balance of digestive tract microecology. Intestinal flora and nutritional status under IAIs have their particularity. Understanding the mechanism of intestinal flora abnormalities under IAIs, reasonable and effective nutritional support treatment and management is essential for improving the prognosis of patients with IAIs. Key words: Critical illnes; Infection; Intra-abdominal infections; Intestinal flora; Nutritional support

Research status and progress of the mechanism of intestinal microecology in thrombosis

Thrombosis is a multifactorial process with complex mechanisms and thrombosis-related diseases are extremely risky.At present, traditional or new types of anticoagulant drugs cannot completely reduce the risk of thrombosis, and these anticoagulant drugs have certain limitations and cannot meet clinical needs.In recent years, studies have found that intestinal microecology is closely related to many diseases, and The results show that it is involved in the regulation of thrombosis as the largest and most complex microecological system in the human body.In this review, we retrospect the current status and progress about the mechanism of intestinal microecology in thrombosis.Therefore, it provides a new idea and theoretical basis for the clinical application of intestinal microecology-based diagnosis and treatment in thrombosis-related diseases. Key words: Thrombosis; Gastrointestinal tract; Intestinal microecology; Intervention therapy

Immunomodulatory effects of intestinal lung axis microecology and other factors on the prognosis of advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Overall survival (OS) of lung cancer varies greatly with individual patients in the global setting. Multiple factors may affect the prognosis. Different antibiotics have significant effects on the prognosis of lung cancer patients. The intestinal microbiome, nutritional status and inflammatory factors all have significant impact on OS of lung cancer patients.

Sensing of nutrients and intestinal microecology

Sensing of nutrients and intestinal microecology are necessary for life. The nutrient sensing molecules are key factors to regulate a series of pathophysiological processes in nutrition metabolism. Microbial sensing molecules in the gut play critical roles in intestinal microecology and maintenance of the gut homeostasis. However, the specific mechanism remains to be further explored. This article reviews the intestinal nutrient sensing system and the molecular regulation mechanism of the intestinal microelogy. Key words: Nutrient sensing system; Intestinal microecology; Homeostasis; Review

Progress of anti-tumor mechanism of metformin through regulation of gut microbiota

In recent years, the studies have found that the intestinal micro-ecology is closely related to the development and treatment of tumors. This article aims to summarize the advance of anti-tumor mechanism of metformin through regulation of gut microbiota, describe the problems and its prospect in the research process. Key words: Metformin; Antitumor; Tumor immunology; Gut microbiota

Permanent Resident Virus in Human Beings Viral Microecology of Human Being

Permanent Resident Virus in Human Beings Viral Microecology of Human Being

The intestinal micro-ecology influences the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 are increasingly used to treat several types of cancer. Although several agents have been approved, only 10% to 30% of patients have benefited from them. Some studies have shown that intestinal micro-ecology can affect the outcome of ICIs through immune regulation in cancer patients. This literature review s summarized the regulation and predictive functions of intestinal micro-ecology on ICIs treatment, and introduced possible mechanisms of intestinal micro-ecology that affacted the efficacy of immunotherapy. In addition, some approaches for detecting gut microbiome were also summarized. Gut microbiota highlighted in this review may serve as novel biomarkers to predict clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Key words: Gastrointestinal microbiome; Carcinoma, non-small cell lung; Melanoma

Progress in lactic acid-mediated maintenance of healthy vaginal microecology

Lactic acid is the main substance produced by Lactobacillus and plays an important role in maintaining a healthy vaginal microecology. Recent studies indicates that both L- and D-chiral isomers of lactic acid can be protonated and destroy the cell membranes of pathogens, thereby inhibiting bacterial vaginosis- and aerobic vaginitis-related pathogens. Lactic acid also can inhibit the pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases such as Chlamydia trachomatis and human immunodeficiency virus. Moreover, lactic acid acts as an immunomodulator to inhibit the inflammatory responses caused by pathogenic microorganisms and as an epigenetic regulator regulating gene expression in vaginal epithelial cells. In this paper, we reviewed the progress in lactic acid-mediated maintenance of a healthy vaginal microbiology in recent years for providing reference for further research. Key words: Lactobacillus; Lactic acid; Pathogen; Immunomodulator; Vaginal microecology

Relationship of psoriasis with microecology of the skin and intestine

Psoriasis is a chronic, non-infective inflammatory dermatosis characterized by erythemas covered with scales. Psoriasis is considered as a systemic disease, and several studies have confirmed that it is associated with many other diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes mellitus type Ⅱ, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, anxiety disorder, depression and inflammatory bowel disease. The occurrence and development of psoriasis is closely related to the immune response, and the immune dysfunction of T lymphocytes induced by the infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells has been confirmed as the key step in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Various kinds of cytokines in the local microenvironment can promote the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes, and regulate the differentiation of T lymphocytes into different subsets, which take an important part in the occurrence of psoriasis. In recent years, researchers have found that local microbes also play an important role in this process. Thus, this review summarizes the progress in the roles of human skin and gut microbiota in psoriasis. Key words: Psoriasis; Intestines; Microbial consortia; Immunity

Changes of intestinal microbiota in slow transit constipation patients and significance

Objective To explore the correlation between intestinal microbiota and the pathology of slow transit constipation (STC) through an exploratory research of the intestinal micro-ecology transformation in STC patients. Methods The illumina high throughput sequencing method was applied to detect the 16SrDNAV4 in the fecal bacteria. The difference in composition and diversity of the intestinal micro-ecological flora between control group and STC group was analyzed. Results No significant differences on the diversity of the fecal bacteria were discovered. The result indicated that Bacteroidete and firmicutes were the most abundant phylum in control group and STC group, Bacteroidete took 50.84% and 48.22% respected, firmicutes account for 35.68% and 37.63%. Compared to control group, fusobacteria in STC group were significantly lower (P=0.009) and actinobacteria (P=0.020) were significantly higher. Euryarchaeota only could be found in STC group. At the level of genus, the number of the bifidobacterium, coprococcus, escherichia, phascolarctobacterium and ruminococcus in STC group were significant more than the control group. Conclusion The diversity of the fecal bacteria in STC group and control group showed consistency without significant difference, but there was significant difference in the species abundance. Key words: Slow transit constipation; Intestinal microbiota

Research progress in human breast milk microecology

It is widely acknowledged that breast milk is the first choice for infant. The presence of complex commensal bacteria in human breast milk has been confirmed by traditional culture-dependent methods, while in recent years, some advanced technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, have revealed that a complex microbial ecosystem exist in human milk. Microbes in human breast milk has different origins, and its composition is influenced by various factors. Moreover, the micro-ecosystem of human breast milk, which is considered as an important source of infant intestinal flora, is vital for infants’ growth and long-term health because of its antibacterial effect and abilities of promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and regulating the immune system as well as intestinal nutrition metabolism. Hence, in-depth research on the complex micro-ecosystem of human breast milk will be of great value. Key words: Milk, human; Microbiota

Advances in the study of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastrointestinal microecology

Advances in the study of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastrointestinal microecology

Attach importance to female reproductive tract infection and vaginal microecological diagnosis and treatment in China

Reproductive tract infection is an important part of systemic infection, and it has become a major social and public health problem in the world. Recent studies have shown that reproductive tract infection is closely related to tumor occurrence, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes and premature delivery and so on. Almost all reproductive tract infections are accompanied by changes of genital tract microenvironment. The development of the vaginal microecological detection system and the application of the diagnosis platform for the lower genital tract make it possible toaccurately treat female genital tract infection. Therefore, more and more attention was also paid to the standardized test of female reproductive tract infection and vaginal microecology by experts and scholars in the related fields.(Chin J Lab Med, 2018, 41: 251-253) Key words: Reproductive tract infections; Vagina; Microbiota; Vaginitis; Uterine cervicitis; Sexually transmitted diseases

Attach importance to another form of the vaginal microecological balance disorder

Cytolytic vaginosis(CV)is a set of clinical syndrome, which is caused by excessive growth of lactobacillus and imbalance of vaginal microecology. The clinical features of CV were often similar to vulvovaginal candidasis, and they were easily misdiagnosed CV is not uncommon clinically. Therefore, in order to diagnose CV rapidly and accurately, vaginal microecology should be evaluated by certain laboratory examinations, such as direct wet mount combined with smear staining. Which can avoid misdiagnosis and improve the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment.(Chin J Lab Med, 2018, 41: 254-255) Key words: Candidiasis, vulvovaginal; Candida; Vaginosis, bacterial; Vagina; Lactobacillus

The relationship between genital tract microecology and cervical lesions should be emphasized

The cervical epithelium can be affected by vaginal microecosystem inevitably, for the specificity of the cervical anatomy.HPV infection and cervical cancer, as well as vaginitis are associated with the imbalance of vaginal microecosystem. High-risk HPV infection is closely related to cervical cancer and precancerous lesions, with HPV16 and HPV18 causing 70% cervical cancer worldwide. Therefore, HPV test is significant in cervical cancer screening and follow-up. However, HPV test is used for cervical cancer or precancerous lesions detection clinically. In consequence, a threshold of HPV test for CIN2+ lesions evaluation should be set. In conclusion, it is important to understand the relationship among vaginal microecosystem, HPV infection and cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. Clinicians should know the purpose of HPV detection, which will contribute to clinical diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. (Chin J Lab Med, 2018, 41: 267-269) Key words: Vagina; Microbiota; Papillomaviridae; Uterine cervical neoplasms; Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; Papillomavirus infections