ATmega328 Microcontroller Research Articles

Rancang Bangun Purwarupa Mobil Bergerak Menggunakan Pengendali Suara Berbasis Mikrokontroler Atmega328

One type of prototype car with interesting special abilities to develop is a voice-controlled prototype car based on the ATmega328 microcontroller module EasyVR, Motor Driver as the stepper motor controller, and using wheels with a stepper motor as the driver. EasyVR Commander serves as the voice recorder. In the control system, several voice commands are used. The first command is "ROBOT", waiting for the LED to light up, and then the second command is "FORWARD", which makes the prototype car move forward. The first command is "ROBOT", waiting for the LED to light up, and then the second command is "REVERSE", which makes the prototype car move backward. The first command is "ROBOT", waiting for the LED to light up, and then the second command is "RIGHT", which makes the prototype car move to the right. The first command is "ROBOT", waiting for the LED to light up, and then the second command is "LEFT", which makes the prototype car move to the left. The first command is "ROBOT", waiting for the LED to light up, and then the second command is "ACTION", which triggers a reaction from the prototype car. The prototype car will move according to voice commands and pressure through sound waves.

Rancang Bangun Purwarupa Pengendali Relay Menggunakan Mikrokontroler Arduino Berbasis Internet of Things

Electricity is one of the essential needs for human life, as almost every activity humans engage in involves the use of electric energy. The advancement of technology in the field of computers has enabled humans to have a forward-thinking mindset in the application of electronic devices. The development of sophisticated technology that can remotely control household electronic devices such as lights using the Internet of Things (IoT) aims to save electrical energy used in each home. IoT serves as a transmission medium for embedded computing devices that are individually identified within the internet infrastructure. The control system in this research is designed through the relay circuit control method using the Arduino ATmega328 microcontroller as the central control unit of the system. It is supported by the ESP8266 WiFi module, which functions as a communication tool between the microcontroller and the wide-ranging interconnection network via WiFi, collaborating through a user interface design for an Android-based application.

Development of a Hydroponic System using an Atmega 2560 Microcontroller with Automatic Nutrition and pH Settings for Lettuce Cultivation

Hydroponic system is a technique of cultivating plants without using soil as a growing medium, but using water that is given nutrients and oxygen as a growing medium. Cultivation with hydroponic techniques must be able to pay attention and control nutrients, water content, and water ph. This research aims to create a lettuce cultivation system with intelligent hydroponic techniques using the ATmega2560 microcontroller. This system uses Arduino Mega as the control center, TDS sensor to monitor nutrition, PH sensor to monitor water acidity, and ultrasonic sensor to monitor water level. The optimal growth characteristic of lettuce is that the acidity level must be at pH 5.5-6.5 with the nutrients provided at 685-950 ppm. This system can help lettuce cultivation with hydroponic techniques by monitoring and controlling nutrients, pH, and water content in cultivated plants in real time to optimize lettuce growth.

Automatic Fan Control Device Assembly Using Atmega8 Microcontroller

The fan is a tool that is needed to rotate air circulation. In the market, fans are usually controlled manually by turning the control switch. The research problem is how to make a fan tool that can automatically turn on when there is a change in temperature. The purpose of this research is to facilitate users in using the fan. The method used is Research and Development. The stages of Research and Development include: data collection, design, and testing. The automatic fan control circuit consists of an atmega8 microcontroller integrated with a temperature sensor, button and relay. The circuit can display the temperature and can control the fan. The automatic fan control circuit is made on a PCB whose PCB layout is made using a computer with the PCB manufacturing process still using screen printing techniques. The conclusion is that the manufacture of automatic fan control devices integrated with temperature sensors, buttons and relays can facilitate the control of fans so that users do not need to control when the temperature changes.

Development of an Automated Estimating Electronic Weighing Scale

Analog weighing scales suffer from a lack of precision while reading the output and they can easily be manipulated by any technically biased individual. This paper presents the development of an automated estimating electronic weighing indicator. It aims at developing a means to a framework to evaluate estimated weight in analogue to digital forms, such as to obtain higher precision in estimation and calibration. The circuit consists of a Load Cell, Hx711 Load Cell amplifier, Atmega328 microcontroller, LCD module and a few additional glue components. The 20 kg load cell sends signals of the projected loads to the Hx711 module, which magnifies and sends the corresponding output to the microcontroller. The system uses the 4x3 keyboard to input the unit cost per kg to the electronic scale. The microcontroller automatically adjusts the signals with the load cell amplifier module's guide, thus sending the estimated cost in digital form to the LCD module for display. The circuit was designed, constructed, and tested to show that a computerized electronic weighing system can accurately be calibrated without errors.

Automation and Control of a Multi-feedstock Biodiesel Production Plant

The increasing need to develop renewable sources of energy to complement the energy generated via fossil fuel necessitates this study. This study demonstrates the process control and automation of a biodiesel processing plant. The developed biodiesel processing plant has a total output capacity of 200 litres per day with nine compartments divided into three major sections. The first section (pre-processing section) has the oil storage, pre-treatment, methanol and mixing tanks. The second section (main processing section) comprises of the reactor. The last section (post-processing section) comprises of the water, wash and separating tanks as well as the glycerol and biodiesel storages. The control and automation was achieved with the following components; three 3 kW variable speed electric motor, four 2.5 kW pumps, three 300 kW electric heater that are thermostatically controlled. Other materials used for the control and automation include: real time clock, Atmega328 microcontroller, LM6009 and LM 2596 modules, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), switches, relay, LED, three temperature probes, 220 V AC alarm, four flow switches, 220 V timer relay, 220 V and 60 A contactor. Sensors are incorporated to measure the temperature, pressure, and flow level in the main reactor and the measured variables compared with the threshold values pre-set on the micro controller for control actions. The results obtained indicated that the performance of the plant was enhanced with the capacity to independently execute control actions during the biodiesel production. Thus, this study adds to the practical knowledge of system's control and automation for biodiesel production.

GPS Tracker and Alcohol Detector with Engine Locking System Using GSM

Abstract: The GPS tracker and alcohol detector with an engine locking system using GSM technology is a project that focuses on promoting road safety and preventing accidents caused by drunk driving. The project utilises an ATmega328 microcontroller as the core processing unit, integrating various components to form a cohesive system. The system includes an MQ sensor responsible for detecting alcohol levels in the driver's breath, ensuring accurate and reliable results. In the event of detecting alcohol above a predefined threshold, the system triggers a series of actions. First, the GPS module pinpoints the exact location of the vehicle, providing crucial information for prompt response. Simultaneously, an SMS is sent to authorised authority members, alerting them about the situation and sharing the vehicle's GPS coordinates. This enables swift intervention and appropriate action to be taken. To further prevent the intoxicated driver from continuing to operate the vehicle, an engine locking mechanism is employed. A relay is utilised to immobilise the engine, rendering it inoperable until the situation is resolved. Additionally, an audible warning is sounded through a buzzer to alert the driver and draw attention to the abnormality. The LCD display is incorporated to provide real-time information, displaying essential parameters such as alcohol concentration, vehicle location, and system status. This visual feedback assists both the driver and the authorities in understanding the situation and facilitates efficient decision-making. By combining these components, the GPS tracker and alcohol detector system with an engine locking mechanism offers a comprehensive solution to combat drunk driving. Its ability to detect alcohol levels, communicate with authorities, immobilise the engine, and provide location information helps ensure the safety of individuals on the road and reduces the risks associated with alcohol-impaired driving

Design of Ideal Air Condition Control Inside 20 kV Cubicle for Lokomboro Micro Hydro Power Plant in Sumba Indonesia

Corona, which is a phenomenon that occurs when the air around the conductor is ionized can occur in a 20 kV cubicle and damage the equipment. To prevent this occurrence, the air condition inside the cubicle need to be controlled at a safe level. In this study, we maintain an ideal air condition with Arduino-based humidity and temperature control system using ATMEGA328 microcontroller. This system was installed in the 20 kV cubicle at Lokomboro Micro Hydro Power Plant and then tested for performance. From the test result it was found that the system was able to control the humidity and temperature inside the cubicle at 45 % and 26 0C, respectively. By controlling humidity and temperature values at ideal condition, the corona appearance that damage the equipment has been prevented. This installation showed operational, financial, and company image benefit for PT. PLN since it has prevented loss due to damage of equipment and also maintained electrical power reliability.

An Automatic Traffic Violation Ticketing System Using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology

Travel convenience is impacted by a number of factors, including the condition of the road, traffic, length of trip, accidents, speed, etc. The daily increase in accident rates poses the biggest concern. These events not only result in fatalities but also increase the nation's financial losses. Traffic congestion is brought on by road users' lack of discipline and sentiments, which may result in traffic offenses. The goals of this research are to curb any traffic infractions as well as reduce corruption and nepotism on the road. This system was developed using an Atmega328 microcontroller, which instructs the system to identify any driver who violates a traffic light and send an SMS message to the violator and the road management of the violation and the location where it was done. This identification is done with the help of a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader, which gets the unique ID of the vehicle and sends back the information to the microcontroller, which now instructs the GSM module to send the SMS message.

Coin-Based Mobile Phone Charger with High Security

Mobile phones are phenomenal in recent years for communication as well as in day-to-day life. Hence, charging the mobile phones has become the greater task. In this project; we are trying to design a mobile battery charger on coin insertion. As uses of mobile phones are increasing day by day it need battery life all the time, so in order to use them public charging is needed which would be useful for mobile users. This system will charge the mobile phone for a particular time-period. When the valid coin is recognized, it will start giving power supply to the cell phone through one of the adapters. We will be using a global charging adapter that would be suitable for all mobile phones. The mentioned system can be implemented in public places like railway stations, bus stops, hospitals, malls, etc. to avail the services. The objective of this project is inserting the coin using charge for your mobile phone in public places. This project is very useful to people who are all using mobile phone without charging condition in public places. In this project, who are all using mobile phones in outside of home are office without charging condition. The coin-based mobile phone charger is very useful to that person for using coin to charge for that mobile. The IR (infrared) transmitter is used to transmit IR signal in the transmitter side. The IR receiver is used to receive the IR signal in the receiver side. Between the IR transmitter and receiver, insert a coin to change the polarity of pulse in SCU input. The SCU is used to converting low pulse to high pulse and that pulse is inverted in inverter. The 555 IC is act as a timer to produces high pulse for particular time period. Again the SCU is used to converting low pulse to high pulse and this output is give to input of driver circuit. Driver circuit is used for provide the sufficient input voltage of relay. The relay will on to activate the 230v charger, we will use charger to charge for our mobile phone. Key Word: Mobile Phone, Atmega Microcontroller, Coin acceptor, LCD display, SMPS, Relay

Design of Atmega2560 Charge Controller Battery Using Static Bicycle

At this time charging system has been increasingly advanced. advance with technological developments. One of them is the use of microcontrollers whose. applications are growing rapidly their application in charging. Battery Charge Controller is a charging device, to adjust the input voltage and output voltage of the battery so as not to overcharge and overdischarge. In this study, a battery charging control system with inputs produced by a pedal power plant was designed to drain the power from the power cycling generator to the Arduino Uno Microcontroller atmega 2560. The test that have been done on the Battery Charge Controller obtained a voltage of 14 volts, which causes the power supply to the load to be stable.

Development of an Optronic Aiming System for Target Tracking on the S60 57mm Cannon Weapon Control System Using a Camera

The development of technological science towards the defense of a country is growing rapidly. The country needs increasingly advanced defense technology but is constrained by an increasingly large budget due to dependence on producing countries. The state provides opportunities for technocrats to carry out research that can later create a defense technology that is inexpensive and does not burden the state budget. The artificial S60 57mm cannon is one of the cannons that functions as an air attack deterrent. The operating system of this weapon is still manual. This research will design and prototype an automatic Weapon Control System on the S60 57mm gun. In this development using the Atmega 8 microcontroller is the controller and interface for transferring data from the camera (Optronic) to the servo motor. The result of the camera position (optronics) will be followed in real-time by the gun barrel. In designing a target tracking control system automatically using the proportional control method. The results of testing the ability of the servo motor as a camera driver to follow targets or moving objects with a maximum angular speed of 15.5 degrees/second at a speed of 0.3 seconds, the average frame rate of the camera are 60 fps. c. Based on testing the servo motor using the Atmega8 microcontroller support, the reading of the angle direction of the servo motor is displayed in the Delphi software. Based on the test results, there is a difference between mathematical calculations and measurements using an arc ruler. With mathematical calculations, there is a difference with a value of 1.06 degrees per 1 degree.

ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN ARUS DAN KARAKTERISTIK DARI REFLOW SOLDERING

Solder is a tool that serves to solder electronic components. Each electronic component has its own resistance, one of which is resistance to high temperatures. Of the types of electronic components that tend to have the lowest resistance to high temperature, SMD components are needed so that soldering tool is needed that is able to control the temperature according to the characteristics of the electronic components. In its design,this tools uses an Arduino Uno ATMega328 microcontroller as a system controller as well as several other supporting components such as aK-Type Thermocouple sensor and a relay as a temperature controller that is generated for soldering. The working system of this tool can be adjusted through the set point as the input given to the tool. The input is the carried out by the microcontroller and he instructs the sensor to start flowing heat according to the input value given. In this study, the maximum temperature reached to start heating is 11.5 C and the lowest temperature is 32.5 C, the difference between to the temperatures is 79 C and the resolution in the calculating of the measurement is 100 ms. In the results of temperature control, the smaller the delay value given, the greater the risetime value.

Parameter Estimation of the Randles Equivalent Electrical Circuit Using Only Real Part of the Impedance

Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been widely used in the modeling and analysis of various electrochemical and energy storage systems. Parameter estimation of the equivalent electrical circuit is usually performed with personal computer (PC)-based software platforms that are not commonly available onsite. Such an approach introduces a lag between measurement and maintenance actions. In this article, we present a method for in situ parameter estimation of the Randles circuit ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> - <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\textit {RC}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> equivalent model). Our method overcomes the shortcoming of the iterative and PC-based estimation approaches since there is no need for an initial guess provided by the user. The low complexity of our approach enables the implementation on cost-effective microcontroller-based portable systems. The proposed method has been validated with simulations and with experimentally obtained data. In the simulation part, we used both the noiseless and noisy data, while in the experimental part, we used impedance data obtained from a dummy circuit created with discrete components, as well as bioimpedance of apple slices. The obtained results are compared with desktop-based Multiple Electrochemical Impedance Spectra Parameterization (MEISP) software. Finally, reliable and accurate estimations with a board based on the ATmega2560 microcontroller confirmed the hypothesis of suitability for implementation on embedded hardware.

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF A 2-DOF AIRFOIL WITH APPLICATION IN ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM

This article presents the basic airfoil model with two degrees of freedom - the semi-rigid model, where its forced vibrations were considered, and the exciting force is the aerodynamic force, including its periodic changes, that is, gusts. Since the phenomenological model under study has a coupled form, its versions after decoupling are presented, which has an impact on the results of the final research. The airfoil model presented in this way was shown from the application side in the system of a simple energy harvester based on a deformable beam with piezoelectric elements. The result of the simulation tests is a preliminary analysis of the possibility of using the airfoil as a vibration generator for the energy harvesting system. Along with the application of the mechanical part, a numerical simulation of the electrical part was also implemented, related to the transformation of the voltage generated by piezoelectric elements into a constant voltage signal with a connected receiver with power consumption similar to the Atmega microcontroller with battery charging.

Sistem Penghitung Jumlah Pengunjung Ruangan Secara Otomatis

Increasing population growth will affect the mobility of people in carrying out various activities in certain places. Therefore it is necessary to control the number of visitors visiting certain locations/places. The purpose of this research is to build an automatic system to be able to calculate the number of visitors to the room automatically. The research method used is experimental by utilizing Arduino uno and using an ultrasonic sensor, in this case the ultrasonic sensor will be used to be able to detect every movement of a person or human that passes through the sensor. So that it is hoped that the tool built can work optimally in detecting the number of people or visitors who will enter the room or building. The results of this study are the design of a system for calculating the number of visitors in a room or building that has high mobility. The device built uses an ATmega328 microcontroller and an ultrasonic sensor as a human detector. The configuration process for several devices used is using the Arduino IDE software. The conclusion that can be drawn in this study is that the results of testing the performance of the tool show that it is able to provide convenience to building or room managers in knowing the number of visitors entering, leaving visitors and visitors who are still in the room or building.

Powering implanted sensors that monitor human activity using spider‐web coil wireless power transfer

AbstractImplantable biomedical devices (IBMD) and biomedical sensors (BMS) enhance patients’ quality of life by monitoring vital signs, detecting diseases, and replacing malfunctioning organs. However, IBMDs and BMSs require battery power to operate, and they have limited battery life. Wireless power transfer (WPT) is one practical way to address this limitation. In this paper, the authors designed and implemented WPT‐based magnetic resonant coupling (MRC) using a spider‐web coil (SWC) (WPT–MRC–SWC) that supplies the proposed IBMD, including accelerometer sensors, the single‐chip microcontroller ATmega 328, and the nRF24L01 wireless protocol, with power. The WPT–MRC–SWC examines acceleration measurements on three knee‐joint axes (X, Y, and Z) in five different positions: sitting, standing, walking, lying down, and jogging. The SWC of transmitters and receivers (implanted) exhibits an operating frequency of 1.78 MHz with a series/parallel (S/P) configuration. The implanted system's data, transmitted outside the human body using nRF24L01, operates at 2.4 GHz. The results reveal that WPT provides 5 V at an air gap of 60 mm between the receiver and transmitter coils, indicating that it can run or charge IBMD batteries without failure. This study validates the effectiveness of the WPT–MRC–SWC by applying it to an actual application.

Development of a 12-V Hybrid Powered Rechargeable Lighting System with Intruder Detection and Mobile Phone Charging Units

The availability of stable, reliable, and low-cost electricity is one of the key indices for measuring the socioeconomic growth of any nation globally. However, in a developing economy such as Nigeria, marred by insufficient electricity generation, load shedding, and frequent power outage are common occurrences hindering some basic domestic functions, including lighting and charging, among others, to be performed. Therefore, an alternative solution that can serve as a backup for the conventional electricity supply system becomes imperative. This work developed a 12-V hybrid-powered rechargeable lighting system with intruder detection and USB ports for mobile phone charging. The basic components used in the system development are Arduino Nano (ATMega328) microcontroller, GSM (SIM900D) module, Passive Infra-Red (PIR) sensors, light bulbs, mini 12 V lead-acid battery, and 12 V, 20 W solar panel. Using relevant design equations, circuit designs and data processing were implemented around the ATMega328 microcontroller. The developed system was tested, and the output voltages of the lighting and charging units and the functionality of the intruder detection unit were determined. The developed hybrid-powered rechargeable lighting system operated satisfactorily during testing. The lighting and charging units were functional, giving 12 and 5 V output voltages, respectively. The intruder detection unit was active, producing a buzzing sound and sending an SMS alert to the registered phone number on the detection of an intrusion. The developed system is useful for domestic and other similar applications.

English

The development of renewable energies is essential to meet the energy demand which is growing year after year. Africa has a strong solar potential which is, however, little exploited. The development of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy will be more favored with the democratization of performance monitoring and characterization tools for PV systems. Monitoring systems are very important because they allow the monitoring of the operation and control of PV installations in order to reduce maintenance costs and avoid undesirable power supply interruptions. There are several monitoring systems, more or less efficient, proposed on the market but they are often too expensive and not adapted to all existing systems. This paper presents a low-cost electronic board for monitoring and characterizing photovoltaic systems. The designed board is based on the ATMega328 microcontroller of the open-source development platform Arduino. It is composed of four blocks that allow the acquisition of electrical and environmental parameters. The board has been tested in monitoring mode with the follow-up of a small PV solar installation. The results of these experiments are consistent with what is found in the literature. Its use in characterization mode has allowed to obtain, in real time, the current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics. Compared to the results of the IV-500W tracer, the characterization results are consistent with an RMSE of 0.81 in voltage and 0.15 in current on all points measured. The design work is completed with the PCB design on Altium designer which resulted in the Gerber file. Key words: Microcontroller, photovoltaic (PV) monitoring, PV characterization, PCB.

Indentification of Beef in Beef and Chicken Experiments using Conducting Polymer Sensor Series and Kohonen Algorithm Method

Chicken, and beef each have a distinctive aroma. Identification of Chicken and beef based on the aroma of the meat using an electronic nose. This electronic nose uses a series of sensors consisting of 6 (six) pieces and uses a Conducting Polymer. This polymer has a high resistance so it is widely used as an insulator. However, this resistance has a certain limit where the polymer surface will turn into carbon and conduct electric current if exposed to excessive electric charge. This research was conducted by taking samples of chicken and beef as test samples where these meats were placed in a closed container at room temperature. Data is taken alternately every day to find out the odor of each meat where on the first day data is taken from the odor of chicken, and on the second day data is taken from the odor of beef. This condition is done to ensure the freshness of each meat. This study uses a Neural Network (NN) as pattern recognition and ATMega16 microcontroller as data acquisition. Neural Network is trained using Kohonen. The sensor used is a Conducting Polymer sensor because of the nature of the Conducting Polymer where the output is a voltage generated due to changes in the polymer resistance resistance. A two-layer neural network consisting of six input nodes and three output neurons is trained using the Kohonen algorithm with the training process completed in 31 iterations. The test was carried out 30 times for each exposure to steam from the odor of chicken and beef which was carried out alternately. The percentage of success of the system is 100%.&#x0D;