Microbial Corrosion Research Articles

Corrosive Pseudomonas aeruginosa detection by measuring pyocyanin with a lab-on-fiber optical surface plasmon resonance biosensor in aquatic environments

Oceanic facilities and equipment corrosion present considerable economic and safety concerns, predominantly due to microbial corrosion. Early detection of corrosive microbes is pivotal for effective monitoring and prevention. Yet, traditional detection methods often lack specificity, require extensive processing time, and yield inaccurate results. Hence, the need for an efficient real-time corrosive microbe monitoring technology is evident. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a widely distributed microorganism in aquatic environments, utilizes its production of quinone-like compounds, specifically pyocyanin (PYO), to corrode metals. Here, we report a novel fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor modified by the C-terminal of BrlR protein (BrlR-C), which is a specific receptor of PYO molecule, to detect P. aeruginosa in aquatic environments. The results showed that the sensor had a good ability to recognize PYO in the concentration range of 0–1 μg/mL, and showed excellent sensing performance in real-time monitoring the growth status of P. aeruginosa. With a strong selectivity of PYO, the sensor could clearly detect P. aeruginosa against other bacteria in seawater environment, and exhibited excellent anti-interference ability against variations in pH, temperature and pressure and other interfering substances. This study provides a useful tool for monitoring corrosive P. aeruginosa biofilm in aquatic environments, which is a first of its kind example that serves as a laboratory model for the application of fiber optic technology in real-world scenarios to monitoring biofilms in microbial corrosion and biofouling.

In-situ modification of nickel electrode by coupling the microbial corrosion and microbial reduction using Shewanella oneidensis for enhanced electrocatalysis

Shewanella oneidensis is a facultative anaerobe with the ability to use different terminal electron donors and acceptors. Therefore, S. oneidensis can be used either as an oxidizing agent for microbial corrosion of metals or as a reducing agent for microbial synthesis of metal nanoparticles depending on the metal type. Herein, we have shown that S. oneidensis MR-1 can be used for both microbial corrosion of nickel foam (NF) and microbial synthesis of Ni nanoparticles under environmentally benign conditions. It is found that S. oneidensis MR-1 can accelerate the corrosion process to form metal hydroxides on the surface of NF in the presence of Fe3+, and the obtained electrode shows improved electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction with an overpotential of 0.265 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2. However, the corrosion process of NF by S. oneidensis MR-1 is severely inhibited in the presence of Fe2+. In addition, aside from the corrosion process of NF, we have for the first time shown that Ni nanoparticles can be synthesized by the reduction of Ni2+ ions using S. oneidensis MR-1. The results show that the microbial energy metabolism of S. oneidensis MR-1 facilitates the electron transfer from electron-donating NF to the electron-accepting metal ions (Fe3+, Ni2+) across the microbes, coupling the corrosion process (Ni → Ni2+) and metal ions reductions (Fe3+ → Fe2+, Ni2+ → Ni), which demonstrates great potential for in-situ modification of electrode with microorganism and provides new avenue for electrode fabrication.

Research on the mechanism of microbial corrosion in the subsurface layer of 7075 aluminum alloy under different corrosion environments with ultra low temperature double increase effect

Aluminum alloys exhibit a dual-enhancement effect, characterized by simultaneous increases in strength and ductility at ultra-low temperatures. This study investigates the effects of deep cooling time and corrosion time on the surface quality, elemental distribution, corrosion product films, and electrochemical properties of 7075 aluminum alloy using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical testing. The research reveals that 7075 aluminum alloy surfaces are primarily covered with blocky corrosion products after microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) in polar marine (PM) conditions, composed mainly of Al(OH)3, Al2O3, and AlCl3. In contrast, in boreal marine (BM) conditions, the surfaces mainly feature cluster-like corrosion products composed of Al(OH)3 and Al2O3. PM exhibits a lower self-corrosion potential compared to BM, and after 5 days of MIC, the self-corrosion potential of 7075 aluminum alloy in PM shifts positively by 0.612 V compared to BM. The BM-9 sample shows the lowest self-corrosion current density at 3.777 × 10^-7 A/cm2, reduced by 81.3 % compared to PM-9, with the BM-9 sample exhibiting the highest polarization resistance at 9.15 × 10^3 Ω cm2. In comparison to the PM MIC environment, BM MIC conditions result in better surface quality and electrochemical characteristics for 7075 aluminum alloy.

Integrating Science, Culture, and Conservation in Safeguarding Brass Antiquities from Microbial Corrosion

Integrating Science, Culture, and Conservation in Safeguarding Brass Antiquities from Microbial Corrosion

Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Corrosion Behavior of X65 Carbon Steel.

X65 pipeline steel is widely used in the field of offshore oil and gas exploitation due to its excellent performance. However, due to the complex environment in the ocean, X65 pipeline steel is faced with a great risk of microbial corrosion failure. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the corrosion mechanism of X65 pipeline steel by microorganisms. In this paper, the corrosion effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) secreting phenazine compounds on X65 pipeline steel was studied by the weight loss method, biofilm scanning electron microscopy analysis, surface corrosion morphology observation, electrochemical testing and medium pH test corrosion products. The results showed that the inoculation of P. aeruginosa accelerated the corrosion of X65 steel. After knocking out the phzM and phzS genes that regulate the synthesis of PYO, P. aeruginosa can still produce biofilms on the surface of X65 steel consistent with the morphology of wild-type P. aeruginosa, but the corrosion of X65 steel is significantly reduced. It is proved that PYO plays an important role in the corrosion process of P. aeruginosa on steel.

Supramolecular-assisted nanocomposite coatings with sustainable and robust resistance to microbially mediated biofouling and corrosion

Surface-adhering biofilms contribute significantly to irreversible biofouling and corrosion, presenting a multi-trillion-dollar annual problem in public health and industry. Strategies employing antibacterial elements are emerging to fabricate multifunctional coatings that effectively combat such microbially produced damage. However, rapid, reliable, and robust surface engineering remains challenging due to stability limitations and intricate anti-biofilm additive dynamics. Herein, a silver-capsule-conjugated polyurethane coating with high stability and antimicrobial efficacy in a cooperative manner is developed through controlled supramolecular self-assembly. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-mediated molecule entanglement breaks through the incompatibility between polymeric components and nanomaterials, strengthening the dispersion and fixation of encapsulated silver nanoparticles. The facilitation and control of the nanoscale interfacial binding significantly suppresses the aggregation of inorganic nanoparticles and consequent microcracks development, giving rise to mechanical robustness and thermal stability of the hybrid coating under extreme conditions. A synergistic combination of exposed residues, electrostatic, and coordination interactions could readily integrate the resultant coating on virtually arbitrary material surfaces. This composite coating exhibits broad-spectrum and high bactericidal efficiencies of 99.99 % against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, as well as excellent biofilm formation suppression. Moreover, our coating has robust resistance to microbial-influenced corrosion (MIC) and can even endure 720 h of salt spray. This study deciphers a general code for creating stable and durable nanohybrid coatings to mitigate microbially related risks.

Hydrocarbon-degrading Shewanella algae shows oxidative deterioration corrosion at the aluminium alloy & coating interface

In this investigation, microbial adhesion expedites formation and alteration of aluminous minerals within aviation fuel tank systems. The corrosion mechanisms of two uncoated aluminium alloys and three types of coating-pretreated aluminium alloys by hydrocarbon-degrading Shewanella algae are examined. NO3- reduction of microorganisms induces corrosion acceleration of LY12 aluminium alloy (1.48 g*m−2*h−1) and corrosion inhibition of 7B04 aluminium alloy. CLSM and SEM observation of coating morphology highlight the microbial deterioration behaviors of coatings (pitting, swelling, and peeling). It inspires material selection and surface coating of microbial corrosion protection of aluminium alloy in marine and aerial environments.

Chloride enhances corrosion associated with sulfate-reducing bacteria

Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio ferrophilus were previously proposed to have distinct iron corrosion mechanisms because D. ferrophilus corroded faster. However, the chloride concentration in the D. ferrophilus ‘marine’ medium was much higher than in the D. vulgaris ‘freshwater’ medium. D. vulgaris corrosion rates accelerated with increasing chloride and were faster than D. ferrophilus in the same marine medium. Differences in D. ferrophilus corrosion rates in two different media with the same chloride concentration suggested that minor differences in other medium constituents also impact on microbial corrosion. These results demonstrate the importance of considering medium composition in microbial corrosion studies.

In-situ and label-free measurement of cytochrome C concentration with a Ti2C-MXene sensitized fiber-optic MZI sensor

BackgroundThe concentration of cytochrome C is demonstrated to be an effective indicator of the microbial corrosion strength of metals. Traditional cytochrome C sensor can detect cytochrome C with a low detection limit, but their use is limited by their high cost, cumbersome operation, and susceptibility to malignant environments. In addition, studies on the monitoring of cytochrome C in the field of microbial corrosion has still not been carried out. Therefore, there is a need for a highly sensitive, selective, low-cost, anti-interference, and stable cytochrome C sensor with online monitoring and remote sensing capabilities for in-situ measurement of microbial corrosion strength. ResultsThis paper proposed a highly sensitive label-free fiber-optic sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) for in-situ measurement of the microbial corrosion marker cytochrome C. Two-dimensional Ti2C-MXene material is uniformly immobilized onto the surface of the sensing area to improve the sensitivity, hydrophilicity, and specific surface area of the sensing area, as well as to facilitate the immobilization of specific sensitive materials. The cytochrome C antibody is modified on the surface of Ti2C-MXene to specifically recognize cytochrome C, whose concentration variation can be measured by monitoring the spectral shift of MZI sensor. Results demonstrate a measurement sensitivity of 1.428 nm/μM for cytochrome C concentrations ranging from 0 to 7.04 μM. The detection limit of the sensor is calculated to be 0.392 μM with remarkable performance, including selectivity, stability, and reliability. Besides, the measurement result of the proposed sensor in real microbial corrosive environment is consistent with that of the ideal environment. Significance and noveltyThis is the first instance of achieving in-situ and label-free measurement of cytochrome C by using a fiber-optic MZI sensor, which undoubtedly provides a feasible solution for the effective monitoring of microbial metal corrosion in the environment.

The Role of Metallurgical Features in the Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Carbon Steel: A Critical Review.

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is a potentially critical degradation mechanism for a wide range of materials exposed to environments that contain relevant microorganisms. The likelihood and rate of MIC are affected by microbiological, chemical, and metallurgical factors; hence, the understanding of the mechanisms involved, verification of the presence of MIC, and the development of mitigation methods require a multidisciplinary approach. Much of the recent focus in MIC research has been on the microbiological and chemical aspects, with less attention given to metallurgical attributes. Here, we address this knowledge gap by providing a critical synthesis of the literature on the metallurgical aspects of MIC of carbon steel, a material frequently associated with MIC failures and widely used in construction and infrastructure globally. The article begins by introducing the process of MIC, then progresses to explore the complexities of various metallurgical factors relevant to MIC in carbon steel. These factors include chemical composition, grain size, grain boundaries, microstructural phases, inclusions, and welds, highlighting their potential influence on MIC processes. This review systematically presents key discoveries, trends, and the limitations of prior research, offering some novel insights into the impact of metallurgical factors on MIC, particularly for the benefit of those already familiar with other aspects of MIC. The article concludes with recommendations for documenting metallurgical data in MIC research. An appreciation of relevant metallurgical attributes is essential for a critical assessment of a material's vulnerability to MIC to advance research practices and to broaden the collective knowledge in this rapidly evolving area of study.

Pearl-Inspired Intelligent Marine Hetero Nanocomposite Coating Based on "Brick&Mortar" Strategy: Anticorrosion Durability and Switchable Antifouling.

Corrosion activities and biofouling pose significant challenges for marine facilities, resulting in substantial economic losses. Inspired by the "brick&mortar" structure of pearls, a novel nanocomposite coating (Pun-HJTx) with long-lasting anticorrosion and intelligent antifouling modes is fabricated by integrating a compatible MoS2/MXene heterostructure as the "brick" into a polyurea-modified PDMS (Pun) acting as "mortar." Notably, the presence of multiple hydrogen bonds within the coating effectively reduces the pinholes resulted from solution volatilizing. In the dark, where fouling adhesion and microbial corrosion activities are weakened, the MoS2/MXene plays a role in contact bactericidal action. Conversely, during daylight when fouling adhesion and microbial corrosion activities intensify, the coating releases reactive oxygen species (such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide ions) to counteract fouling adhesion. Additionally, the coating exhibits multisource self-healing performance under heated or exposed to light (maximum self-healing rate can reach 99.46%) and proves efficient self-cleaning performance and adhesion strength (>2.0 Mpa), making it highly suitable for various practical marine applications. Furthermore, the outstanding performance of the Pun-HJT1 is maintained for ≈180 days in real-world marine conditions, which proving its practicality and feasibility in real shallow sea environments.

Failure analysis of local effusion corrosion in small diameter gas pipeline: Experiment and numerical

In the later stage of gas well production, water–gas ratio increases, liquid carrying capacity decreases, gas field water accumulates in pipes for a long time, and the corrosion environment of pipelines becomes more and more severe. On the basis of carbon dioxide corrosion, microbial corrosion in gas field water accelerates catalytic pitting and finally leads to serious internal corrosion of pipelines. Therefore, accurate prediction of fluid distribution and flow characteristics in pipes is of great significance for engineering applications. In this work, the location and morphology of the corrosion pit were determined by physicochemical analysis. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was established by using VOF and RNG k-ε models to predict fluid distribution characteristics and fluid accumulation locations in pipelines. The results showed that: 1) Corrosion and perforation occurred in the position of pipeline fluid accumulation. 2) The main elements of the corrosion pit on the inner surface of the pipe sample are O, Fe, C, S and Cl. The main corrosive substances in the pipeline corrosion pit are FeCO3 and Fe2O3. 3) The low-lying areas and uphill sections are prone to corrosion. A decrease in the fluid velocity in the pipe and a corresponding increase in the gas–liquid ratio will result in a greater accumulation of liquid in the pipe. 4) Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) detection method can be used to detect the characteristics and distribution of pipeline corrosion defects and determine the corrosion area. The research results are of great significance to the safety evaluation of small diameter pipelines for gathering and transporting in oil fields.

Experimental study on pipeline corrosion behavior coupled with microorganisms and dynamic alternating current interference

Underground pipelines buried deeper than 1.5 m or in specific soil conditions are susceptible to microbial corrosion and dynamic alternating current (AC) interference. Yet, research on the coupled effects of these factors remains limited, leaving their mechanisms unclear. The study employed microbial activity tests, electrochemical experiments, and microscopic morphology characterization to elucidate the coupled effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and dynamic AC interference on buried metallic pipelines. Results show that sinusoidal AC significantly reduces SRB growth activity. Initially, the active microbial film produced by microbial metabolism inhibited corrosion but later exacerbating it as the microbial film detachment. Microscopic examination reveals as the interference time increases, the corrosion morphology changed from pitting corrosion to honeycomb/ulcer shapes, under SRB and different AC interference conditions. Moreover, sulfide corrosion products and iron phosphide formation accelerate corrosion, while rectification and alternating electric field effects further aggravate the process. These findings provide insights into the complex mechanisms of microbial and AC corrosion in buried pipelines, aiding in anti-corrosion strategies and layout optimization.

Application of photoelectrochemical oxidation of wastewater used in the cooling tower water and its influence on microbial corrosion.

Cooling towers are specialized heat exchanger devices in which air and water interact closely to cool the water's temperature. However, the cooling water contains organic nutrients that can cause microbial corrosion (MC) on the metal surfaces of the tower. This research explores the combined wastewater treatment approach using electrochemical-oxidation (EO), photo-oxidation (PO), and photoelectrochemical oxidation (PEO) to contain pollutants and prevent MC. The study employed electro-oxidation, a process involving direct current (DC) power supply, to degrade wastewater. MC studies were conducted using weight loss assessments, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). After wastewater is subjected to electro-oxidation for 4 h, a notable decrease in pollutants was observed, with degradation efficiencies of 71, 75, and 96%, respectively. In the wastewater treated by PEO, microbial growth is restricted as the chemical oxygen demand decreases. A metagenomics study revealed that bacteria present in the cooling tower water consists of 12% of Nitrospira genus and 22% of Fusobacterium genus. Conclusively, PEO serves as an effective method for treating wastewater, inhibiting microbial growth, degrading pollutants, and protecting metal from biocorrosion.

Electrobiocorrosion by microbes without outer-surface cytochromes.

Anaerobic microbial corrosion of iron-containing metals causes extensive economic damage. Some microbes are capable of direct metal-to-microbe electron transfer (electrobiocorrosion), but the prevalence of electrobiocorrosion among diverse methanogens and acetogens is poorly understood because of a lack of tools for their genetic manipulation. Previous studies have suggested that respiration with 316L stainless steel as the electron donor is indicative of electrobiocorrosion, because, unlike pure Fe0, 316L stainless steel does not abiotically generate H2 as an intermediary electron carrier. Here, we report that all of the methanogens (Methanosarcina vacuolata, Methanothrix soehngenii, and Methanobacterium strain IM1) and acetogens (Sporomusa ovata and Clostridium ljungdahlii) evaluated respired with pure Fe0 as the electron donor, but only M. vacuolata, Mx. soehngenii, and S. ovata were capable of stainless steel electrobiocorrosion. The electrobiocorrosive methanogens required acetate as an additional energy source in order to produce methane from stainless steel. Cocultures of S. ovata and Mx. soehngenii demonstrated how acetogens can provide acetate to methanogens during corrosion. Not only was Methanobacterium strain IM1 not capable of electrobiocorrosion, but it also did not accept electrons from Geobacter metallireducens, an effective electron-donating partner for direct interspecies electron transfer to all methanogens that can directly accept electrons from Fe0. The finding that M. vacuolata, Mx. soehngenii, and S. ovata are capable of electrobiocorrosion, despite a lack of the outer-surface c-type cytochromes previously found to be important in other electrobiocorrosive microbes, demonstrates that there are multiple microbial strategies for making electrical contact with Fe0.

Гуанідінійвмісний олігомер як інгібітор мікробної корозії металу

Guanidinium-containing oligomers, a poorly studied class of organic compounds, have attracted attention due to their bactericidal properties. A guanidinium-containing oligomer based on an aliphatic oligoepoxide is a newly synthesized substance with bactericidal activity, which gives it the prospects for use as a microbial corrosion inhibitor. Aim. The goal of the study was to synthesize oligomeric alkyl substituted guanidinium bromide and study of its anticorrosive properties in the presence of steel under the influence of corrosive active sulfate-reducing bacteria. Methods. The guanidine-containing alkyl substituted oligomer was obtained by the reaction of the aliphatic oligoepoxide DEG-1 with guanidine, followed by interaction with alkyl bromide. The anticorrosive properties of the guanidine-containing oligomer were studied using collection strains of sulfate-reducing bacteria: UCM B-11503 Desulfovibrio sp.10, UCM B-11501 Desulfovibrio desulfuricans DSM642, and UCM B-11502 Desulfovibrio vulgaris DSM644. The sulfate-reducing bacteria were grown on Postgate В medium for 14 days at a temperature of 28 ± 2 °C. The number of bacteria was determined by the method of tenfold dilution. The corrosion rate was determined by the gravimetric method. The physicochemical parameters of pH and redox potential of the bacterial culture liquid were studied by the potentiometric method. The accumulation of hydrogen sulfide in the culture liquid was determined by the iodometric method. Lipolytic activity was studied spectrophotometrically using a KFK-3 device by reaction with p-nitrophenyl palmitate, catalase activity — using 0.03% hydrogen peroxide, which formed a stable colored complex with a 4% molybdenum diphosphate solution. The specific activity of the studied enzymes was expressed as unit ∙ mg-1 protein. Protein was determined in the supernatant by the conventional Lowry method. Results. It was shown that the oligomer based on aliphatic oligoepoxide has biocidal properties. A significant inhibition of the development of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was observed after the oligomer was added; only dozens of bacterial cells were detected in the medium after the exposure period. The corrosion rate of steel in the presence of SBR without addition of inhibitors was 0.15 — 0.35 mg/cm2∙h. The addition of DPC (a quaternary ammonium compound based on N-decylpyridinium chloride) (Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (KPI), Ukraine) to the culture medium led to a decrease in the steel corrosion rate to 0.032 — 0.047 mg ∙ cm-2 h-1 (by 6.5—10.6 times). In the presence of Armohib CI-28 inhibitor (based on Diamine Ethoxylate) (Akzonobel, Holland), the corrosion rate was reduced to 0.02—0.039 mg ∙ cm-2 h-1 (by 4.2 — 12.7 times). The addition of guanidinium-containing oligomer to the medium with bacteria reduced the corrosion rate to 0.075—0.079 mg/cm2 ∙ h (by 2.5—2.7 times). According to the mass loss of steel samples, the degree of metal protection against microbial corrosion in the presence of guanidinium-containing oligomer was 60.15—63.17%. Conclusions. The obtained data indicate that the guanidinium-containing oligomer based on aliphatic oligoepoxy has biocidal and anticorrosive properties and is promising for use as a means of combating microbially induced corrosion.

Sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) biofilm development and its role in microbial corrosion of carbon steel

The development of biofilm by pure SRB culture on carbon steel, and its role on corrosion were investigated using microscopic, spectroscopic, electrochemical and surface characterization techniques. Tubercle biofilm and irregularly shaped pits were observed on steel surfaces in high-nutrient biotic solution. Owing to development of a protective FeS film in 72 h immersion, corrosion resistance improved. In nutrient-deficient medium, a greater bacterial density attached to the metal surface as the consequence of starved bacteria seeking energy sources from metal. However, electrochemical non-homogeneity developed at the locations of their attachment, that gradually grew over the entire surface.

Corrosion mechanism and research progress of metal pipeline corrosion under magnetic field and SRB conditions: a review

Abstract Biocides are used to prevent microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), which damages and disables metal structures. However, biocides can make microorganisms resistant and contaminate the environment. Some studies have found that magnetic fields have an inhibitory effect on MIC, providing a new way of thinking for MIC control. In this paper, the current research status of MIC is discussed for typical anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), the MIC of different metals in different environments is summarized, and the corrosion mechanism of SRB on metal structures, including cathodic depolarization and metabolite corrosion, is introduced. On this basis, the research progress of metal corrosion under magnetic field and microbial conditions in recent years is summarized, and discussed from three aspects, namely, electrochemical corrosion, SCC, and microbial corrosion, respectively. The corrosion process of microorganisms on metals in magnetic field is summarized, including biofilm theory, ion interference theory, free radical theory, and so on. Finally, the prevention and control of microbial corrosion by magnetic fields are prospected using the relevant mechanisms of magnetic field corrosion on metals.

Superwettable surfaces and factors impacting microbial adherence in microbiologically-influenced corrosion: a review.

Microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC) is a common operational hazard to many industrial processes. The focus of this review lies on microbial corrosion in the maritime industry. Microbial metal attachment and colonization are the critical steps in MIC initiation. We have outlined the crucial factors influencing corrosion caused by microorganism sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), where its adherence on the metal surface leads to Direct Electron Transfer (DET)-MIC. This review thus aims to summarize the recent progress and the lacunae in mitigation of MIC. We further highlight the susceptibility of stainless steel grades to SRB pitting corrosion and have included recent developments in understanding the quorum sensing mechanisms in SRB, which governs the proliferation process of the microbial community. There is a paucity of literature on the utilization of anti-quorum sensing molecules against SRB, indicating that the area of study is in its nascent stage of development. Furthermore, microbial adherence to metal is significantly impacted by surface chemistry and topography. Thus, we have reviewed the application of super wettable surfaces such as superhydrophobic, superhydrophilic, and slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces as "anti-corrosion coatings" in preventing adhesion of SRB, providing a potential avenue for the development of practical and feasible solutions in the prevention of MIC. The emerging field of super wettable surfaces holds significant potential for advancing efficient and practical MIC prevention techniques.

Unlocking the Potential of Cinnamaldehyde: A Comprehensive Study on Its Dual Role as an Effective Inhibitor Against Corrosion and Microbial Corrosion of Mild Steel in Saline Environments

Unlocking the Potential of Cinnamaldehyde: A Comprehensive Study on Its Dual Role as an Effective Inhibitor Against Corrosion and Microbial Corrosion of Mild Steel in Saline Environments