Micronutrient Composition Research Articles

Climate change will exacerbate maternal malnutrition globally

Maternal malnutrition is a major public health problem. Low pre-pregnancy weight, inadequate weight gain during pregnancy, and micronutrient deficiencies are significant risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Infants who are born too small or born too soon face a higher risk of mortality, morbidity, and suboptimal cognitive development. Investments in maternal nutrition have long been neglected, despite improved measurement of the global burden of disease related to maternal and newborn health. Nearly 40% of women are estimated to be anemic during pregnancy. The global prevalence of low body mass index among women of reproductive age is decreasing worldwide, but there are still regions of the world where millions of women are underweight. Climate change may further exacerbate these problems. Women and girls around the world often eat last and eat the least. When food insecurity gets worse, women and girls suffer the most. And while nutrient availability has increased over time, the Global Nutrient Database project shows that the smallest gains have been made in the poorest parts of the world. Despite improved caloric availability everywhere, improvements in protein and micronutrient availability have been smallest in low- and middle-income countries. Balanced energy and protein, plus micronutrients, are essential for a positive pregnancy experience. So, we must be especially concerned that atmospheric changes tied to climate change, such as elevated CO2, are hypothesized to diminish the micronutrient composition of staple crops. These CO2-related mineral deficiencies may disproportionately affect agriculture in southeast Asia and Africa. Better nutrition and resilience in the face of climate change is linked to each and every one of the Sustainable Development Goals. But we must focus on equity in innovations to address the changing nutrient landscape and global food insecurity so that women and girls are not left behind. Mesaj yazın

Restricting promotions of ‘less healthy’ foods and beverages by price and location: A big data application of UK Nutrient Profiling Models to a retail product dataset

AbstractThe UK government plans to limit price‐based and location‐based promotions for products high in saturated fat, salt and sugars. The 2004/2005 UK Nutrient Profiling Model (NPM) is the proposed legislative basis, but may be superseded by the draft 2018 NPM. This study develops an algorithm to apply both NPMs to a large food composition database (FCDB), and assesses implementation challenges. UK NPMs were applied algorithmically to the myfood24 FCDB, representing ~45 000 retail products. Pass rates – indicating free or restricted promotions – and micronutrient compositions were compared. Challenges were assessed, and recommendations addressed the legislation’s public consultation questions. For products in scope (75% of total), 6% fewer passed the 2018 NPM (36%, P < 0.001) compared with the 2004/2005 NPM (42%). Beverages showed the greatest reduction in pass rate (75%). Under both models, micronutrient contents (per 100 g of product) were generally lower for products that passed; except folate, vitamin C and vitamin D were no different for passed and failed products. Compared with products passing the 2004/2005 NPM, products passing the 2018 NPM on average had marginally higher amounts of iron (0.05 mg, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.08, P < 0.001) and magnesium (1.00 mg, 95% CI: 0.00, 1.17, P = 0.029), but marginally lower levels of calcium (−0.42 mg, 95% CI: −2.00, −0.40, P = 0.025). Missing ingredient information and heterogeneous product categories were challenges for both NPMs. Free sugars calculation further complicated 2018 NPM application. To balance feasibility and public health benefit, the proposed legislative basis may not be appropriate.

PRODUCTION OF THE <i>Kappaphycus alvarezii</i> EXTRACT AS A LEAF BIOFERTILIZER: TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FOR THE NORTH COAST OF SÃO PAULO-BRAZIL

The extract of the Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed is used as a leaf biofertilizer and several studies had proven its efficiency in several crops. This study aimed to analyze the economic viability of fresh seaweed production and the chemically characterized seaweed extract cultivated as a technical-economic alternative for coastal communities. Yields of the solid and liquid fractions were quantified, the extract was characterized in its chemical composition of macronutrients and micronutrients and it was classified according to the criteria of the Brazilian legislation of agricultural fertilizers. For the study of economic feasibility, different sales price scenarios were considered and compared with the commercialization of fresh seaweed. The average yield obtained from the processing of the Brazilian adapted strains of the K. alvarezii for the liquid fraction or fresh seaweed extract was 0.71 ± 0.0080 L kg-1 and the moisture solid production was 295 ± 0.0126 g kg-1. The production of fresh seaweed was unfeasible and for the handmade extract was economically viable for the scenario with the sale price of US$ 2.77 with a net present value of US$ 35,300.13 and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 38.99% over ten year.

Optimization of Enrichment and Isolation Media of Thermophilic Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria Isolated from Oil Reservoir of West Java for Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) Application

Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is a tertiary oil recovery process which aims to increase the crude oil recovery uptake to 55% from its original oil in place. In its application, indigenous microorganisms are commonly used as the main biological agents, but the isolation processes become more complicated due to environment’s extreme condition. This study aims to determine the optimum formulation for the enrichment and isolation medium, in order to obtain a highly diverse of indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. The isolation process was carried out in two stages; the isolation of mild oil fraction degrading bacteria, and isolation of the heavy oil fraction degrading bacteria which confirmed by the SARA (saturated, aromatic, resinic, and asphaltic) fraction chromatography analysis. Four enrichment and five isolation media were formulated based on the distinction in the macro-and micronutrient composition. Overall, a total of 92 isolates were successfully isolated. The highest bacterial diversities were achieved in the enrichment medium B (crude oil used as carbon source which supplemented with sodium lactate) and isolation medium I (nutrient agar with twice agar concentration), each with 37 and 33% of obtained isolates, respectively. The newly formulated medium can be further utilized to isolate various types of indigenous bacteria from the oil well which were able to degrade SARA fraction from crude oil. The result showed that ABG2-7 as the isolate with the highest activity on SARA degradation. The amount of 15% inoculum of ABG2-7 isolate was able to degrade heavy crude oil, thus might serve as potential bacteria for MEOR application.

Nutrition, Bioenergetics, and Metabolic Syndrome.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the global nutrition report shows that whilst part of the world’s population starves, the other part suffers from obesity and associated complications. A balanced diet counterparts these extreme conditions with the proper proportion, composition, quantity, and presence of macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds. However, little is known on the way these components exert any influence on our health. These nutrients aiming to feed our bodies, our tissues, and our cells, first need to reach mitochondria, where they are decomposed into CO2 and H2O to obtain energy. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and mainly responsible for nutrients metabolism, but they are also the main source of oxidative stress and cell death by apoptosis. Unappropriated nutrients may support mitochondrial to become the Trojan horse in the cell. This review aims to provide an approach to the role that some nutrients exert on mitochondria as a major contributor to high prevalent Western conditions including metabolic syndrome (MetS), a constellation of pathologic conditions which promotes type II diabetes and cardiovascular risk. Clinical and experimental data extracted from in vitro animal and cell models further demonstrated in patients, support the idea that a balanced diet, in a healthy lifestyle context, promotes proper bioenergetic and mitochondrial function, becoming the best medicine to prevent the onset and progression of MetS. Any advance in the prevention and management of these prevalent complications help to face these challenging global health problems, by ameliorating the quality of life of patients and reducing the associated sociosanitary burden.

Effect of Heat Stress on Photosystem II, Antioxidant Activity and Micronutrient Concentration in Contrasting Cultivars of Greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Heat stress around flowering has negative effect on greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) grain yield. The pot culture experiments were conducted to study the response of antioxidant system, photosystem II and micronutrient concentration to above-optimum temperature at flowering stage in two cultivars of greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) cv. SAMRAT (heat tolerant) and VBN-2 (heat susceptible). The plants were grown under natural light and atmospheric conditions (33/22°C day/night) up to the first appearance of flower. Then, cohort of plants were: (a) exposed to natural environment (33/22°C day/night) for 13 days and were (b) exposed to controlled environment 33/22 to 45/30°C (day/night) for 13 days by gradually increasing 1°C per day in day/night temperature and then pots were shifted to natural environment for 5 days for recovery. The activity of antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and APX) were increased significantly as the temperatures increased upto 38/26°C in both cultivars and showed less reduction appropriately at 45/30°C in SAMRAT compared to VBN-2. It is possible that better tolerant to heat stress of SAMRAT was related to its ability to maintain higher levels of activity of antioxidant enzymes in all the temperature regimes. Quantum yield (Fv/Fm) showed significant reduction at 41/28°C in VBN-2 while at 45/30°C in SAMRAT indicating relative tolerance to heat stress. Micronutrient composition was not affected at 45/30°C except Cu content in leaves and Mn and Fe content in shoots. Upon heat stress treatment SAMRAT showed relatively less reduction of micronutrients like Cu, Mn and Fe content in leaves compared to VBN-2. The tolerant cultivar SAMRAT can serve as parents for breeding for heat stress tolerant variety.

Micronutrient composition and microbial community analysis across diverse landraces of the Ethiopian orphan crop enset

Enset (Ensete ventricosum) is a major starch staple and food security crop for 20 million people. Despite substantial diversity in morphology, genetics, agronomy and utilization across its range, nutritional characteristics have only been reported in relatively few landraces. Here, we survey nutritional composition in 22 landraces from three enset growing regions. We present mineral characterization of enset corm tissue, free amino acid characterization of raw and processed (fermented) tissues and genomic analysis of the microbial community associated with fermentation. We show that compared to regionally important tubers and cereals, enset is high in calcium, iron, potassium and zinc and low in sodium. We report changes in free amino acid composition due to processing, and establish that the bacteria genera Acetobacter, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, predominate during fermentation. Nutritional and microbial variation presents opportunities to select for improved composition, quality and safety with potentially significant impacts in food security and public health.

Commercial luncheon meat products and their in vitro gastrointestinal digests contain more protein carbonyl compounds but less lipid oxidation products compared to fresh pork

Because of the large diversity in processed meat products and the potential involvement of oxidation processes in the association between red and processed meat consumption and chronic diseases, the concentration of oxidation products after gastrointestinal digestion of commercial luncheon meat products was investigated. A broad spectrum of meat products (n = 24), displaying large variation in macro- and micronutrient composition and processing procedures, was digested in vitro by simulating digestion fluids of the human gastrointestinal tract. Lipid and protein oxidation was assessed in the meat products before digestion and in the corresponding digests by measurement of free malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, hexanal and protein carbonyl compounds. Compared to an unprocessed cooked pork mince, that was included as a reference in the digestion experiment, levels of lipid oxidation products were low in the digests of most meat products. Only the digests of Parma ham had slightly higher or comparable levels as the reference pork. In contrast, protein carbonyl compounds were comparable or up to 6 times higher in the processed meat products compared to the reference pork. Particularly raw-cooked and precooked-cooked meat products and corresponding digests had higher protein carbonyl levels, but also lower protein contents and higher fat to protein ratios. In conclusion, most luncheon meat products and corresponding digests contained lower amounts of free lipid oxidation products, but more protein carbonyl compounds compared to the reference pork.

New breeding and technological evaluation criteria for fruit and berry products for the healthy and dietary food industry

For the formation of a healthy diet, it is important to provide an economic and physical availability of the assortment of importsubstituting high quality and safe horticultural products, and to improve the industrial assortment. Wherein, the traits which define the consumer demand, such as quality and the chemical composition of fruits, saturation with essential micronutrients for healthy and dietary nutrition, should be taken into account in the first place among other breeding criteria, such as an early maturity and productivity. The aim of the research was the determination of breeding and technological priorities for fruits and berries from the point of view of the content of macro- and micronutrients for the development of dietary foodstuffs. Material and methods. The object of the investigation was the data on the content of protein, total sugar, mono- and disaccharides, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, organic acids, polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, resveratrol, piceid, vitamins С, E, B1, B2, PP and carotenoids in samples of fruit and berry crops grown on the experimental production sites of the Federal Research Center named after I.V. Michurin (25 varieties of apple, 21 varieties of pear, 14 - of cherry, 5 - apricot, 10 - honeysuckle, 14 - strawberry, 8 forms of viburnum, 18 varieties of raspberry, 13 varieties of gooseberry, 10 forms of sea buckthorn, 12 varieties of plum, 8 varieties of red currant, 12 varieties of black currant). The statistical software package Statistica 6 was used for statistical data processing and construction of mathematical models. Results and discussion. The scale of priority distribution was developed, based on the analysis of the micronutrient composition of fruit and berries. The limits of low, medium and high micronutrient content in horticultural products were defined. Therefore, the threshold values of high level (3 points) were determined as ≥6 g/100 g for the dietary fiber and ≥30% of the recommended daily intake for the biologically active substances (BAS), minerals and trace elements. The threshold values of medium level of content (2 points) were determined as ≥3 g/100 g for the dietary fiber, ≥15% of the recommended daily intake for the BAS, minerals and trace elements. And threshold values of low level of content (1 points) were determined as values of indicators which are less than aforementioned. It was found that the categories of low priority (1 point) in the studied crops include protein, vitamins B1 (except for honeysuckle), B2, E (except for sea buckthorn) and PP, as well as sodium, calcium and zinc. The majority of the research objects has medium values as a source of soluble dietary fiber, carotenoids, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and potassium. The content of ascorbic acid and polyphenolic compounds, including anthocyanidins demonstrates the highest priority among the studied crops (3 points). According to the data obtained, the most of cultivars has a high content of organic acids (citric and malic), and more than 45.0% of the cultivars have a high content of vitamin C. 55.8% of cultivars have a high content of polyphenolic compounds, while 23.4% of cultivars are the sources of polyphenolic compounds too. Also 45.8% of cultivars have a high content of anthocyanidins, 25.0% of cultivars have a high content of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, 2.9% of cultivars are rich in iron. 62.0% of cultivars are the sources of soluble dietary fiber, 49.6% - sources of flavonoids, 13.0% - sources of potassium, 5.8% - sources of magnesium, 2.9% - sources of copper. Conclusion. The assessment of the chemical composition of fruits and berries from the standpoint of the presence and the content of macro- and micronutrients and BAS, proposed as a breeding program priority for the development of foodstuffs for specialized, dietary and therapeutic nutrition, is the basis for the future work on identification of complex sources, formation of unique food matrices, and selection of technological processes to develope a line of specialized foodstuffs.

Development and Performance Evaluation of a Multi-Heat Source Plantain Roaster

The increasing demand for roasted plantain has brought about recent interest to upgrade the local method of roasting to be more user-friendly, hygienic and versatile. The objective of this work was to design, fabricate and evaluate the performance of a low cost and affordable multi-heat source plantain roaster and to determine the effects of different heat sources (charcoal, gas and electricity) on the proximate and micronutrients composition of the roasted plantain. Heat supplied to each compartment and medium of transfer was determined. The roasted products from different heat sources were evaluated for moisture, crude protein, ash, crude fat, crude fibre and total carbohydrate contents of the samples. Potassium, magnesium and vitamin B6 were also determined. The proximate and micronutrient composition analyses were carried out. The results show that the average capacity and efficiency of the machine is 3.74 kg/h and 96.32% respectively. Moisture content of the fresh plantain is 58.27% while that of roasted plantain using gas, electricity and charcoal are 46.26%, 45.94% and 39.59% respectively. Ash content of fresh plantain is 5.89% while that of roasted plantain using gas, electricity and charcoal are 7.45%, 8.30% and 7.00% respectively. Crude fibre content of fresh plantain is 2.83% while that of roasted plantain using gas, electricity and charcoal are 3.27%, 3.41% and 3.43% respectively. Carbohydrate content of fresh plantain is 23.80% while that of roasted plantain using gas, electricity and charcoal are 33.41%, 32.35% and 43.02% respectively.
 Keywords: Machine design, plantain, moisture content, micronutrient analysis, heat source, roasting

Young-onset diabetes, nutritional therapy and novel insulin delivery systems: a report from the 21st Hong Kong Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors - East Meets West Symposium.

The prevalence and incidence of young-onset diabetes are increasing in many parts of the world, with the most rapid increase occurring in Asia, where one in five people with diabetes are diagnosed below the age of 40 years. Accumulation of glycaemic burden from an early age significantly increases the lifetime risks of developing complications from diabetes. Despite impending health threats, young people fare worse in the control of blood glucose and other metabolic risk factors. Challenges in the management of young-onset diabetes are compounded by heterogeneity of the underlying causes, pathophysiology and clinical phenotypes in this group. Effective characterization of people with diabetes has implications in steering the choice of glucose-lowering drugs, which, in turn, determines the clinical outcome. Medical nutritional therapy is key to effective management of people with diabetes but dietary adherence is often suboptimal among younger individuals. A recently published consensus report on nutritional therapy addresses dietary management in people with prediabetes as well as diabetes, and summarizes clinical evidence regarding macronutrient and micronutrient composition as well as eating patterns in people with diabetes. For people with type 1 diabetes, automated insulin delivery systems have rapidly evolved since the concept was first introduced at the National Institute of Health and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation in 2005. The subsequent development of a type 1 diabetes simulator, developed using detailed human physiology data on carbohydrate metabolism replaced the need for pre-clinical animal studies and facilitated the seamless progression to artificial pancreas human clinical trials.

Clarification of the Nutritional Composition and Related Evidence for Nutritious Food Supplements in Pregnancy for Undernourished Women

Abstract Objectives As the evidence showing the benefits of nutritious food supplements in pregnancy has grown, new products and related research has emerged. Along with these advances has also come some confusion around product-related terminology and difficulty in synthesizing and comparing the evidence base. The objective of this study is to define specific categories of nutritious supplemental food for pregnancy, review the nutritional composition and evidence for these products, and summarize the evidence. Methods We identified relevant studies by doing an umbrella review. For each study, we abstracted data about the nutritional composition of the food supplement, as well as the trial results. To identify ongoing studies, we searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for “Balanced Energy Protein,” or “Lipid Nutrients.” Results Over the last 4 decades, 17 trials including 9030 women have assessed the safety and efficacy of balanced energy and protein (BEP) supplementation during pregnancy. There is considerable heterogeneity in the nutritional composition of products used in the trials. The daily food supplement tested in trials ranged in calories from 59 kcal to 1500 kcals. The macronutrient composition averaged 66 kcals of protein and 16 kcals of fat. There was variation in the vitamin and mineral content of the supplements. We identified three new studies that will test BEP supplements with standardized macronutrient and micronutrient composition. Conclusions Despite heterogeneity in the nutritional composition of BEP supplements in previous trials, there is clear evidence that nutritious food supplements for undernourished women can improve birth outcomes. New trials, based on standard product formulations with the potential for scale-up will provide additional evidence and a path forward for implementation. Funding Sources There was no funding for this study.

Mineral composition of selected indigenous wild southern African fruits

Southern Africa harbours a diverse range of wild edible indigenous fruits, which have provided populations with food for years and most are anticipated to have potentially good nutritional value. The aim of this study was to conduct a literature survey as a means to identify knowledge gaps and to conduct mineral and vitamin analyses. A total of 60 species, distributed in 35 families are recorded. Selected 14 fruits were evaluated for their micronutrient composition, namely; minerals and vitamins (A and C). Mineral elements potassium and calcium were present in substantial amounts in most fruits ranging from 522 to 14289 mg/kg. Even though most fruits were high in only one mineral element, Cordyla africana had the highest content of six minerals (i.e. Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Se and Zn). Most fruits showed the presence of vitamin C and absence of vitamin A. Only Dovyalis longispina (903 mg/100 g), Manilkara mochisia (25 mg/100 g), Garcinia livingstonei (11 mg/100 g) and Syzygium guineense (1.7 mg/100 g) displayed significant amounts of vitamin A. Overall, the study showed that most wild edible fruits have good nutritional value, however, these fruits require more scientific scrutiny in order to thrive in the commercial markets.

ЗМІНИ МАКРО- І МІКРОЕЛЕМЕНТНОГО СКЛАДУ ПЕЧІНКИ ЩУРІВ У ДИНАМІЦІ РОЗВИТКУ СИНДРОМУ ТРИВАЛОГО СТИСНЕННЯ

Враховуючи високу летальність при тяжких формах синдрому тривалого стиснення (СТС), вагоме місце займає вивчення механізмів, що перебігають у динаміці даного патологічного синдрому
 Мета дослідження – вивчити в динаміці показники макро- і мікроелементного складу печінки щурів на моделі ендотоксикозу, що формується за умов синдрому тривалого стиснення.
 Матеріали і методи. Досліди проведені на 40 безпо­родних статевозрілих білих щурах-самцях. Експериментальною моделлю слугував патологічний процес, що розвивався у тварин унаслідок стиснення м'яких тканин лівої тазової кінцівки протягом 4-х год у спе­ціальному пристрої. Площа стискаючої поверхні становила 4 см2, а сила компресії – 4,25 кг/см2. При цьому цілість великих судин і кісткових структур нижньої кінцівки зберігалась. Таким чином, у тварин моделювався синдром тривалого стиснення середнього ступеня. У печінці дослідних тварин визначали рівень макро- та мікроелементів методом атомно-абсорбційної спектрофотометрії на спектрофотометрі С-115 ПК.
 Результати. Так, вміст кальцію у печінці підвищувався на 3 добу експерименту на 18,2 % та залишався вірогідно високим до 14 доби. Разом з тим, рівень магнію зменшувався вже на 1 добу на 19,2 %, коливаючись у цих межах до 7 доби, а потім знову знижувався на 106,7 % стосовно контрольної групи. Вміст цинку в печінці поступово зростав з 1 доби (на 12,8 %) до 14 доби (на 34,0 %) спостереження відносно контролю. Таку ж тенденцію відмічено щодо вмісту купруму, проте його рівень вірогідно підвищувався на 3 добу експерименту.
 Висновки. В умовах гіпоксії та оксидативного стресу, що розвиваються в тканинах організму щурів з експериментальним синдромом тривалого стиснення, відмічається дисбаланс макро- та мікроелементів, який характеризується підвищенням вмісту кальцію, цинку і купруму та зниження вмісту магнію в печінці тварин.

Prospects of Using Termite Mound Soil OrganicAmendment for Enhancing Soil Nutrition inSouthern Africa.

Termite mound soils are reportedly utilized as an alternative to NPK fertilizers by cash constrained smallholder farmers in some parts of Southern Africa. However, there is limited knowledge regarding their mineral nutritional value. The intention of this work was therefore to investigate the macro and micronutrient composition of different sections of the termite mounds; top, base and neighboring areas. The study approach involved physical and chemical analysis of 36 sites across Pemba and Choma districts in Southern Zambia through collection of soil samples in triplicate at 0–20 cm depth, using a soil auger. Findings revealed that the soil pH had elevated levels in the base segments of the termite mounds compared with the top and the neighbouring soils. However, elevated N, P and K levels were recorded in the top sections with significant differences (p < 0.05) in clay and silt composition observed. Additionally, metallic micronutrients, Cu and Zn were also found to be elevated in termite mounds in contrast to surrounding soils. We concluded that top termite mound soil should be considered as part of an integrated nutrient management strategy by financially challenged smallholder farmers cultivating in light textured soils of southern Africa.

THE FOOD'S QUALITY ANALYSIS OF CANTEEN IN SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA

Background: Food is an important requi-rement supporting the human activities, including academic activities on campus. The composition and quality of nutrients, both macro, and micronutrients in a diet, plays an important role in ensuring the availability of energy sources for daily activities and long-term health. This study is a preliminary study to evaluate the nutritional value of food provided in the canteen of campus.Method: This research will use a cross-sectional design on food samples sold in the canteen of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. The macronutrient composition analysis was calculated using a list of foodstuffscompositions.Results: Most of the packaged food menu do not meet the macronutrient composition in a manner of balanced nutrition. The dominant side dish is chicken, the fat composition is higher than the recommendation due to fried processing. The portion of rice is not standard on various packages, with an average of 1.6 servings of standard rice. The content of vegetables is minimal. A snack menu is predominantly carbohydrate foods with a moderate to high sugar content, with minimal ber content, and processed by frying.Conclusion: The nutritional quality of the food menu in the canteen has largely not yet fulfilled the recommended macronutrient composition.

Chemical analysis and nutritional study of shrimp powder (Penaeus notialis, Peneids, Decapods) from Côte d'Ivoire freshwater in rats (Rattus novegeus, Wistar).

Shortage and high cost of conventional proteins (meat and fish) in our developing countries means that we have to find new sources of protein. The shrimp (Penaeus notialis), produced in large quantities worldwide and particularly in Cote d'Ivoire, is a track to be exploited. This study was conducted to assess the nutritional quality of this unconventional protein from freshwater. Overall chemical characterization in grams per 100g / dry matter of the powder of this animal was carried out by standard methods (AOAC).The macromolecule content (carbohydrate, fat and protein) gave 44.4%, 7.86% and 34.21% respectively. Nutritional parameters that are the total dry matter ingested (MSTI), the total protein ingested (PTI) in grams/ day and the food efficiency coefficient (CEA), the protein efficiency coefficient (CEP) and the weight of these animals were evaluated on the basis of animal experimentation carried out in the animal physiology laboratory. Second consumption experiment gave an MSTI of 8.8 g / day respectively with a PTI of 0.82 on the one hand. On the other hand, a CEA of 0.20 and a CEP of 1.91 for the shrimp diet.All these values show no significant difference with that of the control diet (Casein) and the fish diet. The growth determined by the weight variation of rats fed the shrimp diet remains greater compared to that of the control and fish diets.This study showed that proteins from the shrimp diet (Penaeus notialis) may well be a nutritional alternative alongside conventional meat. Additional studies may be conducted to more specifically determine the micronutrient composition of this animal protein.

Evaluation of Metals in Soil and Tissues of Economic-Interest Plants Grown in Sites Affected by the Fundão Dam Failure in Mariana, Brazil.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration of potentially toxic elements in Brachiaria decumbens, Stylosanthes guianensis, and Saccharum officinarum plants and soil samples in affected and unaffected areas by rupture of the Fundão dam, Brazil. Samples were collected in areas affected by residues from the Fundão dam (RAA1, RAA2, RAA3) and in an unaffected area (control). The material was analyzed for the composition of micronutrients and trace elements in soil and plants, as well as contamination factor (CF), accumulation factor, and translocation factor (TF). Overall, the results showed that soil and plant tissues had increased Fe, Mn, Cu, and Cr content and decreased Zn content in the affected areas, compared to the control. Leaves and roots of B. decumbens showed an increase in Fe content in affected areas, compared to the control, reaching a mean maximum value of 42 958 µg/g of roots of RAA2-collected plants. As a result, CF for Fe of B. decumbens was classified as very high and they presented low TF values. Furthermore, B. decumbens collected in affected areas showed an increase of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Cr in leaves, stems, and roots, whereas in Stylosanthes guianensis, there was an increase of Fe concentration in all tissues and Cr in leaves. Also, Saccharum officinarum showed the accumulation of Mn in the stem and Cu in leaves and stem. On the other hand, there was no contamination of plants by hazardous elements such as Pb, Cd, and As in the samples analyzed. In conclusion, increases in the content of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Cr were found in soil and several plant tissues of residue-affected areas, which could compromise plant growth and represent potential hazards arising from the biomagnification process in the food chain. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:596-607. © 2020 SETAC.

Assessment of the Actual Nutrition of High School Pupils

Introduction: Balanced diet is one of the principal factors of maintaining health; thus, actual nutrition monitoring is an important stage of disease prevention. The objective of the study wаs tо аssess the diet, macronutrient and micronutrient composition, and caloric balance of food. Materials and methods: Actual nutrition was studied in the autumn and winter periods by analyzing meal frequency among the high school pupils (Grades 10-11; the average age: 15.9±0.7 years). Results: The eating frequency of the schoolchildren ranged 2 to 6 without any marked differences between sexes. The analysis of distribution of the daily diet energy value showed that the majority of pupils received the maximum of food calories in the evening. Evaluation of the macronutrient composition of food demonstrated high protein and fat consumption accompanied by low consumption of complex carbohydrates in both sex groups against the background of the sufficient energy value of the diet. The contents of simple carbohydrates in the diet of both boys and girls were twice as much as the permissible values. The imbalanced diet led to changes in the micronutrient status of the schoolchildren with a more pronounced deficit of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and iron in girls. The deficit of vitamins B1, PP, and A was observed in all pupils. Undernutrition was more common in the young men while overnutrition prevailed among the girls. The risk group included 22.4% of the pupils with extreme values of the body mass index indicating pronounced changes in nutritional status. Normal BMI values were observed only in 40% of boys and in 38.3% of girls. Conclusions: We established that nutrition of the high school pupils was imbalanced and required correction.

Micronutrients Potential of Underutilized Vegetables and Their Role in Fighting Hidden Hunger.

Background Innumerable underutilized vegetable (UV) species have been utilized as food and as folklore medicine since time immemorial. Such vegetables have been part and parcel of the food dishes, especially to the ancient rural and periurban dwellers. However, researchers and agricultural scientists have given little or no attention to such vegetables, as to what constitutes their potentials in curbing hidden hunger. To achieve the global Sustainable Development Goals, Tanzania needs to address the issue of food insecurity through the use of not only grains, fruits, and edible insects but also through embracing the UVs. The overall objective of this study was to screen the indigenous vegetables with nutritional and health claims from communities in Kilimanjaro and Morogoro regions. Methods Quantitative data were obtained by conducting laboratory nutrient and antinutrients composition analyses as per standard Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. This was carried out to determine the moisture content, micronutrient, and antinutrients composition of the selected UVs. Results The nutritional and medicinal claims of the selected UVs mentioned during interviews were validated by data obtained from laboratory nutrient and antinutrients composition analyses. Chemical analyses revealed that vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, and C contents ranged from 2.50-6.67, 18.94-182.95, 0.18-0.76, 0.09-0.43, and 46.52-198.08 mg/100 g, respectively. Minerals, on the other hand, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn contents ranged from 60.28-421.03, 4.28-21.05, 191.12-1151.91, and 4.28-21.10 mg/100, respectively. Moisture content, oxalates, and phytates contents ranged from 78.59-95.49%, 1.28-3.15, and 1.64-6.18 mg/100 g, respectively. Conclusion The findings from the study added credence to the selected UVs that they are rich sources of micronutrients and crucial in daily human diet to curb hidden hunger.