Micronutrient Composition Research Articles

Associations of Dietary Intake and Nutrient Status with Micronutrient and Lipid Composition in Breast Milk of Donor Women.

The influence of the diet and nutritional status of milk donors on the nutritional composition of donor human milk (DHM) is unknown. The present study aimed to determine the nutritional profile of DHM and the associations between donors' dietary intake and nutritional status and the micronutrient and lipid composition in DHM. For this purpose, 113 donors completed a food frequency questionnaire, provided a five-day weighed dietary record, and collected milk for five consecutive days. Nutrient determinations in donors' erythrocytes, plasma, urine, and milk were performed. Multiple linear regressions were conducted for the evaluation of the associations. We highlight the following results: DHM docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was positively associated with donors' plasma DHA content and donors' DHA intake (R2 0.45, p < 0.001). For every 1 g/day DHA intake, an increase of 0.38% in DHA content and 0.78% in total omega-3 content was observed in DHM (R2 0.29, p < 0.001). DHM saturated fatty acids were positively associated with erythrocyte dimethyl acetals, plasma stearic acid, trans fatty acids intake, and breastfeeding duration and negatively associated with erythrocyte margaroleic acid (R2 0.34, p < 0.01). DHM cholecalciferol was associated with plasma cholecalciferol levels and dairy intake (R2 0.57, p < 0.01). Other weaker associations were found for free thiamin, free riboflavin, pyridoxal, dehydroascorbic acid, and the lipid profile in DHM. In conclusion, the diet and nutritional status of donors influence the fatty acid profile and micronutrient content of DHM.

Nutrient Analysis of Selected Wild Edible Mushrooms Collected from Thulo Ban Community Forest, Myagdi District, Nepal

The study analyzes the nutrient content of three wild edible mushrooms Cantharellus cibarius, Laccaria laccata and Scleroderma cepa commonly consumed by the local people of Arjam, Myagdi district. Thirteen parameters were analyzed such as ash, carbohydrate, fat, moisture, protein, manganese, zinc, magnesium, potassium, iron, copper, phosphorus and calcium. The test methods used for ash, fat, moisture, protein and phosphorous content were ignition, soxhlet extraction, oven dry method, kjeldahl digestion method and spectrophotometric method respectively. Carbohydrate content was determined by calculation method and iron, manganese, copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium and potassium content estimation were done by AAS method. All macro and micronutrient compositions were determined on a dry weight basis. Ash, carbohydrate, fat, moisture and protein are ranges from 7.05-13.38%, 61.89-71.37%, 0.78-1.94%, 12.37-13.66% and 16.18-24.47% respectively, whereas calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium ranges from 0.13-0.15 µg/g, 0.09-0.11µg/g, 0.25-0.37 µg/g and 1.41-3.40 µg/g respectively. Similarly copper, iron, manganese and zinc ranges from 2.40-30.94 µg/g, 0.08-0.20 µg/g, 7.22-16.06 µg/g and 45.70-77.35 µg/g respectively.

Nutritional and therapeutic aspects of fermented buffalo milk produced by Lactiplantibacillus pentosus HBUAS53657

Lactiplantibacillus pentosus strain HBUAS53657 was used as a starter in the production of fermented buffalo milk, with citrus added as a prebiotic to improve taste and antioxidant levels. Fermented milk products containing 6% starter L. pentosus HBUAS53657 and 20% orange juice produced the best results in physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic tests. This fermented milk product will also be used for intervention testing research to overcome children’s nutritional problems. This is a descriptive study. This study aimed to analyse the composition of macro (protein, fat, carbohydrate, fibre and total energy) and micronutrients (Ca, Na, K, Zn and phosphorus) content of fermented milk Lactiplantacillus pentosus strain HBUAS53657 with 20% orange juice. The data on the characteristics of macro and micronutrients were analysed quantitatively with descriptive analysis, presenting the data from the study using tables and graphs. The result shows the fermented milk served contains macro and micronutrients. Plain fermented milk has a high protein and calorie content compared to fermented milk with the addition of orange juice, while the mineral content is almost the same. Plain fermented milk is more recommended to overcome nutritional deficiencies.The findings of this study can be used to promote increased consumption or fermentation of milk

Comparison of micronutrients in adult enteral formulas widely used in clinical practice.

In recent decades, great progress in the area of enteral nutrition has provided a large variety and commercial availability of enteral formulas, usually produced by the nutrition divisions of several pharmaceutical or dairy manufacturers, with specific compositions for each type of disease or patient condition. Despite the widespread use of enteral formulas, both in hospitals and at home, studies performed on the micronutrient compositions of adult enteral formulas are few in China. The content of micronutrients in 31 commercially available adult enteral formulas in the Chinese market was compared with the Chinese dietary reference intakes (DRIs), the tolerable upper limits (UL), the limit requirements in Food Safety National Standards General Rules of Foods for Special Medical Purposes (GB 29922-2013), and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) micronutrient guideline (2022). The micronutrient content was calculated by multiplying the value provided on the nutrition label for each product by the daily energy dose of 1500 and 1800 Kcal/day. The research results showed that most adult enteral formulas were generally suitable for patients on long-term total enteral nutrition support in the Chinese market, and foods for special medical purpose (FSMP) formulas were more suitable than enteral nutrition preparation (ENP) formulas. However, the vitamin D, vitamin K, and iron content in these formulas should be appropriately increased to the limit recommended by the ESPEN micronutrient guideline. The results could provide a basis for manufacturers to research and develop more suitable enteral formulas and help clinical dietitians administer more effective enteral nutrition support for patients on long-term total enteral nutrition in clinical practice, especially individualized treatment.

Soil amendment and rhizobacterial inoculation improved Cu phytostabilization, plant growth and microbial activity in a bench-scale experiment.

Mine driven trace elements' pollution entails environmental risks and causes soil infertility. In the last decades, in situ techniques such as phytostabilization have become increasingly important as ways to tackle these negative impacts. The aim of this study was to test the individual and combined effects of different aided phytostabilization techniques using substrate from barren tailings of a Cu mine, characterized by extreme infertility (high acidity and deficiency of organic matter and nutrients). The experiment analyzed the growth of Populus nigra L. planted alone (P) or in co-cropping with Trifolium repens L. (PT), in pots containing mine soil amended with compost (1, 10, compost, soil, w/w) non inoculated (NI) or inoculated with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGP), mycorrhizae (MYC) or a combination of bacterial and fungal inocula (PGPMYC). Non-amended, non-planted and non-inoculated reference ports were also prepared. Plants were harvested after 110 days of plant development and several biometric and phytopathological parameters (stem height, aerial biomass, root biomass, wilting, chlorosis, pest and death) and macro and micronutrient composition were determined. The growth substrate was analyzed for several physicochemical (pH, CECe, and exchangeable cations, total C and N, P Olsen and availability of trace elements) and microbiological (community level physiological profiles: activity, richness and diversity) parameters. The use of the amendment, P. nigra plantation, and inoculation with rhizobacteria were the best techniques to reduce toxicity and improve soil fertility, as well as to increase the plant survival and growth. Soil bacterial functional diversity was markedly influenced by the presence of plants and the inoculation with bacteria, which suggests that the presence of plant regulated the configuration of a microbial community in which the inoculated bacteria thrive comparatively better. The results of this study support the use of organic amendments, tolerant plants, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria to reduce environmental risk and improve fertility of soils impacted by mining.

Micronutrients Role in the Proinflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression Regulation in COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 Syndromes

A number of micronutrients in the diet are substances capable of inhibiting the genes expression of cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2 and inducible NO synthase that are markers of the inflammatory process in COVID-19. The study aims at the development of the composition micronutrients – an inhibitor of hyperinflammatory reaction as an effective component of personalized nutrition in COVID and post-COVID syndromes. The thesis presents the anti-inflammatory potential of some micronutrients; proves the impact of flavonoids, ascorbic acid, glycyrrhizic acid and zinc on different targets; describes developed two-, three- and four-component compositions of the listed micronutrients in different ratios, which will ensure effectiveness against a larger number of targets. For preclinical studies of anti-inflammatory activity, a man selected six composition samples with maximum values of antioxidant activity using regression analysis; determined the biological activity of the composition samples: in vitro – using specific enzyme biotest systems based on inducible NO synthase and appropriate software, in vivo – on a model of acute aseptic and chronic inflammation in 220 outbred male Wistar rats. In vitro experiment confirms that the anti-inflammatory activity of experimental samples of the micronutrients composition decreases in the following series: III-2 &gt; III-1 &gt; VI-2 &gt; VI-1 &gt; I. The blood plasma analysis of rats in vivo proves that with prolonged course use, micronutrients composition samples III-1, III-2, VI-1 and VI-2 exhibit a pronounced antiexudative effect and lead to a significant decrease in COX-2. The course micronutrients composition introduction at a dose of 25 mg/kg leads to a significant decrease in the COX-2 concentration in all the studied animal groups. There is the COX-2 activity suppression in sample III-2 to a greater extent. The authors recommend the three-component composition including a micronized purified flavonoid fraction of sea buckthorn meal, glycyrrhizic and ascorbic acids in a ratio of 30:10:100 as a biologically active food additive in the diet of personalized nutrition for COVID and post-COVID syndromes.

Development of the Obesity Nutraceutical from Raja and Kepok Banana Peels

Patients with obesity often fail to control their body weight through diet and physical activity, while the existing anti-obesity drugs have some side effects for long-term use. Banana is Indonesia's tropical fruits with the highest production, and the banana peel has become soil waste. This study aimed to analyze nutrients and active compounds of methanol extracts of raja and kepok banana peels (ERP and EKP respectively). Macro and micro-nutrient compositions of the ERP and EKP were determined using the proximate analysis, while Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used to detect the ERP and EKP active compounds. The ERP contained 0.11% crude fibers, 4.44% fat, and 58.08% carbohydrates, different from the EKP (4.25% protein, 20.95% water, and 14.45% minerals). By contrast, both the ERP and EKP contained flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. In conclusion, ERP is potentially developed as a nutraceutical for obesity treatment in the future. Further study is needed to measure specific fat levels and to analyze specific active compounds in the ERP which can modulate gene expression and interact with protein targets in lipid metabolism.

Successful In Vitro Shoot Multiplication of Quercus robur L. Trees Aged up to 800 Years.

The conservation of the genetic resources of old trees is crucial to their ecological role but is extremely difficult, especially for oak species (Quercus spp.) displaying recalcitrance in seed and vegetative propagation methods. Our study aimed to assess the regenerative potential of Quercus robur trees of different ages (up to 800 years) during micropropagation. We also aimed to determine how in vitro conditions can influence in vitro regeneration responses. Lignified branches collected from 67 selected trees were cultivated ex vitro in culture pots at 25 °C to obtain epicormic shoots (explant sources). The explants were cultivated on an agar medium supplemented with 0.8 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) for at least 21 months. In a second experiment, two different shoot multiplication conditions (temporary immersion-RITA® bioreactor and agar medium) and two culture medium formulations (Woody Plant Medium and modified Quoirin and Lepoivre medium) were tested. The results showed that the mean length of the epicormic shoots obtained in a pot culture was a function of donor age and was similar among the group of younger trees (ca. 20-200 years), and varied between older trees (ca. 300-800 years). The efficiency of in vitro shoot multiplication strictly depended on the genotype. A sustainable in vitro culture (defined as survival after 6 months) was only possible for half of the tested old donor trees, even when they survived the first month of in vitro growth. A continuous monthly increase in the number of in vitro cultured shoots was reported in younger oaks and in some old oaks. We found a significant effect of the culture system and the macro- and micronutrient composition on in vitro shoot growth. This is the first report demonstrating that the in vitro culture can be successfully applied to the propagation of even 800-year-old pedunculate oak trees.

Development and characterization of micronutrient fortified sandwich biscuits with respect to nutritional composition and sensorial attributes to address malnutrition in school going children

Micronutrient deficiencies have been escalating at an alarming rate in Pakistan that posed severe health discrepancies in population with special reference to children and women. The present study was designed to develop micronutrient enriched sandwich biscuits to address malnutrition in vulnerable segments. For the purpose, the study was comprised of three phases, i.e. development of micronutrient enriched sandwich biscuits in 1st phase, while in 2nd and 3rd phase, nutritional and sensorial characterization were done, respectively. After fortification in the flour and shortening, the mixture was supplemented with soyabean flour and various treatments followed by preparation of biscuits. A micronutrient premix containing zinc, iron, vitamins D, A, and folic acid as fortificants was added at 50% of RDA based on the percentage daily attributes of these nutrient contents in all formulations. Fortified sandwich biscuits were analyzed for proximate composition, mineral profile, antioxidants, and sensory characteristics. The data collected for each characteristic was statistically analyzed. Results revealed that biscuits produced from 100% white flour showed the highest moisture content, i.e. 8.30% and the lowest results (4.50%) were shown by T4, whereas, the highest values of crude ash, fat, fiber, protein, NFE calcium, magnesium, iron, iodine, vitamin A, vitamin E and Folic acid were exhibited by T4. As far as the antioxidant profile of micronutrient fortified biscuits was concerned, T4 showed the highest content of catechin (44.67 ± 0.24 mg/100 g) followed by carotenoids (34.11 ± 0.08 mg/100 g), rosmaneric acid (25.77 ± 0.23 mg/100 g), ascorbic acid (21.24 ± 0.02 mg/100 g), carnosol (20.6 ± 0.10 mg/100 g), propylgallate (14.02 ± 0.13 mg/100 g), genistein (8.30 ± 0.24 mg/100 g), rosmarinic (5.89 ± 0.03 mg/100 g) and daidzein (2.71 ± 0.15 mg/100 g). It was conclusively envisaged that the fortified sandwich biscuits exhibited the promising micronutrients composition with special reference to Vitamin A, E, iron and folic acid, additionally, it also holds array of antioxidants thus proved effectual to uplift the nutritional status of target population.

Modification of the serotonergic systems and phenotypes by gestational micronutrients.

Micronutrients consumed in excess or imbalanced amounts during pregnancy may increase the risk of metabolic diseases in offspring, but the mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), a multifunctional indoleamine in the brain and the gut, may have key roles in regulating metabolism. We investigated the effects of gestational micronutrient intakes on the central and peripheral serotonergic systems as modulators of the offspring's metabolic phenotypes. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with 1-fold recommended vitamins (RV), high 10-fold multivitamins (HV), high 10-fold folic acid with recommended choline (HFolRC), or high 10-fold folic acid with no choline (HFolNC). Male and female offspring were weaned to a high-fat RV diet for 12 weeks. We assessed the central function using the 5-HT2C receptor agonist, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP), and found that male offspring from the HV- or HFolRC-fed dams were less responsive (P < 0.05) whereas female HFolRC offspring were more responsive to mCPP (P < 0.01) at 6 weeks post-weaning. Male and female offspring from the HV and HFolNC groups, and male HFolRC offspring had greater food intake (males P < 0.001; females P < 0.001) and weight gain (males P < 0.0001; females P < 0.0001), elevated colon 5-HT (males P < 0.01; females P < 0.001) and fasting glucose concentrations (males P < 0.01; females P < 0.01), as well as body composition toward obesity (males P < 0.01; females P < 0.01) at 12 weeks post-weaning. Colon 5-HT was correlated with fasting glucose concentrations (males R2=0.78, P < 0.0001; females R2=0.71, P < 0.0001). Overall, the serotonergic systems are sensitive to the composition of gestational micronutrients, with alterations consistent with metabolic disturbances in offspring.

Dietary-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles as Bacterial Modulators: Beyond MicroRNAs

There is increasing evidence that food is an important factor that influences the composition of the gut microbiota. Usually, all the attention has been focused on nutrients such as lipids, proteins, vitamins, or polyphenols. However, a pivotal role in these processes has been linked to dietary-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (DELNs). While food macro- and micronutrient composition are largely well established, there is considerable interest in these DELNs and their cargoes. In this sense, traditionally, all the attention was focused on the proteins or miRNAs contained in these vesicles. However, it has been shown that DELNs would also carry other bioactive molecules with a key role in regulating biochemical pathways and/or interactions with the host's gut microbiome affecting intracellular communication. Due to the scarce literature, it is necessary to compile the current knowledge about the antimicrobial capacity of DELNs and its possible molecular mechanisms that will serve as a starting point. For this reason, in this review, we highlight the impact of DENLs on different bacteria species modulating the host gut microbiota or antibacterial properties. It could be concluded that DELNs, isolated from both plant and animal foods, exert gut microbiota modulation. However, the presence of miRNA in the vesicle cargoes is not the only one responsible for this effect. Lipids present in the DELNs membrane or small molecules packed in may also be responsible for apoptosis signaling, inhibition, or growth promoters.

Mineral and Vitamin Composition of Plain and Turmeric Enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa Drink

The study aimed at producing and analyzing the micronutrient composition of plain and turmeric enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa drink. Plain Hibiscus sabdariffa drink (sample A) was produced using dried rosella calyces (125g) and water (1500ml) while turmeric enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa drink (sample B) was produced using dried rosella calyces (125g), water (1500ml) and turmeric (100g). The extracts were allowed to cool at ambient temperature (29oC) for 2 hr in clean bowls. The filtrate was then used for the chemical analysis. The minerals were determined using wet-acid digestion method as described by AOAC and vitamins were determination using spectrophotometric and titration methods respectively. Means and standard deviation were calculated and means were compared using student-T test. Calcium (103.81mg/100g), phosphorus (190.59mg/100g), sodium (21.10mg/100g), iron (13.18mg/100g), zinc (3.35mg/100g) and copper (630µg/100g) were significantly higher in turmeric enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa drink, while phosphorus (105.79mg/100g) was significantly higher in plain Hibiscus sabdariffa drink. Thiamin content (0.16mg/100g) of turmeric enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa was not significantly different from thiamin value (0.15mg/100g) obtained for plain Hibiscus sabdariffa drink. Niacin (0.86mg/100g) and β-carotene (108.85µg100g) were however significantly (p&gt;0.05) higher in turmeric enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa drink. Incorporating turmeric in Hibiscus sabdariffa drink production has been shown to increase the micronutrients composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa drink, particularly key nutrients such as iron, zinc and β-carotene (pro-vitamin A) that are critical for proper body functioning and development.

Human nutritional intelligence underestimated? Exposing sensitivities to food composition in everyday dietary decisions

The social and cultural significance of food is woven into every aspect of our dietary behaviour, and it contributes to our complex interaction with food. To find order within this complexity scientists often look for dietary ‘universals’ - phenomena or basic principles that guide our food choice and meal size, irrespective of wider context. One such idea is that taste characteristics provide a signal for dietary composition (e.g., sweet taste signals carbohydrate). Others have suggested that behaviour is guided by learning and is based on associations that form between the flavour of a food and its post-ingestive effects. Despite a large body of research, evidence supporting both processes is equivocal, leading some to conclude that humans are largely indifferent to food composition. Here, we argue that human abilities to gauge the nutritional composition or value of food have been underestimated, and that they can be exposed by embracing alternative methods, including cross-cultural comparisons, large nutrition surveys, and the use of virtual portion-selection tools. Our group has focused on assessments of food choice and expected satiety, and how comparisons across everyday foods can reveal non-linear relationships with food energy density, and even the potential for sensitivity to micronutrient composition. We suggest that these abilities might reflect a complex form of social learning, in which flavour-nutrient associations are not only formed but communicated and amplified across individuals in the form of a cuisine. Thus, rather than disregarding sociocultural influences as extraneous, we might reimagine their role as central to a process that creates and imbues a ‘collective dietary wisdom.’ In turn, this raises questions about whether rapid dietary, technological, and cultural change disrupts a fundamental process, such that it no longer guarantees a ‘nutritional intelligence’ that confers benefits for health.

Contrasting patterns and drivers of soil micronutrient availability in paddy and maize fields of eastern China

Micronutrient deficiencies, known as ‘hidden hunger’, harm the growth and development of plants and people alike. However, less attention has been paid to soil micronutrients, the main source of micronutrients for plants and humans, than macronutrients (e.g. N and P availability). Understanding the geographic distribution of soil micronutrients across different agricultural fields is critical to support crop production and quality. Here we investigated the micronutrient composition (total and available copper, iron, manganese and zinc) of parallel 114 maize and rice fields in major crop production regions of eastern China. We found that available iron, copper and manganese were significantly higher in paddy soils than in maize soils, and total zinc was significantly higher in maize soils than in paddy soils. There was geospatial variation in the composition of micronutrients across latitudinal gradients and crop types. Soil organic matter and pH drove geographic variation of available micronutrient concentrations and ratio of total to available micronutrient, which were specific to micronutrient and crop type. Available Fe was decoupled with environment and total metal in paddy fields. Our study sheds light on the distribution patterns and environmental drivers of soil micronutrients in eastern China, and provides theoretical guidance for agricultural practice and fertilization management.

Cow colostrum: component composition, biological properties and application practice

Bovine colostrum (ВС) has a high biological value, which allows it to be used for the development of new functional products. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of using BC for the prevention and treatment of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Material and methods. The search for scientific information on the study of the component composition, immunobiological properties and the use of BC in clinical practice was carried out using the databases of the RSCI, CyberLeninka, ScienceDirect, PubMed. Results. The macro- and micronutrient composition of BC is presented, its changes over time from the moment of calving are described. A comparative analysis of the content of various components in milk and colostrum is presented. A detailed list of antimicrobial factors that increase nonspecific resistance and provide immunocorrective, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects is submitted. The possibility of using BC in clinical practice as a part of complex therapy in the treatment of various infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the new coronavirus infe ction SARS-CoV-2, as well as in cardiovascular diseases, allergies, autoimmune and oncological diseases, has been demonstrated. Conclusion. According to the literature, BC has a high safety profile and is applicable to all age groups of the population. Given the wide range of biological activity of BC components, a promising area of scientific research is the development of the products for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, including dietary supplements, based on its ingredients, which have the desired properties for correcting the immune status, preventing non-communicable and infectious diseases, as well as for prevention of occupational diseases among persons working in harmful working conditions.

МАКРО- И МИКРОНУТРИЕНТНЫЙ СОСТАВ СУТОЧНОГО РАЦИОНА ПИТАНИЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ХМАО-ЮГРЫ С РАЗНЫМ УРОВНЕМ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ

The article analyzes the macro- and micronutrient composition of the daily diet of students of KhMAO Yugra with different levels of physical activity. Athletes were found to have a slight caloric deficit against the background of optimal protein intake, excess fat and insufficient carbohydrates, reduced consumption of bioelements and vitamins, with the exception of Fe and vitamin A. In young men who do not engage in sports, a decrease in the energy value of the diet and a deficiency of macro- and micronutrients, expressed to a greater extent, were revealed.

Nutrition Strategies Promoting Healthy Aging: From Improvement of Cardiovascular and Brain Health to Prevention of Age-Associated Diseases.

An increasing number of studies suggest that diet plays an important role in regulating aging processes and modulates the development of the most important age-related diseases. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the relationship between nutrition and critical age-associated diseases. A literature review was conducted to survey recent pre-clinical and clinical findings related to the role of nutritional factors in modulation of fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging and their role in prevention of the genesis of the diseases of aging. Studies show that the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive impairment and dementia can be slowed down or prevented by certain diets with anti-aging action. The protective effects of diets, at least in part, may be mediated by their beneficial macro- (protein, fat, carbohydrate) and micronutrient (vitamins, minerals) composition. Certain diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, may play a significant role in healthy aging by preventing the onset of certain diseases and by improving the aging process itself. This latter can be strengthened by incorporating fasting elements into the diet. As dietary recommendations change with age, this should be taken into consideration as well, when developing a diet tailored to the needs of elderly individuals. Future and ongoing clinical studies on complex anti-aging dietary interventions translating the results of preclinical investigations are expected to lead to novel nutritional guidelines for older adults in the near future.

Carbohydrate Metabolism, Pancreas Functional Activity And Diet In Young Residents Of Two Ethnic Groups In The North

The objective of this study was to analyze the type and balance of the diet, examine the hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in order to identify the etiology of hyperglycemic manifestations in young people of two ethnic groups residing in the territory of Magadan Oblast. Methods — Blood serum carbohydrate parameters were measured using the ion-exchange chromatography, enzymatically enhanced chemiluminescence, and the hexokinase method. Results — We established that the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index did not exceed the reference limits, which implied that the examined young men of two ethnic groups had no insulin resistance. The indigenous subjects demonstrated statistically significantly higher values of glycosylated hemoglobin, closely approaching the upper limit of the reference range. The blood insulin level in examined young men was lowered towards the lower limit of the reference range. Against the background of detected hyperglycemic manifestations in young men of two studied groups in Magadan Oblast, their dietary intake was characterized by insufficiency and imbalance in both micronutrient and macronutrient compositions. It was established that the observed diet contained an excessive amount of mono- and disaccharides in 49% of Caucasians and 72% of natives, which was 52% and 108% higher, respectively, compared with the reference range against the pronounced deficiency of chromium, copper, and vitamin D. Conclusion — The results indicated an unbalanced diet with excessive intake of mono- and disaccharides, along with reduced insulin secretion and increased glycosylated hemoglobin, which was more pronounced in the indigenous group, probably causing hyperglycemic manifestations in the carbohydrate metabolism observed in young residents of Magadan Oblast.

Nutritional aspects of an edible insect, Coridius sp. (Hemiptera: Dinidoridae) of Manipur

The nutritional and antinutritional aspects of Coridius sp. revealed high protein (36.5%), lipids (38.7 %) and fibre (8.7 %) content. The total energy of available carbohydrates, protein, and fat was provided about 494.4 kcal/100 g of energy. Out of the micro-nutrient compositions, iron, potassium and calcium are the most prominent minerals observed in the edible bug which can be used as supplementary food to human diets. IC50 % of 0.363 mg/ml indicates higher than the standard value of ascorbic acid. Low values of antinutritional elements like phenol (25.3 mg/g) and tannin (31.2 mg/g) content showed non-toxic. The insect is found to sell in large quantities in the local market of Manipur. The edible insects provide economic support, nutritive values, food security and environmental management.

A Comparative Study on Proximate and Micronutrient Composition of Various Varieties of Rice Produced in Punjab, Pakistan

&#x0D; &#x0D; The present work aims to assess and compare the nutritional composition of the indigenously produced samples of Basmati Pak, Basmati KS 282, Super Basmati, Organic Brown Rice, 1121 Kainat Sella Rice (parboiled), Super Kernel (parboiled).The proximate analysis of macronutrients and micronutrients (Thiamine, Riboflavin Niacin, Fe, Ca, and Zn) was conducted according to AOAC, 2005 and AOAC, 2008 official methods respectively. The results showed that protein (N×5.7), crude fiber and ash contents were found to be highest in the Organic Brown rice, while the fat content was similar in all rice types. The highest moisture and protein content was found in Super Kernel Rice. Basmati Pak had the lowest percentage of moisture and ash, Super White Basmati had the least amount of protein and crude dietary fiber while the lowest percentage of fat was found in Basmati KS 282. In terms of micro-nutrients, Super Kernel Rice showed to have a higher content of Thiamin, Riboflavin, and Niacin as compared to the rest of the varieties. 1121 Kainat Sella Rice had the highest contents of Ca. Organic Brown Rice was found to have the highest level of Fe and Zn. The significantly lower levels of Thiamin and Riboflavin were found in Basmati Pak and lowest level of Niacin was found in Super Basmati. Similarly Basmati Pak had the lowest level of Ca and Zn while Kainat Sella Rice (parboiled) had the lowest levels of Fe content. The nutritional composition data suggests that some nutrients are present in one variety of rice while others are present in another variety. Basmati Pak variety had least amount of nutrients. The information obtained from this research may be of interest to food manufacturers and consumers for acknowledging the compositional variation in indigenous rice varieties.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;