5.1. As indicated above, UNICEF in Sudan at present is really left with no option but to develop their own monitoring programmes to realistically assess the rewards, and possible problems of child survival strategies. Yet, as stated before, monitoring is the only manner in which the field efficiency and effectiveness of programmes can be assessed. Simple demographic surveys are one of the principal information sources on health statistics in developing countries. These surveys are conveniently organised to collect information on special groups at greatest health risks, such as mothers and children, and to gather valuable explanatory data on the economic and social factors affecting the health of the household members. Household surveys have an important role to play in monitoring and evaluating primary health care, since they sample directly the intended beneficiaries and thus can be used to judge the extent to which programmes are meeting their expected goals. Reporting forms currently in use in PHCP programmes need drastic simplification and revision to make them more relevant to policy and programme priorities. Attempts might also be made at micro-level participatory planning and monitoring with the participation of additional technical personnel. By closely monitoring the progress of projects and their effect on the situation of children and women in the project areas, it is hoped that the most effective and efficient models for integration of interventions for child survival and development will be developed. This paper has drawn attention to some future directions in making the best use of household surveys and health care utilization that can be collected through these surveys to periodically monitor programme implementation with the specific purpose of reducing costs, improving efficiency and accelerating implementation. Simultaneously with the surveys, there is a great need to develop comprehensive case studies to determine whether the programmes are achieving what they claim. Past experience has to be studied very carefully and thoroughly at all stages of the programming process to avoid duplication of activities and wrong decisions. One last comment: it is necessary to give more attention to observational feedback based on the situation of the areas and not to get too scientific. Sporadic trends and changes happening in the right direction are the first signs of behavioral changes, and these need to be vigorously pushed, promoted and disseminated. Otherwise there is no room for social marketing and scaling up.