Mg Of Weight Research Articles

Electrochemistry of a nonaqueous lithium/sulfur cell

The development and the electrochemistry of low-rate laboratory prototype Li/S button cells is described. The cell consists of a lithium anode, a porous catalytic current collector which is loaded with sulfur, and an organic solvent containing lithium polysulfide. The case of the cell was made from stainless steel and sealing was accomplished by the use of a combination of organic elastomer and cement (with no crimp). After 3 weeks storage at 60 °C, the button cells lost only about 1 mg of weight. The lithium polysulfide reacts with the Li anode to form a passivating layer which acts as a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The e.m.f. of the cells changes from 2.38 to 2.15 V depending on the composition of the solutions. Cells exhibit flat discharge curves at low drains. The energy density of the cells is 730 W h/kg or 900 W h/l at room temperature and 950 W h/kg or 1200 W h/l at 60 °C (calculated on the basis of all cell components, excluding the case). Storage and discharge tests at 60 °C show a capacity loss of 2 – 5% per month depending on solution composition. This indicates a shelf life of at least 10 years at room temperature.

Morphological variation in the testes and accessory sex organs of Australian rodents in the genera Pseudomys and Notomys.

The relative size and histology of the testes of sexually active adult Pseudomys and Notomys differed markedly between species. Average weight of testes (as % of body wt) ranged from about 3% in P. australis and P. nanus to about 0.15% in most Notomys. In the testes of most species, interstitial tissue was relatively sparse, but in P. apodemoides, P. delicatulus and P. hermannsburgensis it was abundant and consisted of a mass of lipid-rich epithelioid Leydig cells. Seminiferous tubule diameters were similar in all species, but epididymides ranged from about 500 mg in weight (about 1% body wt) in P. australis to about 20 mg (about 0.05% body wt) in most Notomys. Likewise numbers of spermatozoa in the paired cauda epididymidis ranged from about 500 x 10(6) in P. australis and P. nanus to about 2 x 10(6) in 3 of 4 Notomys species.

Determination of solidus and liquidus temperatures by means of a Perkin-Elmer 1B differential scanning calorimeter

A Perkin-Elmer 1B DSC apparatus was used to test the O'Neill expression for the melting interval of pure compounds on samples of organic compounds 1–10 mg in weight. On the basis of O'Neill's model, an expression for the melting interval of solid solutions,ΔT, has been derived. The difference betweenΔT andT 1 − T s (T 1 andT s = =liquidus and solidus temperatures) is discussed. A simple procedure for the determination of solidus and liquidus temperatures from DSC data is proposed.

Preparation of isotopically enriched sputter targets for the production of tandem accelerated beams of 48Ca and 14C

Abstract Due to its low consumption of target material a cesium beam hiconex type sputter ion source is well suited for the production of tandem accelerated beams of rare isotopes using isotopically enriched sputter targets. The present paper describes the preparation of 48 Ca and 14 C sputter targets. In the case of 48 Ca, the sputter target consists of a nearly hemispherical stalactite, 20–50 mg in weight, which is prepared by a reduction distillation technique. The overall collection efficiency of this technique is (94 ± 1)%. With 20 mg of 69% enriched material, an analysed 48 Ca beam of ∼250 nA can be supplied for 23 h. The 14 C sputter target is a Fe 3 14 C pellet, which is produced by electron beam melting of adequate quantities of natural iron powder and amorphous,elemental 14 C. The choice of Fe 3 14 C as a target material has been made for reasons of radiation protection. A Fe 3 14 C sputter target containing 0.6 mCi 14 C supplied a 5 nA 14 C beam for a period of more than 100 h. A higher enriched target with 80 mCi 14 C produced an analysed 14 C beam of 250 nA for a period of 350 h.

The extraction, quantification, and nature of hair lipid

Synopsis A sensitive method is described for the spectrophotometric assay of hair lipid extracted from hair samples less than 10 mg in weight, i.e. for amounts of lipid down to about 5 mug. The solvent-free lipid extract is charred by heating in conc. sulphuric acid and the light absorbance of the acid is subsequently measured, after dilution, at 375 nm. Diethyl ether extracted only about one-third of the total hair lipid after 10 min at room temperature but this probably constitutes most of the surface hair lipid. Water-saturated ether heated under reflux extracted about two-thirds of the total lipid from hair which had been previously equilibrated in an atmosphere of 100% relative humidity. Saponified internal hair lipid was extracted after dissolution of the hair in aq. 2 M potassium hydroxide. Examination of the hair lipid extracts by thin layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography suggested that most of the internal lipid was of sebaceous origin.

Use of a55Fe radioisotope for the determination of titanium in laterite samples via energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence

A rapid method for the determination of titanium in geochemical samples using a55Fe radioisotope as the extraction source coupled to a Si(Li) detector and a PDP-11.05 computer is described. The relative standard deviation for a thin sample about 100 mg in weight is less than 4% and it is achieved in a fluorescent time of 100 sec. Data are given for the use of two different internal standards, KBrO3 and K2Cr2O7, the latter being more precise. The values for five international reference standards are in agreement for this method with the reported values. Finally, besides being rapid, no hydrofluoric acid dissolution of fusion is necessary as in atomic absorption and classical methods.

The Col-Gully and Glacial Deposits at Court Hill, Clevedon, Near Bristol, England

AbstractAn outline is given of the Quaternary geology and geomorphology of Court Hill Col in Failand Ridge near Clevedon, Avon County, from observations made during the construction of the M5 Motorway.A glacial col-gully about 100 m wide and approximately 25 m deep is described. The col-gully, eroded through the Carboniferous Limestone, opens and deepens northward. Associated with the Col and the col-gully is a complex sequence of Quaternary deposits. Uppermost in the sequence is a layer of red sandy silt (cover sand) approximately 0.5 m thick, of periglacial origin, probably of Devensian (Weichselian) age. Largely confined to the col-gully are unstratified tills, stratified ice-contact deposits and glacio-lacustrine deltaic deposits. The glaciogenic deposits are up to 25 m thick. Boulders of about 8 Mg in weight have been observed.The geomorphology of the col-gully, and the stratification and composition of the glaciogenic deposits, demonstrate that an ice sheet at least 85 m thick had impinged against the south flank of Failand Ridge and was discharging immense quantities of water and sediment down an ice-contact slope through the Col into a small ice-marginal lake north of the col-gully. The ice sheet is regarded as being Wolstonian, or Anglian, in age.The precise origins of the col-gully and the interpretation of the glacial sequence are not yet completely clear. However, it is believed that the balance of evidence indicates that both the col-gully itself and the glaciogenic deposits represent a complex sub-, en- and pro-glacial sequence associated with the downwasting and division of an ice mass into two parts by the "emergence" of Failand Ridge. The possible extent and geomorphological implications of ice-sheet penetration into the Bristol area are briefly discussed.

Analysis of freezing temperature distribution in plants

Summary The nature of ice nucleation in plant materials was investigated through analysis of freezing temperature distributions effected by differences in leaf size and maturity. The effect of changing leaf size (or length) on freezing temperature distributions could not be observed within a certain range of size, e.g., in Pinus needles varying in length from 10 to 50 mm and Ilex leaves 3–5 to 50–60 mg in weight. In Pinus needles, however, as needle length exceeded 75 mm, freezing temperature distributions were markedly widened. These changes in longer needles appear to be dependent on the following factors: (1) a larger number of ice nucleators due to increasing needle length; (2) anatomical or histological heterogeneity of vascular systems in different areas of longer needles. Changes in freezing temperature distributions which accompany leaf maturation were markedly observed in Buxus, Ilex , and Cedrus leaves and Cedrus twigs. In these plants, mature materials appeared to have more effective or higher concentrations of ice nucleators than did the immature ones.

Lead aggravates viral disease and represses the antiviral activity of interferon inducers.

Lead acetate was administered continuously in the drinking water to CD-1 male mice beginning at 4 weeks of age. An LD(10-20) of the lytic viruses or 300 plaque-forming units of RLV was inoculated intrapertioneally at 6 weeks of age. Lead increased the response of the mice to all classes of viruses against which it was tested: an RNA picornavirus-encephalomyocarditis (EMCV), a DNA herpesvirus-pseudoribies, an RNA leukemia-virus-Rauscher leukemia (RLV), an RNA arbovirus B-St. Louis encephalitis, and an RNA arbovirus A-western encephalitis. Most studies were performed between lead and EMCV. Increases in EMCV mortality in lead treated mice over controls ranged from 2x at a lead level of 0.004M to 7x (100% mortality) at a 0.1M lead level. Splenomegaly with spleens 800 to 1100 mg in weight containing high titers of RLV occurred in lead (0.03M)-treated mice 3 and 6 weeks after RLV inoculation; spleens or RLV controls were normal in weight (200 mg) and were free of virus. Lead did not reduce the protective effect of mouse interferon (IF) against the lethal action of EMCV, but it did repress the EMCV antiviral effect of poly I/poly C (PIC) and of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) against EMCV mortality. These data indicate several new facts concerning adverse effects lead may have on an animal: (1) lead aggravates viral disease, most likely in part, through reduced IF synthesis; (2) lead represses the anti-EMCV protective effects of both PIC and of NDV, which, in other reports, were shown to induce IF in radioresistant macrophages (PIC) or in radiosensitive lymphocytes (NDV); (3) lead may then be said to repress IF induction in two kinds of cells; (4) however, lead does not inhibit IF action.

Lead Aggravates Viral Disease and Represses the Antiviral Activity of Interferon Inducers

Lead acetate was administered continuously in the drinking water to CD–1 male mice beginning at 4 weeks of age. An LD10–20 of the lytic viruses or 300 plaque-forming units of RLV was inoculated intrapertioneally at 6 weeks of age. Lead increased the response of the mice to all classes of viruses against which it was tested: an RNA picornavirus-encephalomyocarditis (EMCV), a DNA herpesvirus-pseudoribies, an RNA leukemia-virus-Rauscher leukemia (RLV), an RNA arbovirus B-St. Louis encephalitis, and an RNA arbovirus A-western encephalitis. Most studies were performed between lead and EMCV. Increases in EMCV mortality in lead treated mice over controls ranged from 2× at a lead level of 0.004M to 7× (100% mortality) at a 0.1M lead level. Splenomegaly with spleens 800 to 1100 mg in weight containing high titers of RLV occurred in lead (0.03M)-treated mice 3 and 6 weeks after RLV inoculation; spleens or RLV controls were normal in weight (200 mg) and were free of virus. Lead did not reduce the protective effect of mouse interferon (IF) against the lethal action of EMCV, but it did repress the EMCV antiviral effect of poly I/poly C (PIC) and of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) against EMCV mortality. These data indicate several new facts concerning adverse effects lead may have on an animal: (1) lead aggravates viral disease, most likely in part, through reduced IF synthesis; (2) lead represses the anti-EMCV protective effects of both PIC and of NDV, which, in other reports, were shown to induce IF in radioresistant macrophages (PIC) or in radiosensitive lymphocytes (NDV); (3) lead may then be said to repress IF induction in two kinds of cells; (4) however, lead does not inhibit IF action.

Observations on the Cestode Eubothrium salvelini in Juvenile Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) at Babine Lake, British Columbia

Infection incidence among 15 brood years of smolts in the period 1952–71 was estimated from smolt and underyearling samples, and among late run fish from the main part of Babine Lake ranged from 6 to 45% (average 26%). In early run fish from the North Arm–Nilkitkwa area it ranged from 5 to 46% (average 22%) in 10 years during 1958–71.Infection intensity changed substantially during 1967; but about one fish in eight, or 200,000 individuals in the early run, carried parasite loads [Formula: see text] of fish weight. Mature E. salvelini (Schrank 1790) averaged 32 mg in weight and 34 mm in length during a period of high incidence and intensity of infection in 1967.Although no proof was found of direct mortality caused by E. salvelini, indirect effects such as inferior growth, poor swimming performance, or aberrant behavior due to large cestode loads may increase host susceptibility to death from other causes.Changes in relative abundance of the zooplankton intermediate host, and midsummer shifts in feeding preferences of young sockeye likely account for increasing infection incidence in June and July, and stable incidence thereafter.

Octopus evenomation through a plastic bag via a salivary proboscis.

Abstract A method of extracting saliva through a plastic bag is described for Octopus apollyon Berry. The presence of a salivary proboscis is noted. The saliva from 15 specimens of octopus (51 g average weight) was discharged an average of 12 cm. The saliva from 14 octopuses (41 g average weight) averaged 8·43 mg in weight. More than 6 mg of collected saliva must be injected into an 8 g Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall to be lethal. It cannot be absorbed through the gills or leg wound sealed after autotomy. It is apparently not absorbed through mammalian conjunctiva. The site of attack by an octopus on a crab can be visualized by forcing Bengal Rose solution into the anterior visceral area of the crab.

The energy requirements of metamorphosis of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.)

Energy budgets calculated for the period of metamorphosis of 16 female Galleria mellonella showed a range in deviation from the balanced condition of−23% to + 22%. The oxygen consumption of Galleria, measured as one component of the energy budget, was 2.9 μl O2/mg per hour for final-instar larvae of 249–275 mg in weight [Formula: see text] and 2.1 μl O2/mg per hour for adults of 67–136 mg in weight [Formula: see text]. The calorific content increased from 6446 cal/g dry weight in the final-instar larva to 6711 cal/g dry weight in the adult. The "rejecta" of metamorphosis, including cocoon (combined with larval faeces, shed adult scales, and adult excreta), pupal case, and larval remnants (shed larval skin), had comparatively low calorific values (4462, 4847, and 4933 cal/dry g, respectively), and constituted only 12% of the total energy accounted for during metamorphosis.

Dosage mortality data on the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of Spodoptera exigua, Trichoplusia ni, and Prodenia ornithogalli

Abstract Dosage mortality data were obtained using a simple reproducible bioassay technique. Early third-instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua and Trichoplusia ni , averaging 20 mg in weight, and Prodenia ornithogalli , averaging 50 mg in weight, were used throughout this study. The calculated LD 50 values, in terms of polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per larva, for S. exigua and T. ni were 968 and 24 PIB/larva, respectively, and for the P. ornithogalli viruses, BIOTROL ® VPO, VPO-UCR, VPO-SJV, and VPO-VPP, were 4648, 1876, 2108, and 1540 PIB/larva, respectively.

The Growth of α-Mn Crystals

Fairly large crystals of α-Mn, 300∼400 mg in weight, have been obtained by a vapour transport method. It was found, however, that the crystals did not grow directly from the vapour phase, but grew by an indirect process in which deposited β-phase transforms to α-phase crystals when subsequently cooled. The oxygen content is much reduced in the deposited metal, but is increased by chemical polishing with HNO 3 .

TO STUDY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GLYCOSYLATED HAIR PROTEIN AND HBA1C FOR ASSESSMENT OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II

BACKGROUND: Hair is a dead tissue and is composed of keratin and related proteins. Hair is a protein offew growing cells at the base of the hair root. If the patient is diabetic glycosylation occurs in these growingcells.Since the extent of glycation of hair protein varies with the distance from the hair root, we hypothesizedthat glycation of hair protein might provide insight into blood glucose level over a period of several mouthsto one year.So hemoglobin Ale (HbAIc) may be established as an indicator of long-term blood glucosecontrol in diabetic patients. It is formed by non-enzymatic reaction of glucose with Hb.The objective of thisstudy was to estimate the furosine(an intermediate in the breaking down of amadori compounds likeglycosylated proteins) level by HPLC of glycosylated hair proteins, to find interrelation of fasting glucosewith HbAIc and furosine in diabetic patients, to determine the efficacy of Glycosylation of HbA,c andfurosinemay be a reliable marker in diabetic patients.STUDY DESIGN: This study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry Basic Medical SciencesInstitute (BMSI) Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi.METHODS: A total of 200 subjects were included in the study. 100 diagnosed type II and 100 controlnormal subjects. Hair from the scalp 12 cm long and 50 mg in weight was collected from each subject tomeasure furosine level. Furosine level was determined by HPLC and HbAIc, FBSand serumprotein byenzymatic kit method.RESULTS: When the mean values were compared with that of control it depicted significantly high level(0.001) of furosine, HbAIc and FBS.CONCLUSION: The furosine, HbAIc and FBS levels increases in diabetic patients while total serumprotein were unaffected. Weight and BMI increases in diabetic but height was unaffected.KEYWORDS: Diabetes mellitus type II, furosine, HbAIc, fasting blood sugar, glycation ofhair protein

Dosage-mortality data on a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of the bollworm, Heliothis zea

The need for a reliable method of estimating the virulence (potency) of a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of the bollworm, Heliothis zea, is discussed. Dosage-mortality data is obtained from a simple reproducible bioassay technique. Early third-instar larvae, averaging 20 mg in weight, were used throughout this study; the larvae were held at 28° ± 2°C throughout the testing period. The calculated ld50 values in terms of polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per larva for three different Heliothis viruses (Biotrol®, Sudan, and Ivory Coast) were 269, 344, and 459, respectively. Laboratory data show that Biotrol® Heliothis zea nuclear-polyhedrosis virus is more virulent than the other two viruses when tested on the larvae of Heliothis zea.

Studies on Schistocephalus solidus. I. The correlation of development in the plerocercoid with infectivity to the definitive host

Histological examination of plerocercoids showed traces of segmentally arranged genital primordia preceded external signs of segmentation. The various genital organs become apparent in plerocercoids between 3–19 mg in weight. Plerocercoids weighing as little as 6 mg are capable of becoming established in ducklings under 4 weeks old. Establishment was 3% in plerocercoids below 10 mg, 40% in worms from 10–30 mg, and 80% in worms > 30 mg. A lower percentage at all sizes became established in pigeons. In ducklings (rectal temperature 42 °C) egg production commenced within 48 hrs in worms down to 10 mg in weight; below 10 mg maturation was incomplete in 48 hrs. Similar development was found in pigeons, but in mice (rectal temperature 36.5 °C) development was slower, eggs were found only in worms ⩾ 23 mg. Schistocephalus loses weight in a duckling, about 10% in the first 48 hrs and 20% in 96 hrs. The interrelationship of infectivity, size of plerocercoid and development of the genitalia is discussed.

Sensitive Automatic Torque Balance for Thin Magnetic Films

An automatic torque balance has been constructed for use in studying the magnetic properties of thin ferro-magnetic films. The automatic servo force balancing technique using a photoelectric pickoff has been applied to a fused-silica torsion fiber suspension. A sample up to 600 mg in weight can be handled. The data are automatically recorded by an X-Y plotter. Sensitivity of 10−6 dyn-cm and a response time of a fraction of a second have been obtained, providing a significant improvement over similar instruments previously used. An appropriate set of coils provides the magnetic field H. Since the torque on a sample is given by M×H=L, measurement of torque affords a means of studying the behavior of the magnetization M. Provision is made for observing torque either parallel or perpendicular to the film surface. The sensitivity available will permit the study of 1-cm-diam films as thin as one-half an atomic layer under ideal conditions. Examples are given of the measurement of the saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, anisotropy constant, and coercive field on a 35-Å film, showing the quality of the data. The anisotropy field and the squareness are calculated from the above quantities. Observations of rotational hysteresis loss are also discussed.

Studies of fluid inclusions; Part 1, Low temperature application of a dual-purpose freezing and heating stage

The design and operation of a microscope freezing stage developed for use at magnifications up to 500x are described. It makes possible studies of low-temperature phase changes such as the freezing of a saline water phase, and hence an estimate of the total salt concentration, in fluid inclusions as small as 10 mu (10 (super -6) mg in weight). The crystal or polished mineral plate containing the inclusions is viewed while immersed in a thermostated heat exchange medium (acetone) circulating rapidly in order to minimize thermal gradients. The stage permits easy operation at temperatures down to -35 degrees C., with electrical control to + or -0.05 degrees C., and to much lower temperatures with manual control. With substitution of silicone oil for acetone, the same stage can be used for heating experiments up to + 250 degrees C. Calibration points in the low range indicate the accuracy of freezing temperature determinations on optimum material to be better than + or -0.1 degrees C. The low relief of ice crystals in water solution places considerable importance on sample selection, preparation, and lighting. As a result of almost ubiquitous and drastic supercooling (metastability), -35 degrees C. is inadequate to freeze most inclusions. Holding at -78.5 degrees C. (acetone + solid CO 2 ) for 30 minutes is generally adequate, although a few samples require extended immersion in liquid N at -196 degrees C. to cause freezing of even a part of their inclusions. Such extensive supercooling is not possible with most surface waters owing to the presence of abundant extraneous solid nuclei for the crystallization of ice. It is believed that the exceedingly slow flow rates for most deep-seated waters trapped in inclusions permitted settling of any such nuclei. Most inclusions are nearly opaque when solidly frozen; with gradual warming they become translucent rather suddenly when the amount of liquid formed is adequate to fill in between the minute solid grains of ice and salts. This is called the first melting temperature and, although inexact, does provide some useful information as to the gross composition of these multicomponent systems. More significance can be attached to the freezing temperature, defined as that temperature at which the last crystal, usually ice, melts in the inclusion, under reversible equilibrium conditions. Reversibility is verified by causing renewed growth of the last small crystal with a slight drop in temperature. As a result of supercooling, this test can be used at any temperature up to, but not including, the actual equilibrium freezing temperature. As long as the last crystal phase to melt is ice, the depression of the freezing temperature provides an approximate measure of the amount of salts present in solution. The combination of chemical analytical data on leachates, giving the ratios of the various salts present in inclusions, with freezing data, giving the concentration of salts, makes possible much more complete characterization of the included fluids than would be possible from either type of data alone.