Mg Of Gallic Acid Equivalents Research Articles

Impact of Room-Temperature Storage on the Pecan Kernel Color, Carotenoids, Polyphenols, and Physicochemical Properties

This study aimed to investigate the changes in the pecan kernel color, carotenoids, polyphenols, and physicochemical properties during five months of storage at room temperature for five different pecan varieties. The results showed that the pecan kernel color darkened with a shift toward more red and less yellow during the storage. Additionally, the dorsal side of the kernel had a lighter color than the ventral side. Total carotenoids deceased from 92.0–118.8 to 45.2–101.9 μg/100 g of whole kernel, while total polyphenols had no significant differences (18.1–27.0 mg of GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g of whole kernel) commonly. Three phenolics (gallic acid, catechin, and ellagic acid) were of 6.7–9.6, 31.4–46.7, and 11.7–16.2 mg/100 g of whole kernel and increased during storage. The pecan kernel moisture loss was significant, while the total lipids remained unchanged. Five texture parameters (hardness, toughness, slope, fracturability, and break) showed irregular changes. Genotypic variation was observed in all five varieties, although the storage was the main factor affecting the compositions.

Optimization of the Extraction Methodology of Grape Pomace Polyphenols for Food Applications.

This study aims to take advantage of the wine industry by-products and extract bioactive compounds from grape pomace by applying methodologies susceptible to be integrated easily into industrial workflows because of the association with standard instrumentation and facilities, while the main factors affecting the efficiency of the process have been optimized. The sampling consisted of two grape varieties: 'Touriga Nacional' and 'Sousão'. A response surface methodology (RSM) method was used to optimize the extraction conditions based on three independent variables according to the chemical characteristics and stability/lability traits associated with polyphenols; the main bioactive phytochemical in grape pomace: solvent (50%, 70%, and 90% ethanol); temperature (20 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C); and pH (0.5% HCl, 2% HCl, and 3.5% HCl). The phytochemical profile, as well as the radical scavenging and reducing powers were determined on 27 different samples. The highest yield and antioxidant activity corresponded to extracts obtained at 60 °C using 3.5% HCl and 70% ethanol. The values for total phenols and flavonoids were 44.93 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) and 22.95 mg of catechins equivalents (CE) per gram, respectively. Concerning the evaluation of antioxidant capacity using various assays such as ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, the results obtained were 0.30, 0.43, and 0.36 mmol of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) per gram, correspondingly. The analysis of the extract obtained with the best extraction performance using these parameters via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry has been also performed, allowing us to identify fourteen (14) compounds, including phenolic acids (n = 3), flavonols (n = 7), and anthocyanins (n = 4). As a result of this process, the best conditions for the production of a natural and environmentally friendly dye, not only avoiding waste but also reusing these by-products, were achieved.

Chemical Characterization and Several Bioactivities of Cladanthus mixtus from Morocco

The purpose of this work was to investigate, for the first time to our knowledge, the chemical composition and bioactivity of methanolic extracts (roots, stems, leaves, and flowers) from Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall. that grows wild in northern Morocco (the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region). The phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by spectrophotometer methods, and the composition of derivatized methanolic extracts from C. mixtus using N-O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was carried out by applying the 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) tests. The micro-dilution technique was chosen to investigate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts against two bacterial strains and three fungal species. The results showed that the values of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be higher in flower extracts (30.55 ± 0.85 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dried weight (DW) and 26.00 ±1.34 mg of quercetin equivalents (QE)/g DW, respectively). Other groups of chemical compounds were revealed by GC-MS, such as carbohydrates (27.25-64.87%), fatty acids (1.58-9.08%), organic acids (11.81-18.82%), and amino acids (1.26-7.10%). Root and flower methanolic extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity using ABTS (39.49 mg of Trolox equivalents (TE)/g DW) and DPPH (36.23 mg TE/g DW), respectively. A positive correlation between antioxidant activity and polyphenol and flavonoid amounts was found. Antibacterial tests showed that the best activity was presented by the leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) = 20 mg/mL) and Escherichia coli (MIC of 30 mg/mL and MBC of 35 mg/mL). S. aureus was more sensitive to the extracts compared to E. coli. All extracts showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, with the best efficacy reported by the flower and leaf extracts (MIC = 1.25 mg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) = 2.5 mg/mL). In general, extracts of C. mixtus appeared less effective against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus.

Ethanol Extract of Passiflora cincinnata Seeds Posses Antidiabetic, Antiglycant, and Antioxidant Activities in vitro

This work aimed to investigate the antidiabetic, antiglycation, and antioxidant potentials of the ethanol extract of seeds of Passiflora cincinnata (EPCIN) in vitro. The EPCIN was evaluated from the following assays: total phenolic content (TPC – mg of Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g of dry extract), Radical Scavenging Assays (DPPH•, HOCl-scavenging assay), and protective effects against glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with methylglyoxal (MGO) or a mixture of reducing sugars, fructose and glucose, as well as the potential for MGO capture by derivatization with ortho-phenylenediamine (OPD). To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of EPCIN in vitro, we used the assays of enzymes α-amylase (4 U/mL), α-glucosidase (0.25 U/mL), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4 – 3.125 mU). The cell viability of EPCIN-pretreated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) alone or in the presence of the carcinogen 4-[(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine]-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNKOAc) was measured using MTS assay. Quercetin (QCT), piceatannol (PIC), acarbose (ACB), and sitagliptin (STG) were used for comparison purposes. EPCIN had an average of TPC 157.0 ± 1.5 mg of GAE/g of dry extract, exhibited IC50 for DPPH• and HOCl of 11.9 ± 1.8 μg/mL and 6.9 ± 0.9 μg/mL, respectively. EPCIN and AMG inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) with IC50 of 574 ± 8.7 and 31.9 ± 2.7 μg/mL for the initial stage and 542.6 ± 2.7 and 52.8 ± 8.1 μg/mL for the intermediate stage of glycation, respectively. EPCIN showed IC50 for α-amylase and α-glucosidase of 218.2 ± 15.9 μg/mL (p<0,05) and 242.0 ± 25 μg/mL (p<0,05), respectively. EPCIN did not show cytotoxicity for BEAS-2B cells at 10 and 50 μg/mL concentrations. In addition, it was also able to protect cultured human cells from oxidative stress caused by the NNKOAc at 100 μM. The in vitro evidence of the potential antioxidant, antiglycant, and antidiabetic effects warrants further investigation of the antidiabetic potential of Passiflora cincinnata seeds.

Ethanol Extract of Passiflora cincinnata Seeds Posses Antidiabetic, Antiglycant, and Antioxidant Activities in vitro

This work aimed to investigate the antidiabetic, antiglycation, and antioxidant potentials of the ethanol extract of seeds of Passiflora cincinnata (EPCIN) in vitro. The EPCIN was evaluated from the following assays: total phenolic content (TPC – mg of Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g of dry extract), Radical Scavenging Assays (DPPH•, HOCl-scavenging assay), and protective effects against glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with methylglyoxal (MGO) or a mixture of reducing sugars, fructose and glucose, as well as the potential for MGO capture by derivatization with ortho-phenylenediamine (OPD). To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of EPCIN in vitro, we used the assays of enzymes α-amylase (4 U/mL), α-glucosidase (0.25 U/mL), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4 – 3.125 mU). The cell viability of EPCIN-pretreated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) alone or in the presence of the carcinogen 4-[(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine]-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNKOAc) was measured using MTS assay. Quercetin (QCT), piceatannol (PIC), acarbose (ACB), and sitagliptin (STG) were used for comparison purposes. EPCIN had an average of TPC 157.0 ± 1.5 mg of GAE/g of dry extract, exhibited IC50 for DPPH• and HOCl of 11.9 ± 1.8 μg/mL and 6.9 ± 0.9 μg/mL, respectively. EPCIN and AMG inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) with IC50 of 574 ± 8.7 and 31.9 ± 2.7 μg/mL for the initial stage and 542.6 ± 2.7 and 52.8 ± 8.1 μg/mL for the intermediate stage of glycation, respectively. EPCIN showed IC50 for α-amylase and α-glucosidase of 218.2 ± 15.9 μg/mL (p<0,05) and 242.0 ± 25 μg/mL (p<0,05), respectively. EPCIN did not show cytotoxicity for BEAS-2B cells at 10 and 50 μg/mL concentrations. In addition, it was also able to protect cultured human cells from oxidative stress caused by the NNKOAc at100 μM. The in vitro evidence of the potential antioxidant, antiglycant, and antidiabetic effects warrants further investigation of the antidiabetic potential of Passiflora cincinnata seeds.

Antioxidant Properties, Bioactive Compounds Contents, and Chemical Characterization of Two Wild Edible Mushroom Species from Morocco: Paralepista flaccida (Sowerby) Vizzini and Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke.

Mushrooms have been consumed for centuries and have recently gained more popularity as an important source of nutritional and pharmaceutical compounds. As part of the valorization of mushroom species in northern Morocco, the current study aimed to investigate the chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of two wild edible mushrooms, Paralepista flaccida and Lepista nuda. Herein, the bioactive compounds were determined using spectrophotometer methods, and results showed that the value of total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be higher in P. flaccida (32.86 ± 0.52 mg) than in L. nuda (25.52 ± 0.56 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAEs)/mg of dry methanolic extract (dme)). On the other hand, the value of total flavonoid content (TFC) was greater in L. nuda than in P. flaccida, with values of 19.02 ± 0.80 and 10.34 ± 0.60 mg of (+)-catechin equivalents (CEs)/g dme, respectively. Moreover, the ascorbic acid, tannin, and carotenoids content was moderate, with a non-significant difference between the two samples. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis allowed the identification and quantification of thirteen individual phenolic compounds in both P. flaccida and L. nuda, whereas p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was recognized as the major compound detected, with values of 138.50 ± 1.58 and 587.90 ± 4.89 µg/g of dry weight (dw), respectively. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of methanolic extracts of P. flaccida and L. nuda revealed the presence of sixty-one and sixty-six biomolecules, respectively. These biomolecules can mainly be divided into four main groups, namely sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and organic acids. Moreover, glycerol (12.42%) and mannitol (10.39%) were observed to be the main chemical compositions of P. flaccida, while L. nuda was predominated by linolelaidic acid (21.13%) and leucine (9.05%). L. nuda showed a strong antioxidant property, evaluated by DPPH (half maximal effective concentration (EC50) 1.18-0.98 mg/mL); β-carotene bleaching (EC50 0.22-0.39 mg/mL); and reducing power methods (EC50 0.63-0.48 mg/mL), respectively. These findings suggested that both mushrooms are potential sources of various biomolecules, many of which possess important biological activities which are interesting for the foods and pharmaceuticals industry.

Successive Solvent Extraction, Characterization and Antioxidant Activities of Cardoon Waste (Leaves and Stems) Extracts: Comparative Study.

The main interest in the valorization of vegetable wastes is due to the peculiarity of their chemical composition in substances that present important properties. Among these substances, antioxidants could replace those industrially manufactured. In the present study, three solvents of different polarities (hexane, ethanol, and water) were applied for the extraction of phenolic compounds from Cynara cardunculus L. waste using two extraction methods: Soxhlet Extraction (SE) and Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE). The obtained extracts were then characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and spectrophotometric determination of Total Phenolics (TPC), Total Flavonoids (TFC), and Condensed Tannins (CT). Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of ethanol and water extracts of leaves and stems were also evaluated. High extraction yields were obtained by UAE. Water extracts had high yield regardless of the technique used for leaves and stems, and these extracts showed high TAC of 534.72 ± 3.83 mg AAE/g FM for leaves and 215.70 ± 8.87 mg AAE/g FM (mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per g of FM) for stems, and IC50 of 2077.491 μg/mL for leaves and 1248.185 μg/mL for stems. We explain the latter by the high total phenolic contents (TPCs), which reach 579.375 ± 3.662 mg GAE/g FM (mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of fresh matter) for leaves and 264.906 ± 3.500 mg GAE/g FM for stems. These results confirmed that the leaves and stems of the studied cardoon waste were, indeed, interesting sources of natural antioxidants.

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Eucalyptus Bark—A First Step for a Green Production of Tannin-Based Coagulants

Tannins are natural polyphenolic compounds widely found in plants. The production of natural coagulants for water treatment is one of their new applications. Polyphenols extraction is the first step for synthesizing tannin-based coagulants. Eucalyptus globulus bark (EGB), an abundant by-product of the pulp and paper industry, usually applied as fuel for energy production, was used in this work as a tannin source. The extraction of polyphenols from EGB was studied using water as a solvent. Extraction assays employing different extraction techniques were conducted. Microwave-assisted extraction showed superior performance and was further optimized. The influence of irradiation time, water-to-bark ratio, and temperature were evaluated using Response Surface Methodology. The extraction yield and the total phenolic content of the extract were modeled as function of the extraction conditions. The overall best conditions that maximize both responses were obtained through multi-response optimization. Optimized values (15% of extraction yield and a phenolic content of 354 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of extract) were predicted for an extraction time of 15 s, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 48.5 mL/g, and 141 °C. The extract generated under these conditions presented a condensed tannin content of 645 mg/g, expressed in terms of catechin equivalents. EGB presented good tannin-extractable contents to produce natural coagulants.

ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms ROOT

Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms root extracts were obtained and separated using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with the preset optimal parameters, such as solvent/solid (SS) ratio (50/1, mL g–1), ethanol concentration (40%, v/v), temperature (45 °C), and extraction time (20 min). The best values of the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) of the extracts under these extraction conditions were 2.13 ± 0.02 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of dry sample weight (DW) for TPC and 78.13 ± 0.25% for AC. In addition, the structure of the plant material was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM): it was revealed that the structure of the residues changed completely as a result of the ultrasound treatment compared to the initial material.

Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Bael (<i>Aegle marmelos</i>) and Development of Functional Food Products

Aegle marmelos, widely known as bael, belongs to the Rutaceae family. It is one of the most inexpensive and appealing fruits, considered to be an essential source of natural antioxidants and bioactive components. The major purpose of the research study was to investigate the nutritional composition and bioactive constituents of bael pulp, as well as to develop new value-added products that maintain the maximum quantity of nutrients. The developed food products were subjected to evaluate sensory attributes according to a nine-point hedonic scale. It was found that the moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber, and total ash content of bael fruit pulp were 61.20%, 2.48%, 0.47%, 3.04%, and 1.29%, respectively. When compared to the catechin standard, the antioxidant activity of such extract indicated good antioxidant capacity, with an IC50 value of 75.68 μg/ml for methanol extract. Vitamin C content was about 10.21 mg/100g. Besides, total flavonoid and phenolic contents were found as 140 mg of Quercetin Equivalent (QE)/g and 106.65 mg of Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g, respectively. Results of sensory attributes revealed that there was a significant difference (P ba and bael bar. The overall acceptability of bael murabba (6.7) and bael bar (7.1) is acceptable in quality, but their specific characteristics were found slightly different by the test panelists. These products might be applicable for the treatment of several diseases like atherosclerosis, diabetes, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer, tumor, and osteoporosis.

Chemical Profile and Biological Potential of Hornodermoporus martius (Agaricomycetes) from Paraguay.

To further knowledge of the biological activity of native neotropical fungal species, this study aimed to determine the chemical composition and microbiological activity of Hornodermoporus martius. Ethanol, hexane, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate fractions and the water residue were analyzed and resulted in a total phenolic compound content between 13 and 63 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of crude extract. The total antioxidants ranged between 3 and 19 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of crude extract, and the percentage of antioxidant activity was determined to be between 6 and 25%. A preliminary profile of compounds is provided for the first time for the species; the results from the nonpolar fraction showcased the presence of saturated and unsaturated acids, fatty alcohol, sterols, and cis-vaccenic acid. Our findings also revealed antimicrobial properties from compounds within the hexane and diethyl ether fractions at concentrations of 1 mg mL-1, which inhibited the growth of certain gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. For the first time in academic literature, our work analyzed and documented the chemical characteristics and microbial properties of H. martius, suggesting potential for medicinal applications.

The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Mexican Firecracker (Hamelia patens Jacq.): Evaluation of Bioactivities and Identification of Phytochemicals by HPLC-ESI-MS.

The objective of the present work was to optimize the extraction of phytochemicals from Hamelia patens Jacq. by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to evaluate the factors solid/liquid ratio (1:8, 1:12, and 1:16), extraction time (10, 20, and 30 min), and ethanol concentration (0, 35, and 70%). Total polyphenols were the response variable. Chromatographic fractionation using Amberlite XAD-16 was carried out and the total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified. The redox potential, the reduction of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and the lipid oxidation inhibition were determined. Anti-bacterial activity was evaluated. The phytochemicals were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Optimal extraction conditions were a solid/liquid ratio of 1:16, ethanol of 35%, and 10 min of ultrasound-assisted extraction. Maximum polyphenol content in the crude extract was 1689.976 ± 86.430 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g of dried plant material. The purified fraction showed a total polyphenols content of 3552.84 ± 7.25 mg of GAE, flavonoids 1316.17 ± 0.27 mg of catechin equivalents, and condensed tannins 1694.87 ± 22.21 mg of procyanidin B1 equivalents, all per 100 g of purified fraction. Its redox potential was 553.93 ± 1.22 mV, reducing 63.08 ± 0.42% of DPPH radical and inhibiting 77.78 ± 2.78% of lipid oxidation. The polyphenols demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterococcus faecalis. The HPLC-ESI-MS analysis revealed the presence of coumarins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids.

Phytochemical Profiling, Biological Activities and In Silico Virtual Screening of Bioactive Compounds of Trichodesma Indicum (L) R. Br. Extracts

AbstractThe current study was designed to evaluate the biological potential of bioactive compounds in the selected fractions of Trichodesma indicum. The results showed that the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of ethanolic extract of the whole plant T. indicum were rich in TPCs (total phenolic content) i.e 499.80 and 744.65 mg of gallic acid equivalents per g, respectively, while TFCs (total flavonoid content) were 42.48, and 55.02 mg of catechin equivalents per g, respectively. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of phenolics i. e., chlorogenic acid (252.35 ppm), ferulic acid (92.56 ppm), caffeic acid (28.72 ppm), cinnamic acid (28.97 ppm), syringic acid (23.75 ppm), gallic acid (7.28 ppm) and flavonoids i. e. myricetin (72.1 ppm), Quercetin (57.3 ppm) in a selected fraction of T. indicum ethanolic extract. The significant potential of antioxidants was observed through ABTS, DPPH, and H2O2 methods. The highest % inhibition of inflammation was observed in ethyl acetate fraction by performing in‐vitro and in‐vivo assays, 87.57 % and 79.18 % (P<0.05) respectively. The thrombolytic activity of the T. indicum fractions was observed in the range from 9.85 % to 27.26. GC‐MS coupled with molecular docking depicted the inhibition of COX‐1 and COX‐2 by the GC‐MS‐identified compound 9,19‐Cyclolanost‐24‐en‐3‐ol, (3. Beta.)‐ (−9.6 kJ/mol). The in‐silico anti‐proliferative analysis was conducted by using BRCA1 and BRCA2 cancerous protein against GC‐MS identified compounds among which stigmasterol (−8.0 kJ/mol) was observed for high binding affinity.

The effects of fermentation with water kefir grains on two varieties of tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.) milk

This study investigated the effect on the brown and yellow varieties of tigernut milk after fermentation with water kefir grain, and then determined the properties and bioactive components of the resulting tigernut kefirs. The yellow variety of tigernut milk had higher glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations. The lactococci and lactobacilli counts for the tigernut kefirs reached from 8.71 to 8.78 log CFU/ml and from 6.94 to 8.14 log CFU/ml, respectively. The presence of yeast in tigernut kefir is related to water kefir grain microbiota. Tigernut kefirs contained from 2.44 to 2.96 g/L of lactic acid. The stepwise discriminant analysis demonstrated that succinic acid, folate, vitamin E, and iron contents were found to be discriminating attributes of the tigernut milk varieties. In contrast, benzoic acid, quercetin and vitamin K were discriminating attributes for tigernut kefirs. The total phenolic content of the samples varied from 77.82 to 101.77 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) L−1; the brown variety of tigernut kefir had a lower total phenolic content than the yellow variety. An increase in the total antioxidant capacity was noticed after kefir fermentation. The extensive findings of this study demonstrated that tigernut milk from both varieties provide an excellent environment for the growth of water kefir microbiota.

Evaluation of the Bio Protective Value of the Leaves of Sixty Varieties of Taro (Colocasia Esculenta) Cultivated in Burkina Faso

Colocasia esculenta is a plant of the family of Araceae, of Asian origin, known under the name of taro. Taro is a perennial herbaceous plant whose large leaves are mainly used human consumption in several countries. It is grown in Burkina Faso mainly for its tubers. However, taro leaves are eaten sparingly in Burkina unlike other countries which have made it a staple food. Furthermore, we know that edible leaves are nutrient-rich and bio-protective in nature. The objective of this work was to determine the composition of bioactive elements in these leaves in order to detect their bioprotective role. Analysis of the bioactive constituents gave the following results: flavonoids (3.08 to 270.55 µg EQ / 100 mg fresh leaves), total phenols (46.06 to 474.02 µg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) / 100 mg fresh leaves), acid ascorbic (3.37 to 154.69 µg / 100 mg fresh leaves), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (5.26 to 52.21 µg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent (AAE) / 100 mg fresh leaves), Ferric Reducting Assay Power (FRAP) (181.39 to 886.77 µg AAE / 100 mg leaves fresh). This study allowed us to conclude that taro leaves (Colocasia esculenta) studied were of protective interest with regard to their compositions as secondary food metabolites.

Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of dryopteris filix-mas using earthworm

Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of a leaves extracts of Dryopteris filix-mas against earthworm with Preliminary work as physical characteristics. Finally extraction of defatted Dryopteris filix-mas extract was done with hydro-alcoholic solvent and % yield was found to be 6.55% w/w and their characteristics are reported. Results obtained from qualitative chemical tests are tabulated. Total alkaloid content was calculated as atropine equivalent mg/100 mg using the equation based on the calibration curve: Y=0.007X+ 0.007, R2=0.999, where X is the Atropine equivalent (AE) and Y is the absorbance. Total phenol content was expressed as mg/100 mg of gallic acid equivalent of dry extract sample using the equation obtained from the calibration curve: Y = 0.017X+0.017, R2= 0.998, where X is the gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and Y is the absorbance. The present findings indicated that the usefulness of the hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Dryopteris filix-mas in earthworm. This study suggested, hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Dryopteris filix-mas dose- dependently produced anthelmintic activity.

Antidiabetic Activity of Mung Bean or Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek Seeds in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice.

Despite the development of oral hypoglycemic medications, diabetes and its associated complications continue to be significant clinical issues. The purpose of this study was to examine the antidiabetic effects of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek seeds in mice that had been given alloxan to cause diabetes. In Swiss albino mice, diabetes was brought on by a single intraperitoneal injection of the drug alloxan (150 mg/kg). For 14 days, glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) and methanol extract of V. radiata seeds (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) were given orally. Following oral administration of V. radiata to mice, the blood glucose levels (BGL) and body weight were measured at 7 and 14 days. The mice were sacrificed at the end of the trial, and blood samples were taken for the evaluation of insulin, glycated hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels. It was determined how much glycogen was present in the liver. Additionally, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of V. radiata were determined, along with the in vitro DPPH (2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhrazyl) free radical-scavenging activity. P < 0.05 was chosen as the cutoff for statistical significance. Following oral administration of V. radiata for 14 days, diabetic mice's BGL and bad cholesterol (TC and TG) levels significantly decreased, while HDL levels increased. Treatment with V. radiata significantly decreased the levels of AST, ALT, and glycated hemoglobin when compared with diabetes control. On the other hand, it raised insulin levels and the amount of liver glycogen. V. radiata underwent phytochemical analysis, which identified the presence of tannins, saponins, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and glycosides. Per gram of V. radiata seed extract, the total phenolic content was 43.12 ± 3.14 mg of gallic acid equivalents, while the total flavonoid content was 38.35 ± 2.6 mg of quercetin equivalents. Ascorbic acid was shown to have an IC50 value of 18.64 µg/ml during a DPPH-scavenging assay, while V. radiata had an IC50 value of 73.35 µg/ml. According to the findings of the current study, the methanolic extract of the seeds from the plant V. radiata possesses significant antidiabetic characteristics that are on par with those of the commonly used drug glibenclamide. Hence, V. radiata seems to be effective as a natural antidiabetic.

Assessment of quality changes of tangor fruit juice after pasteurization and thermosonication treatments

AbstractIn recent years, thermosonication (TS) has been considered as a substitute to conventional heat treatments as it improves the quality characteristics of fruit juices. In the present research work, the impact of pasteurization (90 ± 2°C for 1 min) and TS on the quality of tangor fruit juice was examined and findings of the work were compared with freshly prepared juice. The quality characteristics, such as bioactive compounds, microbial counts and physicochemical properties were checked for all samples. After TS, the levels of total phenolic content (TPC) (683.25–747.84 μg gallic acid equivalents [GAE0/ml]), total flavonoid content (TFC) (61.76–71.51 μg quercetin equivalents [QE]/ml) and anti‐oxidant activity (AOA) (73.27–83.63%) of tangor juices were improved as compared to fresh (TPC − 584.84 μg GAE/ml, TFC − 34.65 μg QE/ml and AOA − 49.71%) and pasteurized juices (TPC – 471.74 μg GAE/ml, TFC – 26.64 μg QE/ml and AOA – 38.19%). But, a slight decrement in ascorbic acid content was perceived in thermosonicated juices (24.48–27.26 mg/100 ml) as compared to fresh tangor juice (45.55 mg/100 ml) but higher than pasteurized juice (22.55 mg/100 ml). TS also reduced the microbial populations in tangor juices with minor changes in the physicochemical properties as compared to fresh juices. Therefore, TS may be used effectively for the treatment of tangor juices to produce a product with better levels of bioactive compounds.Practical ApplicationsThermosonication is one among the emergent techniques for the processing fruit juice to enhance the shelf‐life without adversely affecting its quality. Although, pasteurization has been exercised for the processing of juices, but it has detrimental effect on nutritional and sensorial properties of juices. In the current study, the impact of pasteurization and thermosonication on the quality of tangor juices was evaluated. From the study, it can be proposed that thermosonication can be applied as an alternative method to pasteurization for enhancing the quality of tangor juices.

Simulation and experimentation on parameters influencing microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes

In this study, a microwave extractor was successfully developed by simulating the waves and electric fields in a heating chamber. The chamber size and positions of the magnetrons were determined to maximize the heating in the microwave extractor. The results from the COMSOL Multiphysics software were used to construct the microwave extractor. Microwave-assisted solvent extraction was then performed on Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes. The highest total flavonoid and phenolic contents of 258.81 ± 1.01 µg quercetin equivalents per ml sample and 120.69 ± 0.75 µg gallic acid equivalents per ml sample, respectively, were achieved by extraction in methanol solvent at 83 °C within 2.5 min. These values were higher than those obtained from ultrasound-assisted extraction for 30 min and Soxhlet extraction for 60 min. In addition, the extraction time of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone using the Soxhlet extractor, which was approximately 1 h, was reduced to 2 min using the microwave extractor. These results demonstrated that microwaves are an outstanding heat source for extracting bioactive compounds and exhibit potential for commercial applications. Computer simulations were performed to provide insights into microwave heating. This information could be used to overcome technical challenges in industrial processes.

The Effect of Lactic Acid Fermentation on Extraction of Phenolics and Flavonoids from Sage Leaves

This work analysed the effect of spontaneous fermentation of sage leaves on the release and extraction of flavonoid and phenolic compounds. Chemical profiling based on thin-layer chromatography was used to compare different extracts from two sage species, common sage (Salvia officinalis) and white sage (Salvia apiana). Non-fermented Salvia apiana extracts are richer in antioxidants, phenolics, and terpenoids. Fermentation significantly enhances extraction of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants only from Salvia officinalis leaves, while it does not affect extraction from Salvia apiana leaves. In each 20 µL of extract, extraction of polyphenolics increases from 6.55 to 21.01 µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE), anti-oxidants from 0.68 to 2.12 µg GAE, and flavonoid content from 48.01 to 65.33 µg RE (rutin equivalents). Higher antioxidant activity in fermented Salvia apiana ethyl acetate extracts is associated with an increased concentration of phenolics and phenolic terpenoids. However, in Salvia officinalis, the higher antioxidant activity of fermented extract is a result of the release and improved extraction of flavonoids, as there is no increase in the extraction of phenolics. Lactic acid produced via fermentation and proline from Salvia officinalis leaves forms a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), which significantly increases the solubility of flavonoids.