Mg Of Ascorbic Acid Research Articles

DETERMINACIÓN DE COMPUESTOS BIOACTIVOS DEL AGUAYMANTO (Physalis peruviana, Linnaeus, 1753) Y DE SU CONSERVA EN ALMÍBAR MAXIMIZANDO LA RETENCIÓN DE ÁCIDO ASCÓRBICO

DETERMINACIÓN DE COMPUESTOS BIOACTIVOS DEL AGUAYMANTO (Physalis peruviana, Linnaeus, 1753) Y DE SU CONSERVA EN ALMÍBAR MAXIMIZANDO LA RETENCIÓN DE ÁCIDO ASCÓRBICO DETERMINATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF AGUAYMANTO (Physalis Peruviana, Linnaeus, 1753) AND ITS CANNED WITH SYRUP MAXIMIZING THE RETENTION OF ASCORBIC ACID Christian Rene Encina Zelada, Milber O. Ureña, Peralta Ritva Repo Carrasco DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2007.0002/ RESUMEN El presente trabajo de investigación es el resultado del estudio de los compuestos bioactivos presentes en el aguaymanto (Physalis peruviana) proveniente del valle del Mantaro-Perú y en su conserva en almíbar. En la Etapa I se determinó los compuestos bioactivos en la materia prima, correspondientes a un estado de madurez 2 y 3 según [1] el fue de 28,55 mg de ácido ascórbico/100 g; 1,77 mg de β-caroteno/100g; 79,23 mg ácido clorogénico/100 g y capacidad antioxidante de 288,95 µg eq trolox/g (parte hidrofílica) y 297,51µg eq trolox/g (parte lipofílica) medido por el método ABTS y de 249,23 µg eq trolox/g medido por el método del DPPH. En la Etapa II se determinaron los factores y sus niveles que influyeron significativamente (p<0,05) en la retención del ácido ascórbico en el proceso de elaboración de la conserva de aguaymanto en almíbar. Mediante el Método Taguchi. El pH del almíbar y la temperatura del tratamiento térmico resultaron ser los factores de mayor influencia en la retención del ácido ascórbico. Los niveles con los que se retuvo mayor cantidad de ácido ascórbico fueron: tiempo de descerado (90 s), temperatura del descerado (80°C), pH del Almíbar (2,5), grados Brix del Almíbar (30), concentración del NaOH en el descerado (0,05%), temperatura (95°C) y tiempo (11,52 min) del tratamiento térmico. En la Etapa III se caracterizó físico-químicamente y microbiológicamente correspondiente al proceso de elaboración de la conserva de aguaymanto en almíbar realizado con los parámetros que maximizaron la retención del ácido ascórbico (50,54 %), determinando además el efecto del tratamiento tecnológico sobre el contenido de carotenos totales (1,59 mg de β-caroteno/100g), Compuestos Fenólicos (39,23 mg ác. clorogénico/100 g) y Capacidad Antioxidante (383,73 µg eq trolox/g y 132,12 µg eq trolox/g medidos por los métodos del ABTS y DPPH respectivamente). Palabras clave: Aguaymanto, Physalis peruviana, capacidad antioxidante, compuestos fenólicos, carotenos totales. ABSTRACT The present investigation is the result of the study of the bioactive compounds present in the aguaymanto (Physalis peruviana) from the valley of Mantaro-Peru and its canned in syrup. In Stage I were determined the bioactive compounds in the raw material, correspondents to maturity‟s condition 2 and 3 as [1] was of 28,55 mg of ascorbic acid /100 g; 1,77 mg of β-caroten/100g; 79,23 mg clorogenic acid /100 g and antioxidant capacity its divides in hidrofílic (288,95 µg eq trolox/g) and lipofílic (297,51µg eq trolox/g), measured by the ABTS method and of 249,23 µg eq trolox/g measured by the method of the DPPH. In Stage II were decided the factors and its levels that influenced significantly (p<0,05) in the retention of the ascorbic acid in the process of production of aguaymanto canned in syrup using Taguchi´s method. The pH of the syrup and the temperature of the heat treatment turned out to be the factors of major influence in the retention of the ascorbic acid. The levels with which major quantity of ascorbic acid was retained were: wax-off time (90 s), wax-off temperature (80°C), pH of the Syrup (2,5), degrees Brix of the Syrup (30), wax-off concentration (0,05 %), temperature (95°C) and time (11,52 min) of the heat treatment. In Stage III was characterized physicist, chemically and microbiologically corresponding to the process of production of the aguaymanto canned in syrup realized with the parameters that maximized the retention of ascorbic acid (50,54%), determining in addition the effect of the technological treatment on the content of totally caroten (1,59 mg of •-caroteno/100g), Compounds Fenólicos (39,23 mg ác. Clorogénico/100 g) and antioxidant capacity (383,73 µg eq trolox/g and 132,12 µg eq trolox/g measured by the methods of the ABTS and DPPH respectively). Keywords: Golden berry, Physalis peruviana, antioxidant capacity, phenolics compounds, carotenes.

Phytochemical Investigation and Antioxidant Activity of Root Extract of <i>Aloe gilbertii Reynolds</i>, from Konso, Southern Ethiopia

<i>Aloe gilbertii</i> belonging to the family Aloaceae is used by local people for treatment various disease such as malaria and wound healing. The main purpose of this study was to investigate phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of the Root Extract of <i>Aloe gilbertii Reynolds</i> Phytochemical screening of the CH₂Cl₂: CH₃OH (1:1) extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, anthraquinone, Alkaloids, saponins, phenol and absence of steroids and phytosterols. The anti-oxidant potential and total antioxidant potential was determined by using reducing power determination method and phosphomolybdate method respectively. The antioxidant capacity of methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate root extracts fractions of <i>Aloe gilbertii</i> were found to be 244.5±0.631, 241.5±0.112 and 106±1.05 mg of ascorbic acid per 10 mg of dry weight of antioxidant in the reducing power, respectively and it’s total antioxidant capacity of these extract fractions were 82.21±0.028, 88.75±0.016 and 74.85±0.043mg of ascorbic acid per 10 mg of dry weight of the crude extract. Thus, the results of the present investigation infer that this plant extracts possess potent antioxidant. Therefore it is strongly recommended to isolate the antioxidant components

Phytochemical profile, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative activities of Pogostemon deccanensis essential oils.

Essential oils (EOs) obtained from aerial parts of Pogostemon deccanensis were analyzed for GC-MS profiling, and evaluated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative activities. GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 47 constituents, establishing the EOs rich in sesquiterpene with > 20 sesquiterpenes constituting around 77% of the total EO yield. Major constituents included Curzerene (Benzofuran, 6-ethenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethyl-5-isopropenyl-, trans-) (26.39%) and epi-Cadinol (22.68%), Ethanone, 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl) (6.83%, Acetophenones), and Boldenone (3.47%, anabolic steroid). EOs found to be rich in phytochemicals attributed for antioxidant potentials of aromatic/medicinal plants, viz., flavonoids (2.71µg quercetin equivalents g-1 EO), total phenols (3.94µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g-1 EO), carotenoids (14.3µg β-carotene equivalents g-1 EO), and ascorbic acid (2.21µg ascorbic acid equivalents g-1 EO). P. deccanensis EOs exhibited striking antioxidant activities assessed by wide range of assays including ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP, 255.3 GAE at 2µg mL-1 EO), total antioxidant activity (TAA, 264.3 GAE at 2µg ml-1) of EO, DPPH (65% inhibition at 2µg mL-1), and OH (58% inhibition at 2µg mL-1) scavenging. Interestingly, EOs showed considerably higher anti-lipid peroxidation activity than the standard antioxidant molecule ascorbic acid, with 50% protection by 1.29µg mL-1 EO against 20.0µg mL-1 standard. EOs showed strong anti-inflammatory activity with 50% inhibition at 1.95µg mL-1 EO. The anti-proliferative activity of EOs was tested against mouse cancer cell line and the EOs proved a potent anti-proliferative agent with only 2.1% cell survival at 2µg mL-1 EO, whereas the EOs were largely non-toxic-to-normal (non-cancerous) cells with approximately 80% cell survival at the 2µg mL-1 EOs. This being the first attempt of phytochemical profiling and wide array of biological activities of P. deccanensis EOs holds significance as the striking activities were observed at very low concentrations, in some cases at lower than the commercial standards, and has, therefore, great potential for pharmaceutical or commercial exploration.

In vitro free radical scavenging activities of aerial parts’ aqueous extract and extract fractions of Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. in relation to total phenolics and flavonoid contents

Discovery of new antioxidants of plant origin is of current interest. Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. is a traditionally used medicinal plant. The present study was aimed to investigate the in vitro free radical scavenging activities of aerial parts’ aqueous extract of A. latifolia (AAEAL) and its organic solvent extract fractions in relation to their total phenolics and flavonoid contents. The AAEAL was fractionated with the organic solvents like petroleum ether (AAEALPE), chloroform (AAEALCH), ethyl acetate (AAEALEA), and n-butanol (AAEALNB). For the determination of antioxidant activity of AAEAL and its extract fractions, Fe3+ ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, and total antioxidant assays were performed and the total phenolics and flavonoid contents were also estimated. The EC50 of the ferric ion reduction by AAEALEA and ascorbic acid were calculated as 90.8 ± 4.70 and 84.86 ± 7.22 µg/mL respectively. The IC50 of DPPH free radical scavenging with AAEALEA and ascorbic acid were calculated as 19.5 ± 0.5 and 18.35 ± 1.15 µg/mL respectively. The overall data indicate that the AAEALEA possesses the highest total antioxidant activity (37.85 ± 1.55 µg ascorbic acid equivalents/100 µg dry extract matter), the highest total phenolics (65.89 ± 1.33 mg tannic acid equivalent phenolics/100 mg dry extract) and flavonoid (30.67 ± 0.28 mg quercetin equivalent flavonoids/100 mg dry extract) contents. The antioxidant activities were also positively correlated with the total phenolics and flavonoid contents of the extract fractions. In summary, AAEAL may be considered as a natural source of antioxidants and its ethyl acetate extract fraction seems to be equally effective to the ascorbic acid as an antioxidant.

CUTANEOUS ROSAI-DORFMAN DISEASE – A CLINICAL CASE

Introduction. Rosai-Dorfman disease is a benign condition, characterized by self limiting proliferation of non-Langerhans histiocytes insidelymph nodes but also in extranodal areas. Clinical case. A 54-year-old patient, diagnosed with arterial hypertension since 2011, is hospitalised in the Dermatology Department of the Emergency County Hospital, Craiova, Romania, in March 2016, for a polymorphous rash composed of violet-erythematous papulonodules with sizes ranging between 0.2 cm and 2 cm, slightly itchy, located in the latero-thoracic region, lumbar region and in the area around the menton area. The lesions appeared 18 months prior to hospitalization. Clinical and paraclinical investigations as well as interdisciplinary consultations revealed no associated pathologies. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations confirmed the diagnostic of cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman disease, imaging investigations excluding other localizations. Treatment with Doxycycline, in combination with 20 mg of Rutoside and 50 mg of ascorbic acid, Pentoxifylline and Levocetirizine resulted in remission of the skin lesions. Discussion. Rosai-Dorfman disease is a rare condition, having a reported incidence rate of 1:200.000. It generally affects males, being more frequent in young males and people of African descent. The pathogenesis of Rosai-Dorfman disease is still not fully understood, although immunological and infectious factors may play an important role. Foucar has divided this condition into three types: nodal, extranodal and mixed. Cutaneous lesions have been described in 3% of cases of Rosai-Dorfman disease of the extranodal type. It is more frequent in females (sex ratio of 2/1) and in adults of Asian descent, with a mean age at onset of 45 years. Treatment options include: oral and intralesional corticosteroids, alfa-interferon, retinoids, dapsone, methotrexate, thalidomide, cryo- and radiotherapy. Conclusions. The presented case is an atypical one because of the three locations of the skin lesions. Although we obtained remission of the disease, the patient would remain in direct observation because of the risk of recurrence. Key words : Rosai-Dorfman disease; cutaneous form; treatment.

A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DESIGNING EXPERIMENTS WHEN DEALING WITH IDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCT COMPONENTS (AS ILLUSTRATED BY ASCORBIC ACID)

The need for identification testing of active substances or excipients in multi-component medicinal products, including the use of qualitative tests, calls for research substantiating the choice of tests and test conditions with due regard to interference effects caused by other components of medicinal products and the amount of the sample used. The aim of the study was to develop a methodological approach to designing experiments while selecting qualitative reactions for identification testing of a medicinal product component based on the results of studies investigating the possibility of using known qualitative tests (as illustrated by ascorbic acid in a multi-component product — 0.4 mg of ascorbic acid per 100 mg of the vial contents) with due regard to interference on the part of other medicinal product components and the amount of the sample used. Material and methods: the study focused on a multi-component medicinal product — lyophilisate for solution for intravenous and intramuscular injections containing an antiinflammatory active substance and ascorbic acid as a stabilizing agent (antioxidant). The analysis of literature sources helped to determine qualitative tests that were assessed for potential use for identification testing of ascorbic acid as a component of the analysed medicinal product. The study involved experimental testing of the qualitative reactions based on acidic and reducing properties of ascorbic acid. Results: it was demonstrated that several well-known qualitative tests could be used for identification testing of ascorbic acid as a component of the analysed medicinal product, namely, the reaction of ferrous ascorbate formation and the reaction of silver nitrate reduction to metallic silver after preliminary separation of ascorbic acid from the other medicinal product components, as well as the reaction of Prussian blue formation, iodine test and reaction with a potassium permanganate solution, which do not require additional sample preparation. It is not practicable to use the reaction with a methylene blue solution and the Fehling’s reagent reaction for this particular medicinal product, since their results are feeble. Conclusions: the analysis of the multi-component medicinal product helped to develop a methodological approach to choosing qualitative reactions for identification testing of one of the medicinal product’s components (e.g., ascorbic acid). The suggested algorithm includes the choice of reactions, determination of their sensitivity and applicability for a particular medicinal product, analysis of the other components’ effects on the results of the chemical reaction, and the need for additional sample preparation. The whole complex of the studies performed helped to determine qualitative reactions and optimal conditions for identification testing of the analysed substance.

Assessment of free radical scavenging activity and polyphenolic content in leaves of Neurocalyx calycinus (R. Br. ex Benn.) Rob. - a medicinal plant used by Cholanaickan tribe

Neurocalyx calycinus (R. Br. ex Benn.) Rob. is an endemic species of the family Rubiaceae, found in Western Ghats of India and Sri Lanka. The leaf paste of N. calycinus has been used by Cholanaickan tribe as medicine to heal wounds, burns, inflammation and pain. Many of the human diseases are manifested due to the accumulation of free radicals. Plant derived antioxidants have the power to scavenge these free radicals without any internal complications. Aqueous, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of the leaves of N. calycinus were selected for qualitative phytochemical screening. DPPH, nitric oxide, superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays were carried out. Total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant content of all the extract was measured. Phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, glycosides and saponins were found in the ethanolic extract. Ethanol extract showed better antioxidant activity than the other solvent extracts. The reducing power of all the extracts was increased dose dependently. Highest amount of phenolic (56.27 mg of gallic acid equivalent /gm of dried extract), flavonoid (36.92 mg of quercetin equivalent/gm of dried extract) and antioxidant (85.68 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent/gm of dried extract) content was found in the ethanolic extract. A positive correlation (R2) was found between the total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity of the leaf extract of N. calycinus. The results confirmed that the phenolic compounds in the ethanolic extract of the leaves of N. calycinus are potent source of natural antioxidants.

Assessing phenolic content and antioxidant potential diversity in Allium plants using multivariate data analysis

The genus Allium includes hundreds of plant species and is regarded as one of the most cultivated vegetables. It is an important source of novel therapeutic compounds known for their beneficial effects on human health; however, there could be differences in content, composition, type, and bioactivity of the phytochemicals found among the Allium plants. The main purpose of this study was to acquire insights on the variation in antioxidant profiles and phenolic content between Allium accessions in different species, as well as between similar species of several varieties. We collected 112 accessions from more than 20 countries, and grew them under similar agronomic conditions. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by using 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and reducing power (RP) assays. The total phenolic content (TPC) was studied using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. TPC varied from 3.43 (accession 199897) to 22.19 (accession 273483) µg gallic acid equivalent/mg dry weight (DW) of the aerial organs of Allium. The antioxidant activity of Allium samples ranged from 4.37 (accession 806595) to 57.46 (accession number 711971) µg Trolox equivalent/mg DW; 0.35 (accession 117246) to 9.53 (accession 711971) µg ascorbic acid equivalents/mg DW; 2.92 (accession 199890) to 21.20 (accession 803493) µgAAE/mg DW; and 0.80 (accession 117260) to 31.13 (accession 803527) µgAAE/mg DW using ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and RP assays, respectively. Accessions 273483 (A. cepa), 283346 (A. cepa ‘cepa’), and 803527 (unknown species) had the highest TPC, FRAP, and RP values among those tested, while the highest ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were recorded in accession 711971 (A. ramosum). Pearson’s coefficient of correlations indicated that variables (TPC, ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and RP values) correlated significantly each other, with r-values between 0.585 and 0.894. Principal component analysis plots and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated significant variability in antioxidant activity and phenolic content among all the accessions studied, as well as within similar species. Based on our results from principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis, accession 283346 (A. cepa ‘cepa’), K139348 (A. fistulosum), and 711971 (A. ramosum) are potential sources of phenolics and natural antioxidants. The variability in total phenolic and antioxidant activity among the Allium accessions can be used by breeders, food technologists, nutritionist, and researchers for assessing breeding lines for genetic selection and for monitoring levels of these factors during food storage and processing.

UPLC-DAD quantification of chemical constituents of Potentilla atrosanguinea roots and their antioxidant activity.

Potentilla atrosanguinea, native to Himalayan region, is well known for its curative effects in traditional medicinal system. An ultra performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection method for the quantification of constituents of root part of P. atrosanguinea has been developed along with antioxidant activity evaluation. A simple and sensitive quantification method developed for seven compounds however only four compounds; p-coumaric acid (4), rutin (7), tiliroside (14) and kaempferol (16) were quantified as others were in lesser amount. Syringic acid and quercetin were found in trace amount whereas chlorogenic acid was absent in the ethanol extract of roots of P. atrosanguinea. Total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents were determined to be 21.75mg of gallic acid equivalent and 8.57mg of quercetin equivalent per gram of dry plant material, respectively. Antioxidant activity of extract was assessed using three assays; 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The IC50 values; 35.75μg/ml and 30.35μg/ml by DPPH and ABTS assays for ethanolic extract showed excellent free radical scavenging potential of its root part. The ferric reducing ability (FRAP) value, 26.67mg of ascorbic acid per gram also indicated its higher antioxidant potential.

Phytochemical analysis and nephroprotective effect of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) cladodes on sodium dichromate-induced kidney injury in rats.

Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium compounds, especially hexavalent chromium, is widely recognized as potentially nephrotoxic in humans and animals. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) against sodium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity. Cactus cladodes extract (CCE) was phytochemically studied and tested in vitro for its potential antioxidant activities. Additionally, the preventive effect of CCE against sodium dichromate-induced renal dysfunction in a Wistar rat model (24 rats) was evaluated. For this purpose, CCE at a dose of 100 mg/kg was orally administered, followed by 10 mg/kg sodium dichromate (intraperitoneal injection). After 40 days of treatment, the rats were sacrificed, and the kidneys were excised for histological, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme analyses. The phenol, flavonoid, tannin, ascorbic acid, and carotenoid contents of CCE were considered to be important. Our analyses showed that 1 mL of CCE was equivalent to 982.5 ± 1.79 μg of gallic acid, 294.37 ± 0.84 μg of rutin, 234.78 ± 0.24 μg of catechin, 204.34 ± 1.53 μg of ascorbic acid, and 3.14 ± 0.51 μg of β-carotene. In vivo, pretreatment with CCE was found to provide significant protection against sodium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, preserving normal antioxidant activities, and protecting renal tissues from lesions and DNA damage. The nephroprotective potential of CCE against sodium dichromate toxicity might be due to its antioxidant properties.

Nutritional Characterization of Prosopis laevigata Legume Tree (Mesquite) Seed Flour and the Effect of Extrusion Cooking on its Bioactive Components.

Mesquite (Prosopis laevigata) is a legume tree widely distributed in Aridoamerica. The mature fruit of this legume is a pod, which is currently underutilized and has high nutritional potential. In the present work, mesquite seed flour is described in terms of its nutritional value, as well as the effect of extrusion cooking on its bioactive components. Mesquite seed flour is rich in fiber (7.73 g/100 g) and protein (36.51 g/100 g), with valine as the only limiting amino acid. Total phenolic compound contents in raw and extruded seed flour were 6.68 and 6.46 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g (mg GAE/g), respectively. 2-2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity values in raw and extruded seed flour were 9.11 and 9.32 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent/g (mg AAE/g), respectively. The absorbance at 290 nm, as an indicator of generation of Maillard reaction product (MRP), was the same for raw and extruded samples. Apigenin was the only flavonoid found in mesquite seed flour (41.6 mg/kg) and was stable in the extrusion process. The water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) were changed significantly during extrusion. The expansion of mesquite seed flour extrudates was null due to the high protein and fiber content in the sample. Extrusion cooking of mesquite seed flour is a useful form of technology for the industrialization of this underutilized and nutritionally valuable legume.

Rapid autographic method for detection of enzymatic browning inhibitors based on enzyme immobilization

This work describes a TLC-coupled bioautographic assay suitable for the separation and detection of apple polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibitors from natural extracts. PPO was immobilised in agar containing l-DOPA as substrate and 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH) to enhance colour development. The inhibition was detected as white spots on reddish background. Minimum amount of PPO inhibitors detected was 0.0125 µg of 4-hexylresorcinol, 0.025 µg of ascorbic acid, 0.5 µg of cysteine and 1 µg of kojic acid. The assay was compatible with normal and reverse phase TLC systems and allows detecting compounds that directly had action on the enzyme as well as agents that could convert quinones back to their reduced form. The chromatographic run evidenced the different nature of enzymatic browning inhibitory compounds from garlic and onion extracts. Using natural enzymes will provide a fast and cheap alternative for target specific exploration of natural enzymatic inhibitors.

Anti-Proliferative Properties of Terminalia sericea Burch. Ex Dc Leaf Extracts Against Caco2 and HeLa Cancer Cell Lines

Introduction: Terminalia spp. are characterised by their high levels of antioxidant phytochemicals and several species have anticancer activity. This study examines the anti-proliferative activity of T. sericea leaf extracts against Caco2 and HeLa carcinoma cell proliferation. Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared from T. sericea leaves and their antioxidant capacities were determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against Caco2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: The methanolic and aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts displayed high antioxidant capacities (equivalent to 150 and 340 mg of ascorbic acid per gram of plant material extracted respectively). In contrast, the ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts had relatively low antioxidant contents (≤5 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of plant material extracted). The antioxidant contents of the T. sericea leaf extracts correlated with the ability of the extracts to inhibit proliferation of Caco2 and HeLa cancer cell lines. The high antioxidant methanolic and aqueous extracts were potent inhibitors of cell proliferation, with IC50 values 120-1400 μg/mL. The aqueous T. sericea leaf extract was particularly effective, with IC50 values of 528 and 120 μg/mL against Caco2 and HeLa cells respectively. The methanolic extract also displayed good, albeit substantially less potent, antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells, with an IC50 of 1358 μg/mL. In contrast, the lower antioxidant content extracts generally did not inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Cell imaging studies detected morphological features consistent with apoptosis in Caco2 cells exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the methanolic and aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts, indicating that these extracts are functioning by cytotoxic mechanisms. The aqueous T. sericea leaf extract displayed low to moderate toxicity in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with an LC50 value of 737 μg/mL. All other extracts were nontoxic. Conclusion: The antiproliferative activity and low toxicity of the T. sericea methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts extracts against HeLa and Caco2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.

Bioactive Compounds of Kimchi Inhibit Apoptosis by Attenuating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Brain of Amyloid β-Injected Mice

This study investigated the inhibitory effects of kimchi bioactive compounds against endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis in amyloid beta (Aβ)-injected mice. Mice received a single intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25-35, except for the normal group. Mice were subjected to oral administration of 10 mg of capsaicin, 50 mg of 3-(4'-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid (HDMPPA), 50 mg of quercetin, 50 mg of ascorbic acid, or 200 mg of kimchi methanol extract (KME) per kilogram of body weight for 2 weeks ( n = 7 per group). In the in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability test, all bioactive compounds penetrated the BBB except ascorbic acid. The protein expression level of APP, BACE, and p-Tau elevated by Aβ injection was decreased by kimchi bioactive compounds ( P < 0.05). Quercetin, HDMPPA, and KME decreased oxidative stress, as indicated by ROS and TBARS levels ( P < 0.05). The protein expression level of ER stress markers GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, XBP1, and CHOP and the proapoptotic molecules Bax, p-JNK, and cleaved caspases-3 and -9 decreased ( P < 0.05). In contrast, the protein expression level of antiapoptotic molecules Bcl2 and cIAP increased ( P < 0.05). These results were supported by histological analysis.

Quercus dilatata Lindl. ex Royle ameliorates BPA induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats

Quercus dilatata Lindl. ex Royle was evaluated for in vitro polyphenol content and antioxidant potential as well as in vivo protective role against bisphenol A (BPA) induced hepatotoxicity. The distilled water-acetone (QDDAE) and methanol-ethyl acetate (QDMEtE) extracts were standardized and administered in high (300 mg/kg body weight (BW) and low (150 mg/kg BW) doses to Sprague Dawley rats, injected with BPA (25 mg/kg BW). Silymarin (50 mg/kg BW) was used as positive control. Subsequently, blood and liver homogenates were collected after four weeks of treatment, and the defensive effects of both extracts against oxidative damage and genotoxicity were assessed via hematological and biochemical investigations, determination of endogenous expression of enzymes as well as levels of free radicals and comet assay. Between the two extracts, maximum phenolics (213 ± 0.15 μg gallic acid equivalent/mg dry extract (DE) and flavonoids (55.6 ± 0.16 μg quercetin equivalent/mg DE) content, DPPH scavenging activity (IC50: 8.1 ± 0.5 μg/ml), antioxidant capacity (53.7 ± 0.98 μg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/mg DE) and reducing potential (228.4 ± 2.4 μg AAE/mg DE) were observed in QDMEtE. In in vivo analysis, a dose dependent hepatoprotective activity was exhibited by both the extracts. QDDAE demonstrated maximum reduction in levels of alanine transaminase (49.77 ± 3.83 U/l), thiobarbituric acid reactant substances (33.46 ± 0.70 nM/min/mg protein), hydrogen peroxide (18.08 ± 0.01 ng/mg tissue) and nitrite (55.64 ± 1.79 μM/ml), along with decline in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (4.13 ± 0.072 mm/h), histopathological injuries and DNA damage in BPA intoxicated rats as compared with QDMEtE. Likewise, QDDAE also significantly restored activity levels of endogenous antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (POD) and GSH with values of 6.46 ± 0.15 U/mg protein, 6.87 ± 0.1 U/min, 11.94 ± 0.17 U/min and 16.86 ± 1.56 nM/min/mg protein, respectively. Comparative results were obtained for QDMEtE. In conclusion, the present study endorses the significant hepatoprotective potential of standardized extracts of Q. dilatata with known polyphenolics content and validates the traditional use of this plant in natural medicine to manage disorders like hepatotoxicity.

The antioxidant properties of functional food ingredients used in the production of bakery and dairy products, their impact on quality and storageability of the product

The article is devoted to the study of antioxidant activity (AOA) food ingredients (FI) containing fucoidan used as dressers bakery and dairy products, and evaluate their impact on the quality and persistence of the products. The use of FI possessing AOA in food production will ensure their functionality from the point of view of increasing the resistance of the body to noninfectious diseases. Objects of research were fucoidan from different manufacturers, as well as experimental samples of bread wheat and yoghurt-based products restored dry milk. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of FI based on fucoidan showed that the total concentration of antioxidants varies in significant range from (43,32 ± 0,2) to (69,17 ± 0,2) mg of ascorbic acid per 100 g was Also determined the effect of any FI on the organoleptic and physico-chemical quality parameters of bread and yogurt product in storage. The use of FI in the technology of bread contributes to the prolongation of periods of storage. Thus the deviation values increased humidity decreases by 1.3%, porosity – by 1.4%. In addition, we studied the temperature stability of fucoidan after baking bread. The residual content of his made up 0,196 ± 0.0015 mg/g when introducing 0.2 g. study of the effect of FI with fucoidan on the inhibition of the processes of molding bread confirmed the strong bactericidal properties of fucoidans, due to the high AOA. During storage of yoghurt for 120 hours was observed decrease in the activity of capacity operated of acidity that may be due to the action of FI.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Cistus Ladanifer

Different parts of Cistus species are traditionally used in folk medicine as a remedy for several microbial disorders and infections. At the beginning of the study, crude extract of the Cistus leaves was obtained to determine its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Then volatile compounds were extracted using hydrodistillation and hexane. The Cistus oil was obtained by hydrodistillation of fresh material, using leaves in an altered Clevenger-type device. Aqueous extract of Cistus leaves was neutralized to precipitate gums. The yield of gum was determined as 1%. Resinoid was obtained after ethanol extraction of gum. Antibacterial activities of extract were determined using disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The extract of Cistus leaves tested and exhibited antibacterial activities by inhibiting one or more microorganisms. The tested plant extract was more active against gram-positive bacteria compared with gram-negative bacteria. Total phenol content of the extract was determined with Folin-ciocalteu method. Total phenolic content of Cistus extract was 520 ± 15 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/ g extract. The water soluble (ACW) and lipid soluble (ACL) antioxidant capacities of the extract were also determined. ACW and ACL antioxidant capacities of Cistus extract were found as 650±80 μg Ascorbic acid/ mg extract and 540 ±30 μg Trolox Equivalent/ mg extract, respectively. In this study, there is a clear relationship between the total antioxidant and phenol content analysis results and antibacterial activities. Hereby, bioactive natural compounds present in Cistus species can be used as natural raw material in some related industrial applications.

Optimization of pectinase-assisted and tri-solvent-mediated extraction and recovery of lycopene from waste tomato peels.

In the present work, optimization of pectinase-assisted and tri-solvent-mediated extraction of lycopene from waste tomato peels was carried out. The optimized parameters for enzymatic pre-treatment were 2% pectinase concentration, pH 5.5, 4-h incubation, 45°C and 150rpm. Maximum recovery of lycopene from tomato peels using optimized tri-solvent extraction was achieved at 45°C, 120-min incubation and 200rpm. The extracted lycopene was confirmed through functional and characteristic peaks in UV-Vis and FTIR spectra and with retention time in HPLC. The radical scavenging activity was 72.30±2.70 and 43.40±2.01µg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/ml for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrzyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, respectively. The optimized method resulted in 7.38, 4.65 and 1.59 times enhancement in lycopene extraction and recovery in correlation with single solvent, enzyme-treated and tri-solvent extraction methods, respectively.

The Effect of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) on Transepithelial Corneal Cross-Linking in Rabbits.

To evaluate the effects of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), the main antioxidant agent in the cornea on transepithelial corneal cross-linking (CXL) where the main mechanism is oxidation. Twenty eyes of 20 rabbits were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (7 eyes) had transepithelial corneal CXL after being fed with normal diet; Group 2 (7 eyes) had corneal CXL after once-daily subcutaneous injections of 200 mg of ascorbic acid in addition to normal diet; and the control group (6 eyes) was fed with normal diet but did not have corneal CXL performed. Ascorbic acid levels were measured in aqueous humor and plasma, and biomechanical measurements were applied to the cornea. There was a significant difference in ascorbic acid levels of plasma (P = 0.008) and aqueous humor (P = 0.006) between group 1 and 2. The Young's modulus values of group 1 and 2 were similar (P = 0.741) and were significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01). The increase rate in Young's modulus values was 37.3% in group 1 and 43.9% in group 2 compared to control group. The ultimate strain values in group 1 and 2 were similar (P = 0.632) and were significantly higher than control group (P = 0.04, P = 0.03). The ultimate stress values in group 1 and 2 were similar (P = 0.836) and were significantly lower than control group (P = 0.001, P = 0.001). Systemic vitamin C does not appear to decrease effectiveness of transepithelial corneal CXL. Therefore, there is no reason to stop or reduce vitamin C supplementation before corneal CXL therapy.

Ramalina capitata (Ach.) Nyl. acetone extract: HPLC analysis, genotoxicity, cholinesterase, antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

In the present investigation, effects of Ramalina capitata acetone extract on micronucleus distribution on human lymphocytes, on cholinesterase activity and antioxidant activity (by the CUPRAC method) were examined, for the first time as well as its HPLC profile. Additionally, total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant properties (estimated via DPPH, ABTS and TRP assays) and antibacterial activity were determined. The predominant phenolic compounds in this extract were evernic, everninic and obtusatic acids. Acetone extract of R. capitata at concentration of 2 μg mL-1 decreased a frequency of micronuclei (MN) for 14.8 %. The extract reduces the concentration of DPPH and ABTS radicals for 21.2 and 36.1 % (respectively). Values for total reducing power (TRP) and cupric reducing capacity (CUPRAC) were 0.4624 ± 0.1064 μg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per mg of dry extract, and 6.1176 ± 0.2964 μg Trolox equivalents (TE) per mg of dry extract, respectively. The total phenol content was 670.6376 ± 66.554 μg galic acid equivalents (GAE) per mg of dry extract. Tested extract at concentration of 2 mg mL-1 exhibited inhibition effect (5.2 %) on pooled human serum cholinesterase. The antimicrobial assay showed that acetone extract had inhibition effect towards Gram-positive strains. The results of manifested antioxidant activity, reducing the number of micronuclei in human lymphocytes, and antibacterial activity recommends R. capitata extract for further in vivo studies.