MetS In Males Research Articles

Effect of nutrition intervention on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome at Kon Tum General Hospital, Vietnam

Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is a global problem today and tends to increase, it is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke and leading to death. Intervention to change lifestyle and eating habits is a good measure to improve the status of metabolic syndrome. We studied on 1039 patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, selected 226 patients for follow-up with interventional therapy combined with lifestyle behavior modification communication, and evaluated the effectiveness after 6 months. The rate of patients with Mets in males was 12.7%, females was 9.05%, the overall prevalence of Mets was 21.75%, the rate of Mets tends to increase with age. After the intervention, the indicators to evaluate Mets all changed in a good direction. The rate of adverse habits decreased statistically significantly compared to before the intervention. The highest efficiency index was the reduction in the proportion of people who were sedentary (64.29%), followed by the reduction in the rate of salty and fatty foods. The habits of smoking, drinking alcohol decreased slightly. The highest efficiency index was the reduction in the proportion of people with hypertension (50.28%), followed by a reduction in people with low HDL-C (35.34%). However, the percentage of waist circumference reduction has not been statistically significant. The reduction rate of Mets was 25.66%. These findings provides objective evidences for dietary and physical activity management on metabolic syndrome as an efficient intervention.

Potential Linkage between High Normalized Electromechanical Activation Time (EMAT), an Early Systolic Time Interval Abnormality with Metabolic Syndrome.

High electromechanical activation time (EMAT) is associated with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Little is known about the association between EMAT and metabolic syndrome (MetS), a precursor of cardiovascular disease. To explore the association between EMAT and MetS. A total of 429 male volunteers were divided into MetS (n = 135, age 60.3 ± 3.7 years) and non-MetS (n = 294, age 58.1 ± 26.6 years) groups in this cross-sectional study. A complete medical history, fasting blood analysis and phonoelectrocardiographic parameters were recorded. EMAT was defined as the time from the onset of Q- wave to the peak first heart sound (Q-S1 interval), and this interval divided by the R-R interval for heart rate correction was calculated as normalized EMAT (nEMAT). The subjects with MetS had a significantly higher rate of positive nEMAT (nEMAT ≥ 15%: 6.7% vs. 2%, p = 0.015), higher heart rate (HR, 71.9 ± 12.0 vs. 69.2 ± 11.1 bpm, p = 0.022) but shorter left ventricular ejection time (LVST = 312.4 ± 33.5 vs. 319.8 ± 31.8 msec, p = 0.029). However, the normalized LVST (nLVST) was not significantly different after adjusting for HR. In multivariate analysis, nEMAT was significantly associated with MetS (odds ratio = 3.43, 95% confidence interval = 1.195-9.837, p = 0.022). Positive nEMAT, a prolonged early phase of contraction, was significantly associated with MetS in males. High nEMAT may be an earlier sign of cardiac function abnormality in MetS.

Abdominal Muscles and Metabolic Syndrome According to Patient Sex: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

Computed tomography (CT) is a reference method for measuring skeletal muscle mass, and the amount of fat in the skeletal muscle can be calculated based on CT attenuation. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effect of muscle quality and quantity on metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to sex. This retrospective cross-sectional study enrolled 8081 individuals aged ≥20 years who underwent self-referral abdominopelvic CT at our hospital. The total abdominal muscle area (TAMA), low-attenuation abdominal muscle area (LAMA), normal-attenuation abdominal muscle area (NAMA), and extramyocellular lipid area (EMCLA) were measured using cross-sectional CT data of the L3 lumbar vertebrae. The TAMA and NAMA showed negative correlations with risk factors for MetS and a positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas the LAMA and EMCLA showed an inverse trend in both the sexes (p < 0.001). After adjusting for various factors, a higher LAMA index and the ratio of LAMA to TAMA were associated with a higher prevalence of MetS. High TAMA indices were associated with a lower prevalence of MetS. Furthermore, muscle quality and quantity were associated with the prevalence of MetS in both males and females. However, the LAMA showed a stronger association with MetS in males than in females.

Cardiac Fibrosis Attenuation by Chlorogenic Acid and Epigallocatechin-Gallate Mediated by Suppression of Galectin-3 Gene Expression and Collagen Deposition in Rat Metabolic Syndrome Model

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a set cluster of risk factors for metabolic abnormalities thatcan develop cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of that is remodeling or cardiac fibrosis. Cardiac fibrosisidentified from the high levels of the profibrotic molecule; one of them is galectin-3. Aim: This studyintended to determine the effect of combination therapy of green coffee (CGA) and green tea (EGCG) oncardiac fibrosis by raise of the galectin-3 gene expression and collagen deposition in rat cardiac tissue inthe rat metabolic syndrome model. Methods: Twenty-four male MetS rats (Sprague-Dawley) divided intotwo control groups and three groups therapy (n=5) administration of the CGA 200mg/kgbw (body weightin kilograms) and EGCG 300mg/kgbw orally. After eight weeks of treatment, rats euthanized, then mRNAexpression of galectin-3 was measured. Furthermore, collagen deposition of cardiac tissue carried out inhistology slides. Results: Research reveals that the expression of galectin-3 decreased in the metabolicsyndrome model group, which given combination therapy compared with metabolic syndrome model micethat did not receive any therapy (P=0.000). Collagen deposition in cardiac tissue also found less than inthe therapy group compared with the group not treated with both compounds (P=0.000). The correlationbetween the two parameters shows a positive association with low strength. Conclusion: This study showsthat the combination therapy of CGA and EGCG is an engaging therapeutic candidate. It expected to reducethe progression of cardiac fibrosis in metabolic syndrome

Obesity Indices to Use for Identifying Metabolic Syndrome among Rural Adults in South Africa.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic conditions that aggravate the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study was aimed to identify the best obesity index to determine MetS. This was a cross-sectional study and part of the Ellisras Longitudinal Study where 593 (289 males and 304 females) adults aged 22–30 years took part. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the single-factor models of MetS defined by mid arterial pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides and commonly selected obesity indices such as Neck circumference (NC), Body mass index (BMI), Waist circumference (WC) and Waist to height ratio (WHtR) as indicators of MetS. It was found that a single model fit built based on WC and WHtR suggested a better fit index than NC and BMI in males, whereas, a model built on NC obtained a better fit index for females than other factor models. In conclusion, the result of the present study suggests that in rural Ellisras adult’s, WC and WHtR are the best obesity indices for determining MetS in males and NC in females than other indices. Hence, longitudinal studies are recommended to allow causality to be drawn between obesity indices and MetS.

Characteristic-Grouped Adiposity Indicators for Identifying Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents: Develop and Valid Risk Screening Tools Using Dual Population.

A simple, robust, and characterized adiposity indicator may be appropriate to be used as a risk screening tool for identifying metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents. This study used dual adolescent populations to develop and validate efficient adiposity indicators from 12 characterized candidates for identifying MetS that may occur during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. Data from the adolescent Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (n = 1920, 12–18 years) and the multilevel Risk Profiles for adolescent MetS study (n = 2727, 12–16 years) were respectively used as training and validation datasets. The diagnostic criteria defined by the International Diabetes Federation for adolescents (IDF-adoMetS) and the Joint Interim Statement for adults (JIS-AdMetS) were employed to evaluate MetS. In the training dataset, principal component analysis converted 12 interrelated obesity indices into bodyfat-, lipid-, and body-shape-enhanced groups, with the first two characteristic-groups having a higher discriminatory capability in identifying IDF-adoMetS and JIS-AdMetS. In the validation dataset, abdominal volume index (AVI) among girls and waist circumference (WC) among boys were respectively validated to have a higher Youden’s index (0.740–0.816 and 0.798–0.884) in identifying the two MetS. Every 7.4 and 4.3 positive tests of AVI (cutoff = 13.96) had an accurate IDF-adoMetS and JIS-AdMetS, respectively, and every 32.4 total tests of WC (cutoff = 90.5 cm) had a correct identification for the two MetS. This study stresses the discriminatory capability of bodyfat- and lipid-enhanced adiposity indicators for identifying MetS. AVI and WC were, respectively, supported as a risk screening tool for identifying female and male MetS as adolescents transition to adulthood.

Associations of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time with Metabolic Syndrome in Saudi Adult Males.

PurposeThe association between objectively measured sedentary behavior and physical activity with metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been rarely investigated in Saudi Arabia. The purpose of the current study was to examine the association of objectively measured sedentary, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with MetS among Saudi adult males.Materials and MethodsThe study participants were 103 males from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (mean age = 54.9 ± 10.6 years). Metabolic syndrome was defined based on having three or more of cardiometabolic risk factors. Triaxial accelerometers were used to measure the time spent on sedentary and physical activities across 7 days. A minimum four days with ≥10 hours of wearing time per day were considered a valid data. Binary logistics regression models were performed to examine the association of sedentary and physical activity levels with MetS vs no MetS. Model 1 was unadjusted, models 2, 3, and 4 were mutually controlled for sedentary, light, and MVPA intensities.ResultsAbout 38% of males in the present study were classified as having MetS as demonstrated by a significant (p<0.05) decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and a significant (p<0.05) increase in body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure, glucose, and triglycerides compared to those without MetS. In addition, low levels of LPA (less than 6.3 hours per day) were significantly associated with the risk of having MetS, independent of sedentary and MVPA (odds ratio (OR) 4.26–6.96). The results showed that the associations between sedentary tertiles and MetS were not statistically significant. Levels of MVPA were also not significantly associated with an increased risk of developing MetS in all models.ConclusionThis study showed that low levels of LPA were significantly associated with the risk of having MetS in Saudi males from Riyadh city, independent of MVPA and sedentary time. The results suggest that future intervention studies should assess the positive effect of increasing levels of LPA in reducing the risk of developing MetS in males.

Blood levels of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), elements and their associations with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Chinese male adults mediated by metabolic-related risk factors

Our preliminary studies have suggested PFASs, heavy metals, and trace elements could bring significant risks to MetS. However, the role of epigenetic mechanisms (i.e., miRNAs) and risk factors of metabolic alternation (i.e., thyroid functions, glucose and lipids metabolism) are not fully understood. To test this hypothesis, a further cross-sectional study with 80 male MetS cases and 64 male references was undertaken. Negative association between the serum n-perfluorooctanoic acid (n-PFOA) with miR-140-5p was found [β = −0.772; 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.244 to −0.300; p < 0.01, q < 0.05)] after adjusted with age. Higher levels of leptin and total bile acid were observed in the MetS group. The significantly positive associations between leptin with Cd (β = 1.015, p < 0.01, q < 0.05), Cu (β = 6.796, p < 0.05, q = 0.077) and Se (β = 7.633, p < 0.05, q = 0.060) were found; whereas total bile acid was significantly associated with Se (β = 8.954, p < 0.05, q = 0.140). Significantly positive associations between leptin and systolic/diastolic blood pressure were showed. Moreover, increased total bile acid concentrations were associated with hypertriglyceridemia [odds ratio (OR): 2.24 (95%CI, 1.10–4.58) adjusted by age.

Chronic inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 with tadalafil affords cardioprotection in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome: role of nitric oxide.

Patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) often exhibit generalized endothelial and cardiac dysfunction with decreased nitric oxide (NO) production and/or bioavailability. Since phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors restore NO signaling, we hypothesized that chronic treatment with long-acting PDE5 inhibitor tadalafil may enhance plasma NO levels and reduce cardiac dysfunction following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in C57BL/6NCrl-Leprdb-lb/Crl mice with MetS phenotypes. Adult male MetS mice were randomized to receive vehicle solvent or tadalafil (1mg/kg,i.p.) daily for 28days and C57BL/6NCrl mice served as healthy wild-type controls. After 28days, cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and hearts from a subset of mice were isolated and subjected to 30min of global ischemia followed by 60min of reperfusion (I/R) in ex vivo Langendorff mode.Body weight, blood lipids, and glucose levels were elevated in MetS mice as compared with wild-type controls. The dyslipidemia in MetS was ameliorated following tadalafil treatment. Although left ventricular (LV) systolic function was minimally altered in the MetS mice, there was a significant diastolic dysfunction as indicated by reduction in the ratioof peak velocity of early to late filling of the mitral inflow, which was significantly improved by tadalafil treatment. Post-ischemic cardiac function, heart rate, and coronary flow decreased significantly in MetS mice compared to wild-type controls, but preserved by tadalafil treatment. Myocardial infarct size was significantly smaller following I/R, which was associated with higher plasma levels of nitrate and nitrite in the tadalafil-treated MetS mice. In conclusion, tadalafil induces significant cardioprotective effects as shown by improvement of LV diastolic function, lipid profile, and reduced infarct size following I/R. Tadalafil treatment enhanced NO production, which may have contributed to the cardioprotective effects.

Comparison of the Value of Neutrophil to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio and Lymphocyte to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio for Predicting Metabolic Syndrome Among a Population in the Southern Coast of China.

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine the optimal cutoff values and evaluate the associations of neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHR) and lymphocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (LHR) with metabolic syndrome (MetS), stratified by sex.MethodsA large-scale cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1401 adults from January to April 2018 in six communities in Wanzhai Town, Zhuhai City, on the southern coast of China. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses and logistic regression analysis were conducted to assess the optimal cutoff and value of NHR and LHR for predicting MetS.ResultsHematological parameters showed the correlation with the occurrence of MetS (red blood cells, hemoglobin, and white blood cells and subtypes). Binomial logistic regression analysis found that LHR (OR: 3.671; 95% CI: 2.385–5.651; p<0.001) and NHR (OR: 1.728; 95% CI: 1.353–2.207; p<0.001) can predict MetS in females, independent of confounding factors. Although LHR (OR: 1.571; 95% CI: 1.001–2.468; p=0.05) and NHR (OR: 1.163; 95% CI: 0.909–1.48; p<0.01) were independent risk factors for MetS in males after adjustment for age, current smoking, current alcohol use, physical activity, educational attainment, waist circumference, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), when further adjusted for fasting plasma glucose level, LHR and NHR, both lost their independence. ROC curves showed that LHR had the highest AUC for predicting MetS in females and NHR had the highest AUC in males. The cutoff points of LHR and NHR were 1.36 and 2.31 in females, and 1.96 and 3.38 in males.ConclusionLHR and NHR may become valuable makers and have strong predictive power for predicting MetS, especially in females.

Does Eating-Away-from-Home Increase the Risk of a Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosis?

Rising frequency of eating-away-from-home (EAFH) is suspected to be correlated with several non-communicable diseases. This study adopted the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 2009 data to investigate the association between being diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and EAFH at different ages. Results showed that the association between EAFH and MetS varied at different ages and differed for males and females. EAFH was positively associated with a higher risk of getting MetS for males, especially for those aged between 45 and 60; while it was negatively associated with the risk of getting MetS for young females (<45) (all p < 0.05). In particular, EAFH was associated with a lower risk of getting high serum triglycerides (TGs), abdominal adiposity, elevated blood pressure, and impaired fasting blood glucose for young females, while higher risk of high serum TGs, abdominal adiposity, elevated blood pressure, and impaired fasting blood glucose for middle-aged males (all p < 0.05). In addition, a higher frequency of EAFH was associated with a higher risk of abdominal adiposity and elevated blood pressure for older women, and a lower risk of elevated blood pressure, and impaired fasting blood glucose for younger men (all p < 0.05). Our study implies that heterogeneous target strategies for preventing MetS in different subpopulation should be considered.

The metabolic syndrome and its components are differentially associated with chronic diseases in a high-risk population of 350 000 adults: A cross-sectional study.

We compared strengths of associations conferred by the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components across four chronic disease categories (cancer, cardiovascular diseases [CVDs], chronic kidney disease [CKD], and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) in a community-dwelling high-risk population. This is a cross-sectional analysis of Israeli adults insured in a single health maintenance organization during 2010 to 2013 and having greater than or equal to two MetS components (hypertension, dysglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein level, high plasma triglyceride level, and obesity). Data regarding MetS components, chronic disease prevalence, and sociodemographic variables were retrieved from electronic health records and disease registries. Among 347 244 eligible members, 54.2% had MetS. MetS was negatively associated with cancer, (prevalence ratio [PR]=0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-0.93) and positively associated with CKD (PR=1.07, [1.01-1.13]). Some MetS components conferred different associations across the chronic diseases: a high triglyceride level was positively associated with cancer (PR=1.15, 1.12-1.18) and CKD (PR=1.37, 1.32-1.41) but negatively associated with CVD (PR=0.88, 0.86-0.90) and COPD (PR=0.93, 0.88-0.98). In the presence of MetS, those with dysglycemia had higher cancer prevalence than those with normoglycemia (PR-interaction MetS*dysglycemia on cancer=1.14, 1.06-1.22). Likewise, in the presence of MetS, men were more likely than women to present with CVD (PR-interaction MetS*sex on CVD=1.12, [1.05-1.20]). Prevalences of the MetS and MetS components distribute unequally across four chronic diseases. MetS including dysglycemia may warrant screening for cancer, and MetS in males may indicate the presence of CVD. Longitudinal studies may reveal if MetS is associated with different risks or merely indicates better prognosis once having a chronic illness.

Use of a pamphlet to encourage individuals to eat slowly to help reduce the development of metabolic syndrome

We examined how distributing a pamphlet that encourages individuals to eat food slowly can help reduce the development of metabolic syndrome among workers who regularly undergo health checkups in the workplace. We prepared an educational dietary pamphlet that provided information on reducing the speed of eating and the importance of eating slowly and distributed it to C municipal officials who visited their workplace clinic for a medical checkup in 2013. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) for the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity, defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or greater, by comparing workers before and after the pamphlet distribution. The educational pamphlet helped to reduce the development of MetS in males (OR: 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70-1.0), but not in females (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.88-2.4). The pamphlet helped to reduce the development of obesity in females (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32-0.83), but not in males (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.70-1.1). The distribution of an educational pamphlet that provided information on how to eat food slowly/the importance of eating food slowly helped reduce the development of MetS in males and the development of obesity in females.

Age and gender-specific distribution of metabolic syndrome components in East China: role of hypertriglyceridemia in the SPECT-China study

BackgroundChinese population are experiencing remarkably changes of economic and cultural environments. The present study was to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) by age between genders and to investigate the current characteristics of MetS and its components in China.MethodsSPECT-China is a population-based cross-sectional survey on Chinese adults aged ≥18 years in East China. A total of 10,441 Chinese residents participated in anthropometric and laboratory measurements. Of these, 9969 subjects (females, 5868) were eligible for the data analysis reported here. Estimates of the prevalence of MetS and its components were calculated. Presence of MetS was defined based on the IDF/AHA harmonized criteria. MetS z-score was calculated to evaluate the degree of total metabolic disorder.ResultsThe age-standardized prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 22.0% (21.9% in men and 22.0% in women). Unlike the continuous MetS rise with age in females, the MetS prevalence in males remained stable among 46–55, 56–65 and > 65 yrs. age groups (31.2%, 31.4%, 32.5%, p = 0.538). In the five components of MetS, contrary to the elevated BP and BG disorders, the frequency of TG disorders decreased with age in males (46.6%(46–55 yrs), 37.2% (56–65 yrs), 27.7%(> 65 yrs), p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression showed that in males, more TG disorders were associated with higher BMI, higher educational level and current nonsmoker. In the MetS subjects, the 3-factor combinations which included TG disorders decreased with age in both genders. The whole metabolic profile became better in older male MetS subjects, which was opposite to the female.ConclusionOur results showed a distinct age-related prevalence of MetS between genders in dramatically changed China, in which the TG disorders played an important role. More targeted measures need to be taken to meet the serious challenges of metabolic diseases.Trial registrationChiCTR-ECS-14005052, Survey on Prevalence in East China for Metabolic Diseases and Risk Factors (SPECT-China).

Association of psychosocial stressors with metabolic syndrome severity among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study

IntroductionUsing Jackson Heart Study (JHS) data, we assessed the association between perceived psychosocial stressors and metabolic syndrome (MetS) severity in African American adults. MethodsParticipants included 3870 African American JHS participants aged 21–95 years (63.1% women; mean age 53.8 ± 13.0). Psychosocial stressors assessed included: major life events (MLEs); global stress; and weekly stress inventory. Each stress measure was classified into tertiles (low, medium, and high). Associations of psychosocial stressors with a sex- and race/ethnic-specific MetS severity Z-score were examined after adjustment for demographics and MetS risk factors (i.e., nutrition, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption). ResultsIndependent of lifestyle factors, participants who reported high (versus low) perceived global stress and MLEs had significantly greater MetS severity (p = .0207 and p = .0105, respectively). Weekly stress was not associated with MetS severity. Compared to men, women reported significantly higher global stress and MLEs (p < 0.0001). A significant interaction between sex and MLEs (p = .0456) demonstrated men significantly increased their MetS severity at medium levels of stress, whereas women’s MetS severity was significantly increased at high levels of MLEs. ConclusionsIn the total sample, higher reported global stress and MLEs were associated with increased risk of MetS severity, while weekly stress was not. Men’s and women’s stress responses to MLEs were differentially associated with MetS severity, with male MetS severity increasing significantly at lower levels of MLEs relative to women’s MetS severity. These data may have implications for targeting stress-related factors in interventions to improve cardiometabolic health in African American adults.

Gender specific association of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D with metabolic syndrome in population with preserved renal function

The association of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D with Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was evaluated using representative data from the Korean population. Data from 7004 subjects aged 50 or older with preserved renal function (excluding chronic kidney disease stage 3b to 5) who were included in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2008 and 2010 were analysed. Higher PTH levels (pg/ml) were observed in subjects with MetS than in those without MetS among both genders (60.1 (58.6–61.6) vs. 62.4 (60.7–64.2) in males p = 0.018, 60.7 (59.4–62.1) vs. 63.9 (62.4–65.6) in females, p < 0.001). For females, PTH levels were significantly higher in subjects with MetS than in those without MetS after adjustment for possible covariates. Lower 25(OH)D levels were significantly associated with MetS only in male subjects (p = 0.004). As the number of MetS components increased, a significant rise in PTH levels (p for trend 0.005 in males and 0.024 in females) and a decrease in 25(OH)D levels (p for trend < 0.001 in males and 0.053 in females) were observed. In conclusion, among subjects with preserved renal function, PTH levels were possibly associated with MetS in females, whereas vitamin D levels exhibited a possible link to MetS in males.

Association of carbohydrate and fat intake with metabolic syndrome

In Asia, dietary pattern has been changed with increased intake of refined carbohydrates, sugar, and saturated fat, while the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is on the rise. However, it remains unclear whether a high-carbohydrate or a high-fat diet is more metabolically harmful, and the optimal amount of carbohydrates and fat has not been determined. The aim of our study was to examine the role of carbohydrate and fat intake in MetS in a Korean population. Data were obtained from a large, population-based, cross-sectional study (6737 males and 8845 females). The subjects were divided into nine groups based on carbohydrate and fat proportion, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting for confounding variables. Regardless of fat intake, the risk of MetS significantly increased in males with higher carbohydrate proportions (of total energy intake). In females, the risk of MetS was significantly elevated only in those with both the highest carbohydrate proportion and lowest fat proportion. A high carbohydrate proportion was associated with a higher prevalence of MetS in males, and a high carbohydrate proportion combined with a low fat proportion was associated with MetS in females. Our results indicate that reduction of excessive carbohydrate intake paired with an adequate fat intake, taking into consideration optimal types of fat, is useful for MetS prevention. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the optimal types and amounts of carbohydrate and fat proportions as well as the mechanism underlying these relationships.

The Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome and the Most Powerful Components as Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome in Central Iran: A 10-Year Follow-Up in a Cohort Study

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is rapidly growing in today's world as an important predictor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Objectives: The present study aimed at assessing the incidence of MetS and the most powerful components as predictors of MetS in a cohort study in central Iran. Methods: This cohort study was a follow-up of participants (n = 2000 and aged 20 to 74 years), who were selected using multistage random cluster sampling method from urban areas of Yazd, Iran, during year 2005 and repeated in 2015. Metabolic Syndrome was defined using a modified version of National cholesterol education program adult treatment panel III (NCEP III) definition. To assess hazard ratio of components of MetS for crude and adjusted values in two models, Cox proportional hazard regression was used. Results: Prevalence of MetS was 44.8% (n = 887) at baseline. Therefore, we followed subjects without MetS (n = 809) in 2015. After about 10 years, MetS was developed in 56.1% (n = 454) of subjects. Incidence of MetS in males and females was 56.1/1000 person-years and 58.7/1000 person-years, respectively. The analysis revealed that incidence of MetS significantly increased with age and higher level of socio-economic status and decreased with high level of education. In females and males the most powerful component for incidence of MetS was high fasting blood glucose (HR = 16.6, 95% CI: 1.91 - 22.82) and hypertriglyceridemia (HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02 - 2.6), respectively. Conclusions: The current study showed a high incidence of MetS in males and females residing in central Iran. Furthermore, community-based interventions that reduce MetS in the population are needed.

Relation between metabolic syndrome and body compositions among Chinese adolescents and adults from a large-scale population survey

BackgroundFew nationally representative surveys regarding body composition and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been done in a large-scale representative Chinese population to explore the prediction of body composition indicators for MetS. The objective of this study was to examine the relation of body composition and MetS and to determine the optimal cut-off values of body composition indicators that predict MetS in a large representative Chinese sample based on multiple provinces and ethnicities, covering a broad age range from 10 to 80 years old.MethodsThe subjects came from a large-scale population survey on Chinese physiological constants and health conditions conducted in six provinces. 32,036 subjects completed all blood biochemical testing and body composition measure. Subjects meeting at least 3 of the following 5 criteria qualify as having MetS: elevated blood pressure, lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol level, higher triglyceride level, higher fasting glucose level and abdominal obesity.ResultsThe total prevalence rate of MetS for males (9.29%) was lower than for females (11.58%). The prevalence rates were 12.03% for male adults and 15.57% for female adults respectively. The risk of MetS increased 44.6% (OR = 1.446, 95%CI: 1.414–1.521) for males and 53.4% (OR = 1.534, 95%CI: 1.472–1.598) for females with each 5% increase of percentage of body fat. The risk of MetS increased two-fold (OR = 2.020, 95%CI: 1.920–2.125 for males; OR = 2.047, 95%CI: 1.954–2.144 for females respectively) with each 5% increase of waist-hip ratio. The risk of MetS increased three-fold (OR = 2.915, 95%CI: 2.742–3.099 for males; OR = 2.950, 95%CI: 2.784–3.127 for females respectively) with each 5% increase of Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR). Areas under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of most body composition indicators were larger than 0.70 and the sensitivities and the specificities of most cut-off values were larger than 0.65. AUCs of WHR and WHtR were the largest. The optimal cut-off values of WHtR were 0.51 for males and 0.53 for females.ConclusionMetS has become a serious public health challenge in China. Body composition variables were closely related to MetS and they were reliable indicators in the screening of the presence of MetS.

Optimal cut-off of obesity indices to predict cardiovascular disease risk factors and metabolic syndrome among adults in Northeast China.

BackgroundCVD risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes) and MetS are closely related to obesity. The selection of an optimal cut-off for various obesity indices is particularly important to predict CVD risk factors and MetS.MethodsSixteen thousand seven hundred sixty-six participants aged 18–79 were recruited in Jilin Province in 2012. Five obesity indices, including BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR and BAI were investigated. ROC analyses were used to evaluate the predictive ability and determine the optimal cut-off values of the obesity indices for CVD risk factors and MetS.ResultsBMI had the highest adjusted ORs, and the adjusted ORs for hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and MetS were 1.19 (95 % CI, 1.17 to 1.20), 1.20 (95 % CI, 1.19 to 1.22), 1.12 (95 % CI, 1.10 to 1.13), and 1.40 (95 % CI, 1.38 to 1.41), respectively. However, BMI did not always have the largest adjusted AUROC. In general, the young age group (18 ~ 44) had higher ORs and AUROCs for CVD risk factors and MetS than those of the other age groups. In addition, the optimal cut-off values for WC and WHR in males were relatively higher than those in females, whereas the BAI in males was comparatively lower than that in females.ConclusionsThe appropriate obesity index, with the corresponding optimal cut-off values, should be selected in different research studies and populations. Generally, the obesity indices and their optimal cut-off values are: BMI (24 kg/m2), WC (male: 85 cm; female: 80 cm), WHR (male: 0.88; female: 0.85), WHtR (0.50), and BAI (male: 25 cm; female: 30 cm). Moreover, WC is superior to other obesity indices in predicting CVD risk factors and MetS in males, whereas, WHtR is superior to other obesity indices in predicting CVD risk factors and MetS in females.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3694-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.