Metropolitan Region Of Campinas Research Articles

Study of Mobility Patterns in Metropolitan Region of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

The current model of Brazilian cities dependent on individual transport and the low coverage of collective systems in metropolitan regions has generated problems that make it difficult for the population to move and increase pollutant emissions into the atmosphere. This article aims to analyze mobility patterns and relate them to infrastructures and the urbanization process of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (RMC). For methodological purposes, consultations were carried out on legislation, integrated urban development plans, master plans, metropolis statute and bibliographic review of scientific works on the themes, as well as a survey of the results of the Origin Destination Research, carried out in the region in 2011 and the use of geotechnologies (GIS). After document analysis and the calculation of indicators, it was identified that the pattern of urban-spatial organization in the region presents a strong socioeconomic polarization that directly affects mobility patterns and the absence of integration of public transport systems.

Study of Mobility Patterns in Metropolitan Region of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

The current model of Brazilian cities dependent on individual transport and the low coverage of collective systems in metropolitan regions has generated problems that make it difficult for the population to move and increase pollutant emissions into the atmosphere. This article aims to analyze mobility patterns and relate them to infrastructures and the urbanization process of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (RMC). For methodological purposes, consultations were carried out on legislation, integrated urban development plans, master plans, metropolis statute and bibliographic review of scientific works on the themes, as well as a survey of the results of the Origin Destination Research, carried out in the region in 2011 and the use of geotechnologies (GIS). After document analysis and the calculation of indicators, it was identified that the pattern of urban-spatial organization in the region presents a strong socioeconomic polarization that directly affects mobility patterns and the absence of integration of public transport systems.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, an underdiagnosed cause of headache

IntroductionRocky Mountain spotted fever is a tick-borne rickettsiosis. The main clinical signs and symptoms are fever, severe headache, rashes and myalgia. Endothelium tropism can lead to vasculitis, thrombosis, and hemorrhage. In addition, the disease can generate neurological impairment through meningoencephalitis, characterized by holocranial headache. It is considered difficult to diagnose and underreported because nonspecific signs and it is commonly confused with dengue. Objectives To analyze the epidemiology of spotted fever in São Paulo (state) between 2010 and 2020. MethodologyThe work is a descriptive cross-sectional study that statistically analyzes the cases of spotted fever in São Paulo between 2010 and 2020 through data obtained by the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). The proportions of spotted fever cases were calculated according to: sex, age group, race/color, infection environment, confirmation criteria and evolution. The correlation coefficient between human development index (HDI) and that of the reporting city and mortality was estimated. The number of inhabitants and HDI were from the latest IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) census in 2010. ResultsThere are 869 cases were confirmed (representing 44% of the country's cases), of which 324 are from the metropolitan region of Campinas. The correlation coefficient between HDI and deaths is 0.06 and the average HDI of the cities is 0.79. (To see the complete abstract, please, check out the PDF).

Removal of low-calorie sweeteners at five Brazilian wastewater treatment plants and their occurrence in surface water

The consumption of low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) such as acesulfame (ACE), sucralose (SUC), saccharin (SAC), cyclamate (CYC), aspartame (ASP), neotame (NEO), and stevioside (STV) is increasing worldwide to meet the demand for reduced-calorie foods and beverages. However, there are no consumption data available in Brazil, as well as their concentration in sewage and removal on wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In the present study, ACE, SUC, SAC, CYC, ASP, NEO, and STV were assessed at five WWTPs located in the metropolitan region of Campinas (São Paulo State, Brazil), in operation with different treatment processes. Surface water was also analyzed. Analyses were carried out by on-line solid-phase extraction ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The major points are the following: LCS concentrations in the influents ranged from 0.25 to 189 μg L−1 and followed the order CYC > ACE > SAC > SUC. NEO, ASP, and STV were not detected at any sampling site. Sweetener concentrations in the WWTP outputs differed mainly due to the different treatment setups employed. CYC and SAC were completely removed by biodegradation-based processes, while ACE removal was favored by the anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process. SUC presented the highest concentration in the treated sewage, even at the WWTP operating with ultrafiltration membranes and therefore could be a marker compound for evaluation of the efficiency of removal of contaminants in WWTPs. Risk quotient estimation, using the PNEC and MEC values, indicated that the levels of the LCS reported here were harmless to the biota. The consumption of ACE, CYC, SAC, and SUC was estimated to be 2634 t year−1.

Drinking water nitrosamines in a large metropolitan region in Brazil.

Nitrosamines are a concerning group of carcinogens, which have gained increasing attention over the last years, frequently found in drinking and recycled water systems. In this work, an analytical method was developed for the detection and quantification of seven nitrosamines (NDMA, NMEA, NPYR, NDEA, NPIP, NDPA, and NDBA) in drinking water. The method is based on gas chromatography coupled with a single quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-MS) with electron ionization (EI) mode. Sample enrichment and matrix cleanup by solid-phase extraction (SPE) were performed using the US EPA Method 521 cartridge packed with coconut-based charcoal. The simple method allowed reliable identification and quantification of nitrosamines in the water at nanogram per liter levels. The optimized method was validated at three concentration levels (20, 100, and 200 ng L-1) in ultrapure and drinking water samples. Average recoveries were 63-87% for ultrapure water and 38-79% for drinking water with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 10% for both matrices. Method detection limits were 1.23-3.14 ng L-1. The described method was applied to eighteen drinking water samples collected from 13 cities of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (São Paulo, Brazil). NDMA was the most frequent nitrosamine detected (89% of samples) and had the highest concentration level found (67 ng L-1). The levels of nitrosamines found in drinking water samples are of considerable relevance since the selected area is a major urban center that has amply expanded industrial and agricultural activities over the last few decades. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of nitrosamines in drinking water conducted in Brazil to date.

Physiological responses of two different epiphytic bromeliads exposed in a polluted subtropical region in southeast Brazil characterized by seasonal climate

Climate and atmospheric pollutants, such as ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), herbicides and particulate matter, can elevate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase stress on plants. However, many plants can tolerate stress, neutralizing ROS through their antioxidant defense system and physiological mechanisms. Some, such as bromeliad species, are even able to accumulate pollutants and/or avoid the entry of pollutants into their tissues. This study aimed at investigating comparatively physiological responses of Aechmea fasciata and Tillandsia usneoides in a polluted subtropical region characterized by seasonal climate. We raised the hypothesis that the species most acclimatable physiologically to the seasonal climate will be the most appropriate for pollution biomonitoring purposes. To accomplish this, A. fasciata and T. usneoides plants were exposed in five locations in the metropolitan region of Campinas (MRC), São Paulo State, Brazil, for 22 months in 12-week cycles, totaling 8 exposure periods. Key non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid and glutathione), chlorophylls and indicators of lipid peroxidation (hydroperoxide diene conjugated and malondialdehyde) and growth parameters were measured at the end of each exposure. Results showed that A. fasciata and T. usneoides have different strategies, especially regarding the potential to tolerate oxidative stress and grow in the subtropical region characterized by pollutants and seasonal climate. A. fasciata has a higher ability to change their antioxidant metabolism than T. usneoides to compensate the oxidative stress induced by environmental stressors in the study region, despite its higher MDA levels. The physiological parameters of A. fasciata were inversely correlated with air pollutants, revealing that the specie is responsive to fluctuations of environmental stressors. T. usneoides did not interact physiologically with air pollutants during wet periods. Therefore, we concluded that A. fasciata is a more efficient bioindicator bromeliad in a polluted subtropical region characterized by seasonal climate.

Macrophytes’ abundance changes in eutrophicated tropical reservoirs exemplified by Salto Grande (Brazil): Trends and temporal analysis exploiting Landsat remotely sensed data

River damming for electric power production generally triggers a set of anthropic activities that strongly impact on aquatic ecosystem, especially in small reservoirs located in urbanized and industrialized areas. Among the possible adverse effects is the over-abundance of aquatic macrophytes resulting from the input of high concentration of nutrients in the ecosystem that can affect the health of the ecosystem. In these situations, macrophytes are treated as weeds that need to be continuously monitored and analysed over time. Historically, remote sensing has played a prominent role in change detection studies and, nowadays, considering the open data sources of multi-temporal images and the high computational performance that allows for larger volumes of historical images to be mined, water monitoring is a recurrent object of analysis. The Salto Grande reservoir is a small water body located in the metropolitan region of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, characterized by high rates of urbanization and industrialization. The intense anthropic occupation around the reservoir triggered the degradation of the landscape and the decrease of water quality. This study explored the potential of image-attributes’ time series to monitor the spatio-temporal behavior of aquatic macrophytes in the Salto Grande Reservoir. Our assumption was that the combination of techniques for analyzing large multi-temporal datasets enables us to understand the trends and changes in the macrophytes occurrence in this small reservoir. To achieve this, quarterly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series based on Landsat data imagery from 1984 to 2017 were built to analyze the occurrence and persistence of these aquatic plants in the reservoir. A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the NDVI time series, which allowed us to identify typical years in the abundance of macrophytes and twelve regions of greater and lesser temporal variability in its abundance, by a K-means aggregation of the first principal component scores. For these regions, the Breaks for Additive and Seasonality Trend (BFAST) algorithm was used to analyze the trend, cyclic behaviour, and changes in the time series of the average NDVI. BFAST was able to detect gradual and abrupt changes for each of the twelve areas by searching for breakpoints in the temporal series. It was observed that the regions near the dam and where the conditions of the river are still maintained are most affected by the occurrence of macrophytes, characterized by an average NDVI greater than 0.4. Although subject to more subtle seasonal variations, all these regions defined at least one breakpoint, suggesting abrupt changes such as sharp interventions to control the overabundance of macrophytes at specific time. The regions located in the middle of the reservoir, with a more lacustrine influence, had lower average NDVI and small variations over time. Thus, it was possible to identify the critical regions of the studied reservoir with excess of growing macrophytes through the applied method, which also can be applied to similar areas.

Fluorescence emission spectra of target chloroplast metabolites (flavonoids, carotenoids, lipofuscins, pheophytins) as biomarkers of air pollutants and seasonal tropical climate.

Chloroplasts have luminescent metabolites-chlorophyll being the most known one-whose fluorescence emission may be a useful tool to assess the physiological status of the plant. Some antioxidants (flavonoids and carotenoids), and byproducts of membrane rupture (lipofuscins) and chlorophyll degradation (pheophytins), are chloroplasts' fluorescent metabolites directly involved in plant response to environmental stressors and pollutants and may act as a biomarker of stress. Here we hypothesized that climatic variations and air pollutants induce alterations in the emission profile of chloroplasts' fluorescent metabolites in Tillandsia usneoides (Bromeliaceae). To test this hypothesis, an active biomonitoring study was performed during 2years in five polluted sites located at the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (São Paulo State, Brazil), aiming to identify target chloroplasts' fluorescent metabolites acting as biomarkers of environmental stress. In situ identification and quantification of the intensity of the fluorescence emission from target metabolites (flavonoids, carotenoids, lipofuscins, and pheophytins) were performed by the observation of fresh leaf sections under confocal laser scanning microscopy. Changes in the profile of fluorescence emission were correlated with local climate and air pollution data. The fluorescence emissions of flavonoids and carotenoids varied seasonally, with significant influence of rainfall and NO2. Our results expand the use of T. usneoides as a bioindicator by using alterations in the fluorescence emission profile of chloroplast metabolites. This application may be especially interesting for NO2 biomonitoring.

Tracking the occurrence of psychotropic pharmaceuticals in Brazilian wastewater treatment plants and surface water, with assessment of environmental risks

According to the World Health Organization, >360 million people worldwide suffer from mental diseases such as depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder, for which psychotropic drugs are frequently prescribed. Despite being highly metabolized in the human organism, non-metabolized portions of these drugs are excreted, subsequently reaching wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where they may be incompletely removed during treatment, leading to the contamination of surface waters. In this work, ten psychotropic drugs widely consumed in Brazil (alprazolam, amitriptyline, bupropion, carbamazepine, clonazepam, escitalopram, fluoxetine, nortriptyline, sertraline, and trazadone) were monitored at five WWTPs located in the metropolitan region of Campinas (São Paulo State, Brazil). The drugs were determined in the influents, at different stages of the treatments, and in the effluents. Surface waters from the Atibaia River and the Anhumas Creek were also monitored. Quantitation of the pharmaceuticals was carried out by online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated and presented a limit of quantitation of 50 ng L−1 for all the drugs assessed. Six of the substances monitored were quantified in the samples collected from the different treatment processes employed at the WWTPs. These technologies were unable to act as barriers for these psychotropics drugs. The concentrations ranged from 50 to 3000 ng L−1 in the WWTP effluents, while the main contaminants were found in surface waters at concentrations from 25 to 3530 ng L−1. The levels of the psychotropic detected in this work did not appear to present risks to the aquatic biota.

Mutações Urbanas na Região Metropolitana de Campinas

O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar e analisar áreas que podem ser classificadas como mutações urbanas na Região Metropolitana de Campinas, estado de São Paulo/Brasil, e evidenciar os padrões de paisagens mais recorrentes na sua formação. A Região Metropolitana de Campinas é constituída por vinte municípios e sete deles apresentam áreas que podem ser identificadas como mutações urbanas. Mutação urbana é um conceito forjado por Solà-Morales (2002) que auxilia o entendimento das dinâmicas de formação da cidade contemporânea. O método baseia-se em uma abordagem que utiliza o conceito de mutação como chave para uma sintaxe de leitura espacial, permitindo enfatizar e delimitar as aglomerações urbanas que compartilham o mesmo conjunto de características morfológicas. O método inclui procedimentos de análise de imagens aéreas e de fotografias urbanas disponibilizadas pelas ferramentas Google Earth e Google Street View. Os resultados apontam a formação de um eixo metropolitano que concentra vinte e uma mutações urbanas e extensas áreas de vazios urbanos. A paisagem urbana que está sendo formada é genérica e carente de elementos típicos da cidade tradicional pública e democrática, sendo estruturada por um conjunto de vinte e cinco padrões de paisagens, que retratam o ambiente construído na escala do pedestre.

Os novos espaços industriais: : o exemplo dos Condomínios Industriais, Parques Tecnológicos e das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação na Região Metropolitana de Campinas - RMC

Neste artigo buscamos compreender os fatores relacionados ao desenvolvimento dos novos ramos da indústria de alta tecnologia na Região Metropolitana de Campinas – RMC. O crescimento do número de condomínios industriais e parques tecnológicos, das pequenas e médias empresas – PMEs (industriais e de serviços de alta tecnologia), a interação dessas PMEs com outras médias e grandes empresas, universidades e institutos de pesquisa é a expressão da nova espacialidade da produção industrial e das estratégias de reprodução do capital. Os novos espaços industriais evidenciam a interpenetração entre as formas de capital (industrial, imobiliário e financeiro) e as novas funções do Estado na produção e na busca pela inovação. A partir do exemplo da região de Campinas são analisados os aspectos da reestruturação produtiva que indicam as continuidades e descontinuidades da produção industrial.

Anthropic interferences in the nutritional status of tree species growing in urban and peri-urban Atlantic forest remnants

This study was conducted with the purpose to evaluate the hypothesis that the air pollution deposition in the remaining Brazilian Atlantic Forest surrounded by diversified land uses, has altered the nutritional status of its tree species. The leaf concentrations of macronutrients and micronutrients were determined to estimate Concentration Factors – CF (plant/soil concentration ratios) and leaf nutrient ratios (N/P, N/K, N/Ca, N/Mg, N/S, S/K, S/Ca, S/Mg) of the most abundant tree species found in four remnants at the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, SE Brazil: Cosmopolis, Holambra, Paulínia and Campinas. The leaf samplings occurred during three dry and wet seasons. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) determined if CF for nutrients and ratios varied between forest remnants and seasons. Variations in CF values indicated that the nutritional status of the forest remnants is defined by both physical/chemical soil attributes and atmospheric deposition. The clay soils of the Campinas forest appeared to provide the highest buffering capacity against acidic deposition and nutritional imbalances induced by the anthropic activities. The air pollution emissions from diversified land uses has increased the CF medians above a reliable baseline of the nutritional plant/soil relationship in the forest remnants studied. Agriculture activities seemed to be responsible for increasing P, K, Ca, and Mg depositions; industries for N, S and Mn depositions; soil resuspension for Ca, Fe and Mg. Considering these sources, Paulínia and Campinas seemed to be the most and least forest remnants affected by air pollution, respectively.

Food safety culture in food services with different degrees of risk for foodborne diseases in Brazil

Food safety culture may establish the right environment for adequate food handling and management, reducing violations of food safety regulation, especially those related to foodborne disease outbreaks. This study aimed to evaluate differences among elements of food safety culture in food services at low or high-risk for foodborne diseases. This study was conducted with 63 managers and 333 food handlers from 32 food services located in the metropolitan region of Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The following elements of food safety culture (considering the technical-managerial and human routes) were evaluated: management systems, style, and process; leadership; organizational commitment; food safety climate (communication; self-commitment; management and coworker support; environment support; risk judgment; normative beliefs and work pressure); and risk perceptions. In the technical-managerial route, restaurants were categorized as low- or high foodborne disease risk restaurants. For the evaluation of food safety management systems, a validated checklist was used. In the human route, food safety climate analysis was performed by evaluating five elements applied exclusively to food handlers. High-risk restaurants presented a higher percentage of violation in most aspects related to food safety regulation and physical structure. Leadership and knowledge of low-risk restaurants' managers presented a higher level when compared to high-risk restaurants’ managers, showing that in the first group managers acted as mediators of safe practices. Food handlers from low-risk restaurants presented higher scores in food safety knowledge, organizational commitment, and food safety climate when compared to food handlers from high-risk restaurants. In restaurants with lower risk for foodborne diseases, the elements of food safety culture were better evaluated, indicating fewer violations of food safety regulation. In these restaurants, a consistent food safety climate was perceived within the technical-managerial route. This result shows that fewer violations of food safety legislation, especially those involving high-risk foodborne disease, were a positive outcome of an improved FS-culture. In this sense, it is possible to improve food safety by applying, evolving and maturing the concepts of FS-culture in restaurants in Brazil.

Interpretação dos gestores da região de Campinas sobre a alimentação escolar

O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) é uma política pública de atendimento universal aos alunos das escolas públicas brasileiras e tem suas rotinas e procedimentos bem definidos. A Lei Federal nº 11.947 de 2009 foi um grande avanço após décadas de ações e investimentos públicos e assim este estudo objetivou revelar, analisar e compreender os conhecimentos, interpretações, e práticas dos Secretários Municipais da Educação e Nutricionistas – Responsáveis Técnicos; os gestores dos programas municipais de alimentação escolar da Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC), em relação à legislação que o define. O estudo teve abordadem qualitativa realizado por meio de entrevistas com os gestores do PNAE nos municípios da RMC em 2014 e 2015. Para a análise do conteúdo das entrevistas foi utilizada a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC), baseada na Teoria das Representações Sociais. O discurso dos secretários de educação revelou seu papel político, muitas vezes demonstrando desconhecimento sobre a dimensão e sobre a legislação de referência do programa de alimentação escolar. O discurso dos nutricionistas demonstrou dificuldade em seguir a legislação de referência do PNAE por questões técnicas ou falta de preparo. De forma geral, os discursos dos gestores revelaram uma interpretação assistencialista da alimentação escolar, diferentemente do que propõe o PNAE. A representação social de alimentação escolar entre os gestores é a denominação “merenda”, embora reconheçam que este conceito seja ultrapassado. Observa-se a necessidade de atualização dos gestores públicos e melhor capacitação, assim como a inclusão de disciplinas voltadas à area de gestão de políticas públicas no currículo dos cursos de nutrição.

The Potential to Become Compact: A Study of Urban Form Flexibility in Brazilian Cities

Density and diversity are important dimensions of the compact city model. They enhance the urban structure complexity and, therefore, improve urban vitality. However, in the Brazilian context, the use of the compact city model is often associated simply to high densities. In this study, we explored the role of density and social diversity as indicators of urban complexity in different urban areas. We also discuss the possibility that areas that are more complex have to foster compact development. The case study is a conurbation area inside the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (RMC), comprising the three cities of Campinas, Hortolândia and Valinhos, in the State of Sao Paulo - Brazil. We calculated the Anselin Local Moran`s I and Inverse Simpson Indexes, to (i) cluster intraurban areas with similar density and social diversity characteristics and (ii) analyze the morphological characteristics of six intraurban areas and identify three specific patterns. The results show that even in a dispersed urban context, it is possible to identify areas with high density and social diversity indexes. We argue that these areas are more complex and flexible to new contexts, because of their morphological and social aspects. This indicates a greater potential for catalyze compact city policies in these than in those areas with low social diversity and low density. The conclusion highlights the importance of other aspects besides density in compact development in the Brazilian context. It also opens the discussion whether certain intraurban areas could be prioritized in urban policies because of their flexibility and catalysis potential.

Gestão de micro e pequenas empresas

Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar as contribuições da teoria da contingência e o entendimento das variáveis que interferem no processo de gestão e tomadas de decisão em restaurantes da Região Metropolitana de Campinas. A amostra pesquisada foi não probabilística e por conveniência. Foram escolhidos dois restaurantes de cada cidade da RMC, composta por vinte municípios, totalizando uma amostra de quarenta restaurantes. A proposta de associar a teoria da contingência com o segmento de restaurantes da região teve como premissa analisar os fatores contingentes das micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs) quanto pela relevância que os restaurantes passaram a ter no cotidiano da sociedade. Considerando os estudos de Donaldson (2001), Woodward (1965), Guerra (2007), Espejo (2008), Chenhal (2007), foi possível conhecer e entender que cada empresa tem suas próprias limitações e não existe uma forma prescritiva desenvolvida por nenhuma das teorias existentes que possa ser eficaz a todas as empresas, mas existem fatores contingentes. Como resultado, verificou-se que mesmo com um processo de gestão empresarial incipiente, uma combinação de algumas das variáveis a que estão submetidos os estabelecimentos e seus respectivos proprietários, é possível uma MPE responder de maneira satisfatória aos fatores contingentes, pois uma de suas principais vantagens é estar próxima dos clientes e poder corresponder de maneira imediata aos seus anseios. Este estudo contribui ao utilizar a teoria da contingência no processo de gestão e tomada de decisão das MPEs, ao invés de uma grande organização.
 Palavras-chave: Teoria da contingência. Gestão empresarial. Tomada de decisão. Restaurantes.

Where are the geohelminths? search of parasites in public recreation areas and parks in the metropolitan region of Campinas, SP, Brazil

Geohelminths are parasites that need, to complete their life cycle, a stage in the soil. Diseases caused by these helminths gain importance in public health because of their association with lack of sanitation and health education. The contamination of public spaces open to the community for leisure in the literature is quite common due to the risks that these areas offer: presence of waste, feces, insects, domestic animals, insolation, humidity and soil suitable for the survival of parasites. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the sanitary conditions of the soil (sand) from public areas and parks in the metropolitan region of Campinas, SP, Brazil.

Sao Paulo Metropolitan Transformations: Innovation or Reproduction

On the understanding that urbanization trends incorporate spatial changes of the economy, the research analyzes post-2000 new dynamics of urban sprawl, linked to the advanced economies that are changing the land use patterns along the northwest vector of Sao Paulo state capital. The vector structured by the Anhanguera / Bandeirantes highway system links the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo with the metropolitan region of Campinas. It is considered the major economic development axis of the country. Located in this area, the research focuses on small cities, due to their recent formation, as well as, the greater intensity of tertiary sector occupations linked to the advanced economies in their urban land. From the regional point of view, it is observed the strengthening of these new centers and of a larger territory that extends beyond the metropolitan scale. This article intend to understand the logic of this process, which is related to new productive structures and produce a new organization of metropolitan territories, that overlap on the old Metropolitan Area, reproducing dynamics of urban sprawl , at the same time establishing a new morphological configuration of the territory.

Análise morfológica das aglomerações residenciais horizontais intramuros na Região Metropolitana de Campinas

O presente artigo objetiva analisar as aglomerações residenciais horizontais intramuros na Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC) inserida no Estado de São Paulo – Brasil. Por meio da lógica morfológica, o intuito é estabelecer padrões destes residenciais, bem como quantificá-los em cada um dos municípios da RMC, analisando as concentrações de cada padrão morfológico e as interações com rodovias e áreas verdes. Para tanto, num primeiro momento, é contextualizado o surgimento destas aglomerações residenciais na RMC e feita uma breve leitura legislativa sobre o tema. Em seguida, a metodologia contempla o que há de mais significativo no artigo, pois viabiliza o mapeamento de todas as aglomerações habitacionais intramuros horizontais e estabelece padrões morfológicos segundo variações de tamanho, características de construções e interferências no sistema viário e no tecido urbano. Após o mapeamento, foi possível analisar, por meio de mapas e gráficos, como é a distribuição destes padrões morfológicos e qual a relação deles com rodovias e áreas de preservação ambiental. Os resultados evidenciaram que, dentre os sete diferentes padrões de intramuros identificados, é predominante na RMC o padrão caracterizado por glebas fracionadas com a prévia intenção de se configurarem um empreendimento residencial intramuros. No que tange à relação com as vias urbanas e às áreas verdes, os mapas gerados revelaram que a maior parte destes padrões residenciais ocorre nas áreas periféricas das cidades e às margens de rodovias. Além disso, foi possível visualizar também a inevitável presença de áreas verdes protegidas nos residenciais intramuros, sendo os municípios de Campinas, Paulínia, Valinhos e Vinhedo os maiores exemplares desta relação.

Ozone Biomonitoring with White Clover Clones: The First Experience in Brazil

Ozone concentrations are expected to rise in developing countries, potentially reducing crop yield and causing great economic losses. Therefore, an ozone biomonitoring system based on the ratio of the biomass of ozone‐resistant (NC‐R) and ozone‐sensitive (NC‐S) biotypes of white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Regal) is tested over 2 years (2012 and 2013) at four sites with neighboring crop production in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC), Brazil. The biomass production of both clones is similar at the four sites studied in the MRC, but significant differences are observed between the monthly harvests during the experimental period. Linear regression analyses show contrasting results from the experimental years. During 2012, the biomass of both clones correlated positively with precipitation and relative humidity, and negatively with vapor pressure deficit, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. During 2013, the biomass production of both clones did not significantly correlate with oscillating environmental conditions. No significant linear regression between the NC‐S/NC‐R biomass ratio and ozone is found in either year. A stepwise backward multilinear method identified nitrogen dioxide and accumulated dose over a threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40) as the main parameters negatively affecting the biomasses of both clones; particulate matter affected only the sensitive clone. This field experiment shows that the current concentrations of ozone may affect sensitive Brazilian crops.