Metropolitan Lima Research Articles

University Management and Discrimination Towards Trans University Students in Metropolitan Lima

Background: The purpose of this research was to describe how discrimination against trans students is carried out in universities in Metropolitan Lima. Also called gender identity discrimination, it is included in the Yogyakarta Principles (United Nations), a document that seeks to serve as protection for the LGBTQ+ community.
 Methods: The investigation started in September 2021 and ended in April 2022. A qualitative methodology was used, triangulating designs such as multi-case studies, documentary analysis, and unstructured interviews. The latter were processed and conducted via online conversations (using Zoom) with students who were purposely selected by the authors.
 Results: Five trans students were the sample for this research, which through a series of interviews taught us that each of them has a different sexual orientation, have suffered exclusion at their universities, and have experienced prejudice even from their own teachers and administrative staff.
 Conclusions: It is highly recommended that all staff working on the university campus, particularly professors, receive training on issues of sexual diversity, especially transgender people, and personal unisex toilets be implemented.

Psychometric Properties of the Questionnaire of Violence in Young Couple Relationships (Virepa) in Metropolitan Lima, Peru

Partner violence is a public health problem that seriously affects the population, which is why valid and reliable instruments are needed to measure this issue according to the cultural context. The objective is to determine the validity and reliability of the Violence in Partner Relationships Scale (VIREPA) aimed at citizens of Metropolitan Lima. The applied methodology was cross-sectional, instrumental, and non-experimental. The scale was applied to a sample of 433 subjects of both sexes, aged 16 to 60 years. Aiken’s V was obtained for content validity, which was accepted by 100% of the experts. Reliability was verified through internal consistency using Cronbach's Alpha (0.977) and Omega (0.99). The descriptive analysis of the items also showed positive skewness and a tendency towards moderate to low kurtosis. Likewise, the confirmatory factor analysis provided a positive distribution of items with factor loadings ranging from (0.76 to 0.95). The CFA reported a good fit of the original model (Chi-square over degrees of freedom = 0.12; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.010; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0.0026; Comparative Fit Index = 0.999; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.998), and adequate factorial invariance was found when measuring the variable in both sexes. In conclusion, the psychometric scale effectively measures and evaluates violence in young couples' relationships, demonstrating high consistency, validity, and reliability, which was corroborated with the results obtained. It is essential to address this social problem properly and promote healthy and violence-free partner relationships. 
 
 Received: 7 September 2023 / Accepted: 9 January 2024 / Published: 5 March 2024

Explanatory Model of Suicidal Risk in University Students of Metropolitan Lima

Explanatory Model of Suicidal Risk in University Students of Metropolitan Lima

Models of Strategic Management in Smes in The Period of The Covid-19 Pandemic in Metropolitan Lima

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to understand the adaptation of strategic management models by SMEs in Metropolitan Lima during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Theoretical Framework: Organizations must be agile and flexible to survive in a constantly changing business environment. During the pandemic, SMEs were forced to rethink their strategic management models, adopting a more authentic and adaptive approach. The ability to rethink strategies, diversify products and services, and embrace digitalization became crucial. Strategic management, an essential component of management models, encompasses the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of key decisions for organizations to achieve their objectives in a competitive and dynamic environment. This involves looking both internally at the organization's structure and operations and externally, evaluating opportunities and threats. Strategic management is how organizations not only face challenges, but also take advantage of emerging opportunities. Methodology: It was framed in the interpretative paradigm and supported by the hermeneutic methodology. Results and Discussion: The fundamental findings of the study relate to four primary categories and identify emerging facets within the expressions of social actors. This study highlights how, in times of crisis, resilience and creativity emerge as crucial qualities for success. It also highlights that adaptability and re-evaluation of previous approaches become essential for navigating turbulent terrain. Practical and social implication: The importance of understanding how strategies evolved to sustain the operation and generate valuable knowledge is highlighted. Originality and value: Originality and value lie in the depth of contextual analysis and the identification of concrete strategies that could inspire other companies in similar situations.

Empathy in Professor of a Educational Institution in Metropolitan Lima

Introduction: empathy is one of the qualities that health professionals must possess, which allows them to improve their relationship with the patient and in turn the care to be performed. Objective: to determine empathy in Professor of an Educational Institution in Metropolitan Lima.Methods: It is a quantitative, descriptive-cross-sectional study with a population of 102 Professor who developed a questionnaire of sociodemographic aspects and the Jefferson Medical Empathy Scale.Results: In their results, we observed that 26,5 % (n=27) have a low level of empathy, 25,5 % (n=26) moderate low level, 24,5 % (n=25) moderate high level and 23,5 % (n=24) high level of empathy.Conclusions: In conclusion, training in nurses should be improved, since it will allow quality and humanized care in the patient

Valuation of the viceroyalty-republican military patrimony of Metropolitan Lima. Study case: Barbones Barracks, Lima-Peru, 2020

Valuation of the viceroyalty-republican military patrimony of Metropolitan Lima. Study case: Barbones Barracks, Lima-Peru, 2020

Model for measuring competitiveness in construction companies in Lima–Peru

PropósitoEl objetivo principal de la investigación fue establecer un modelo de factores de competitividad para medir adecuadamente el valor de las empresas constructoras.MetodologíaSe desarrolló un modelo teórico de cuatro factores principales, que incluyen el capital humano, los valores éticos, la innovación de procesos y el financiamiento. Se recolectó información de 18 empresas constructoras de la ciudad de Lima Metropolitana, recolectando información de cada uno de estos factores. A través de un análisis de componentes principales se determinó la ponderación de cada uno de ellos sobre la competitividad de una empresa constructora.ResultadosEl costo de horas hombre, el costo de los equipos para ejecutar obras y el costo de material utilizado son los indicadores más fuertes para medir la competitividad de una empresa constructora. Por otro lado, la cantidad de empleados con títulos universitarios y la cantidad de maestros de obra con título técnico del factor de capital humano también tienen un peso moderado en la determinación del valor de competitividad de una empresa. El indicador de obras entregadas dentro de plazo también tiene un efecto moderado sobre la competitividad. Finalmente, el indicador de pago mensual de la deuda tiene un efecto muy pequeño sobre la competitividad de la empresa.OriginalidadEn conclusión, el estudio proporciona evidencia de un modelo de competitividad con factores altamente relacionados sobre el capital humano, la innovación de procesos y los valores éticos como los más importantes a la hora de medir la competitividad.

Access to water and COVID-19: a regression discontinuity analysis for the peri-urban areas of metropolitan Lima, Peru

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a quasi-experimental study using information collected through a survey conducted in peri-urban areas of metropolitan Lima and applied to households residing close to and on both sides of the geographic boundary of piped water supply. We find that access to piped water was associated with a reduction in the probability of contracting COVID-19. Furthermore, the results suggest that a minimum consumption level must be guaranteed to lower infection probability. These results highlight the need for investment in infrastructure to close access gaps and the importance of ensuring quality and affordable services for the population.

Impacto en la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en los jóvenes de Lima Metropolitana

Aim: To determine the effects of e-cigarette use on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) in young people in Metropolitan Lima. Materials and Methods: This observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was performed with 189 individuals (age, 18–29 years) who used electronic cigarettes. The OHIP-Sp5 instrument was used to assess OHRQOL. Results: The use of e-cigarettes was higher among male participants (47.79%) than that among the female participants (26.32%). The mean OHRQOL scores of individuals who did and did not use e-cigarettes were 3.17 (2.26) and 3.12 (2.47), respectively These scores for people who did and did not use mouthwash were 2.92 (2.34) and 3.57 (2.43), respectively. Regarding orofacial pain 2.65% participants frequently re-ported “painful discomfort” and 7.41% of the young people presented such discomfort of orofacial aspect “frequently.” Conclusions: Recording e-cigarette uses and frequency in patients’ medical records is important, as well as incorporating educational strategies to reduce e-cigarette consumption and avoiding harmful effects on general health. Keywords: Vaping; Electronic nicotine delivery systems; Young adult; Quality of life, Life style; Oral health.

Percepción del marketing mix en las ferreterías tradicionales de Lima Metropolitana

The objective of this paper is to know the perception of customers regarding the marketing mix in the traditional hardware industry in Metropolitan Lima. The marketing mix is a business strategy that has recently undergone a relevant development that has an impact on major challenges in the economy. In this context, the marketing mix is defined in four dimensions: Product, Price, Place and Promotion. The study is of descriptive design, under this methodology was included a survey to collect information from a representative sample of 385 customers of traditional hardware stores. A 15-item Likert scale survey, validated by experts and with high reliability, was used. The results showed that customers consider basic aspects such as product quality and variety, price of hardware stores in the capital is better, distribution channels, logistics and advertising have an important scope and manage to attract customers. Perception levels were between low and fair in most dimensions of the marketing mix. It was shown that there are significant differences in the average perception of the marketing mix dimensions in at least two age groups and in the customers' area of residence. In conclusion, customers have a positive perception of marketing mix strategies and their impact on business results, which is reflected in better sales and therefore higher revenues.

Mobile application for the medical management of patients at the university clinic of a university in Metropolitan Lima

El presente artículo tiene como finalidad realizar una mejora en el sistema actual de citas de la clínica universitaria de una universidad de Lima Metropolitana a través del desarrollo de una aplicación móvil. La problemática de esta investigación son las deficiencias en la gestión médica para los pacientes, lo que causa descoordinación, falta de comunicación efectiva, pérdida de tiempo y afectación de la calidad de la atención médica y la satisfacción del paciente. El diseño de la investigación fue cualitativo y el tipo fue descriptivo, el resultado que por medio de la comparación entre la satisfacción con el aplicativo y sin el aplicativo de la gestión médica de los pacientes de la clínica universitaria. Se logró una tasa de rendimiento efectiva de 384 ms. en las peticiones y una desviación estándar de 200 ms. Con el análisis de rendimiento de 100 usuarios y el tiempo de respuesta en paralelo fue de menos de 1 s. Se concluye una mejor percepción por parte de los pacientes en utilizar una plataforma rápida y eficiente.

Nivel de sobrecarga del cuidador de pacientes diagnosticados con ACV de una institucion hospitalaria especializada de Lima Metropolitana

Caregiver overload exhausts the person both emotionally and physically, where both negative aspects are perceived that affect their health, therefore, the objective of the study is to determine the level of caregiver overload of patients diagnosed with stroke in a specialized hospital institution in Metropolitan Lima. It is a descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study, with a population of 100 family caregivers, who answered a questionnaire of sociodemographic aspects and the Zarit instrument. In their results, 22% (n=22) have an absence of overload, 25% (n=25) light overload and 53% (n=53) intense overload. In conclusion, support systems for family members and caregivers of stroke patients should be strengthened.

Desarrollo Profesional Docente en Escuelas Públicas de Lima Metropolitana, Perú

Improving the quality of education is a constant concern; therefore, among many factors, it is inevitable to consider teachers' professional development as an essential element to meet the demands of society. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the factors associated with teachers' professional development in public school teachers in Metropolitan Lima, Peru, according to their academic degree, sex and level of education. The research approach was quantitative, non-experimental design, descriptive type, comparative level. The instrument used was the Teacher Professional Development Questionnaire (Porras, 2020), obtained through a Google form; the sample consisted of 384 public school teachers. The findings show that there are no significant differences in teachers' professional development according to sex; however, there are significant statistical differences in teachers' professional development according to work status; according to the level where they work and according to academic degree. It is concluded that there are no significant differences in the professional development of teachers according to sex; however, there are significant differences in terms of work status, level of employment and academic degree, with professional development being an opportunity for learning and continuous improvement of teaching practice.

Why do people give to their governments? Lab‐in‐the‐field evidence on the role of norms, social information, and political support

AbstractAlthough factors leading to selfless acts, such as charitable donations, have been a central concern in political sciences, voluntary donations are among the most atypical and less well‐known public revenue‐raising sources. In this article, we explore which factors influence people's donations to their government. We conduct an artefactual field experiment in Peru where subjects anonymously decide how much of an endowment they freely donate to the government. We run six sessions with a sample that is representative of the taxpayer population of Metropolitan Lima regarding age, gender, and socioeconomic conditions. Our results suggest that donations depend on the subject's support to the government, the average donation by other subjects (social information) and their beliefs about the average donation of others (perceived social norms).

Models of strategic management in SMEs in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic in Metropolitan Lima

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to understand the adaptation of strategic management models by SMEs in Metropolitan Lima during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Theoretical Framework: Organizations must be agile and flexible to survive in a constantly changing business environment. During the pandemic, SMEs were forced to rethink their strategic management models, adopting a more authentic and adaptive approach. The ability to rethink strategies, diversify products and services, and embrace digitalization became crucial. Strategic management, an essential component of management models, encompasses the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of key decisions for organizations to achieve their objectives in a competitive and dynamic environment. This involves looking both internally at the organization's structure and operations and externally, evaluating opportunities and threats. Strategic management is how organizations not only face challenges, but also take advantage of emerging opportunities. Methodology: It was framed in the interpretative paradigm and supported by the hermeneutic methodology. Results and Discussion: The fundamental findings of the study relate to four primary categories and identify emerging facets within the expressions of social actors. This study highlights how, in times of crisis, resilience and creativity emerge as crucial qualities for success. It also highlights that adaptability and re-evaluation of previous approaches become essential for navigating turbulent terrain. Practical and social implication: The importance of understanding how strategies evolved to sustain the operation and generate valuable knowledge is highlighted. Originality and value: Originality and value lie in the depth of contextual analysis and the identification of concrete strategies that could inspire other companies in similar situations.

Association between knowledge and attitudes towards pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and dental specialty

ABSTRACT Objective To associate the knowledge and attitudes about Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (POSA) with the specialty of dentists in Metropolitan Lima, Peru. Methods A cross-sectional, analytical observational study was carried out during 2021–2022. Two hundred and ten orthodontists and pediatric dentists were surveyed using the adapted and validated Spanish translation of the OSAKA-KIDS questionnaire and additional sociodemographic questions. Results The data indicated an association between dental specialty and the professional’s knowledge about POSA. Orthodontists were 59% less likely to have acceptable knowledge, compared to pediatric dentists (p = .013, IC 95% 0.21–0.83). The study revealed an association between the professional’s attitudes and three intervening variables: age (p = .025), clinical experience (p = .049) and sector of practice (p = .020). Conclusion Knowledge was associated with the dental specialty of professionals in the sample included, whilst attitudes were not.

Impact of private and public initiatives on individuals' employment and income during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Peru

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of private and public initiatives (financial literacy, entrepreneurship, remote work and government aid) on individual job loss and decrease in income during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.Design/methodology/approach The authors used an unbalanced panel data analysis with the National Household Survey for 2019–2020. The hypotheses are tested with a probit panel data model since the dependent variables are binary.FindingsThe study findings indicate that financial preparedness reduced the probability of having a decrease in income, but only to informal workers in metropolitan Lima. Furthermore, entrepreneurship helped mainly female informal workers to reduce their probability of becoming unemployed in metropolitan Lima. Besides, the implementation of remote work as a substitute of face-to-face work was not enough to avoid the decrease in income in the case of informal workers and it was only effective to avoid unemployment in the case of formal workers in metropolitan Lima. Finally, public aid proved to be instrumental in mitigating the decrease in income, but only to informal workers in Metropolitan Lima.Research limitations/implications The study results only apply for the first year of the pandemic.Practical implicationsPolicymakers should focus on increasing the financial preparedness of informal workers, especially in provinces.Social implicationsPolicymakers must expand unemployment benefits, and design public aid programs targeting informal workers in provinces.Originality/valueThis is the first study that analyses the impact of private and public initiatives on the decrease in income and unemployment situation of Peruvian individuals during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Smartphone addiction and life satisfaction: mediating effect of negative emotions

Background: Smartphone users have increased worldwide, due to their multifunctionality and accessibility. Objective: To determine the mediating effect of negative emotions between life satisfaction and smartphone addiction in college students. Method: A structural equation explanatory model was proposed in which each negative emotion (depression, anxiety, and stress) has a mediating role between life satisfaction and cell phone addiction. To this end, 1109 university students from Metropolitan Lima were selected and administered the DASS 21, SABAS, SWLS. Result: A partial effect of each mediating model was found, in addition to Satisfaction with life achieved a direct effect on cell phone addiction; at the same time the mediating variables achieved a significant direct effect on addictive behavior. Conclusion: Negative emotions have a mediating role in explaining smartphone addiction.

Direct and indirect effects of workplace sexual harassment on the productivity of victims and witnesses: The preventive role of equitable management

This research demonstrates the impact of equitable management as a protective factor against workplace sexual harassment (WSH) and its consequences on labor productivity. It also shows that there are invisible costs for colleagues who witness WSH, through counterproductive behaviors, such as sabotage or production deviance, with an indirect decrease in labor productivity. We used a structured questionnaire that was answered by 827 women from 37 small, medium, and large private companies in the Lima Metropolitan Area, Peru. We designed a conceptual model and tested it using structural covariance equations. The results indicate that 33.5 % of women have been sexually harassed over the last 12 months, an average of 6.6 times, while 18.9 % of women have supported co-workers who were victims of WSH. Being sexually harassed at work decreases labor productivity by 43.1 % and increases the intention to desert the company by 15.2 %. Witnessing WSH increases the intention to drop out by 11.3 % and increases counterproductive behaviors by 39.6 %. We found that equitable management is a preventative factor for WSH. Equitable management not only decreases the probability of the occurrence of WSH by 2.2 times but also—if it exists—reduces its pernicious impact on productivity through various indirect effects. Equitable management can reduce the labor productivity costs caused by WSH by 4.6 times.

Administrative management and work stress in workers of Peruvian companies: Presence of visual media.

The purpose was to determine the relationship between administrative management and work stress of workers in Metropolitan Lima. While studies in psychology frequently relate work stress to climate and work satisfaction, in this study, we sought to relate administrative management, when it is inadequate, as the generator of the negative work environment that causes workers to become physically and mentally ill when they fail to adapt. The result was that there is a very significant relationship between administrative management and work stress, as well as that coordination and control have a high correlation with work stress.