Brazilian Metropolitan Areas Research Articles

Concentração intraurbana de população e empregos: os centros antigos das cidades brasileiras perderam primazia?

Os centros antigos das cidades são regiões internas às metrópoles que se destacam por seu valor simbólico e por estarem sujeitos à decadência e esvaziamento. Em geral, a configuração espacial da população e dos empregos determina a relevância locacional dos sítios urbanos, os fluxos de mobilidade e a própria vitalidade de cada porção urbana, inclusive o centro. Entretanto, informações de localização populacional intraurbana só são disponibilizadas a cada dez anos. Dados de localização de empregos, quando disponíveis, se encontram agregados e não estão georreferenciados. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho analisa e identifica estruturas intraurbanas de população (1991, 2000 e 2010) e emprego (2002 e 2013), em 12 regiões metropolitanas brasileiras, utilizando áreas mínimas comparáveis para agregar dados populacionais censitários e geolocalização identificada de empregos. Os resultados indicam que há perda populacional nos centros metropolitanos no período 1991- 2000, parcialmente recuperada no decênio seguinte. Constata-se ainda desconcentração de empregos com migração para novas áreas centrais, em relação aos centros urbanos tradicionais. Todavia, o comportamento não é linear para cada uma das 12 RMs analisadas e o resultado espacial final é específico para cada uma. O artigo contribui com a construção inédita da espacialização dos empregos para as 12 RMs. Ademais, a metodologia desenvolvida permite análise urbana quantitativa padronizada como apoio a pesquisadores com conhecimento local.

Vamos almoçar? Um estudo da relação hospitalidade, qualidade em serviços e marketing de experiência na satisfação dos clientes de restaurantes

Propósito justificado do tema: O setor de bares e restaurantes da cidade de São Paulo é a região do país com a maior concentração de estabelecimentos, emprega cerca de 780.000 pessoas e o faturamento em 2015 foi superior a R$ 30bi. A hospitalidade, a qualidade no serviço e a experiência no momento do consumo do produto estão intimamente ligados a satisfação e sua consequência fidelização, portanto inicialmente por estes aspectos o estudo se justifica. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito da hospitalidade, qualidade em serviços e do marketing de experiência na percepção de satisfação entre os clientes de restaurantes frequentados para almoçar em horário comercial da cidade de São Paulo e a respectiva lealdade destes clientes. Metodologia/Design: A pesquisa é caracterizada como quantitativa descritiva, foi utilizado um questionário em escala Likert de sete pontos, para a coleta de dados utilizou-se a ferramenta formulários da plataforma Googledocs e o período de coleta dos dados foi nos meses de março e abril de 2017, a amostra foi não probabilística formada por 269 respondentes e a técnica multivariada de dados Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (SEM) para análise. Resultados: Verificou-se que a amostra foi predominantemente feminina, com idade superior a 30 anos que gasta entre R$ 30,00 e R$ 50,00 por dia e com alta escolaridade. Salienta-se que apesar dos resultados empíricos positivos da pesquisa estes não devem ser generalizados, pois sua amostra caracteriza um público específico da cidade de São Paulo. Originalidade: Este estudo adiciona novos insights a literatura sobre comportamento do consumidor especificamente nas áreas de hospitalidade e marketing de experiência em um setor representativo tanto por faturamento quanto por número de colaboradores da maior metrópole brasileira.

Assessment and Valuation of Public Health Impacts from Gradual Biodiesel Implementation in the Transport Energy Matrix in Brazil

Carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and industrial processes accounted for approximately 78% of the total increase in greenhouse gas emissions from 1970–2010. The economic advantages of reducing fossil fuel combustion and improving air quality, including a reduction in chronic diseases and their associated health care costs, and the economic opportunities associated with the development of alternative energy sources are undoubtedly one of the main initiatives to be defined by governments in the sphere of public health. The objective of this study is to estimate the impact of the addition of different levels of biodiesel to diesel for automotive use on public health, considering changes in the ambient concentration of fine particles. Considering the two most populous metropolitan areas in Brazil, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, for a period of 11 years (2015–2025), by increasing the percentage of biodiesel to 20% (B20), it is estimated that there would be 13,000 fewer deaths and a gain generated from the avoided lost productivity of more than US$ 816 million. A total of 28,000 hospitalizations through the public health system would be avoided, generating a cost savings of US$ 25 million. Against the backdrop of a lack of policies and initiatives to combat air pollution, the magnitude of the results points to the importance of such a study in guiding the decisions of government officials with regard to how a city intervention—the addition of biodiesel to improve air quality—will bring a consequent benefit in the area of health.

Metropolitan Regions: Challenges for Sustainability and Governance of Periurban Areas in Brazil.

Metropolization has become a global phenomenon of urbanization. In a highly urbanized country like Brazil this process is visible in mega cities as well as in regional metropoles, leading to vast urbanized areas stretching from the core cities to formerly distant neighborhood municipalities. Enormous urban agglomerations like the Macrometropole Paulista are the impressive result, however coming with significant challenges in governing such huge but highly fragmented areas. Especially the most populous Brazilian metropolitan areas have to deal with peri-urban development challenges like the lack of infrastructure and public security or new forms of fragmentation that come along with social and ecological problems. Overcoming these challenges is a remarkable task for the municipal, regional and national level. Based on a classification of different phases of peri-urban development that can be distinguished since the 1960s this paper analyses the development of Brazil’s metropolitan areas. Different forms of governance as well as concepts of sustainable approaches to deal with urban challenges are assessed based on the cases of Sao Paulo, Curitiba and Recife.

“Fortified Cell” e “Dangerous Places”: Processos de Fragmentação do Tecido Sociopolítico-Espacial em Cidades Médias -- Resende e Volta Redonda-RJ

Nesse artigo, objetivamos analisar o processo de fragmentação do tecido sociopolítico-espacial nas cidades médias de Resende e Volta Redonda (RJ). Para realização dessa pesquisa, contamos com informações referentes à localização de espaços residenciais fechados e controlados, dados relacionados a renda (IBGE, 2010) e dados criminais obtidos nas delegacias das cidades (2013). Além disso, entrevistamos diversos atores necessários ao entendimento da pesquisa. Concluímos que, embora a territorialização do tráfico de drogas não seja tão intensa nessas cidades quanto é nas metrópoles, tem contribuído para o imaginário da insegurança urbana das camadas mais abastadas, as quais, muitas vezes, têm optado por viver em espaços autossegregados.

Spatial mismatch, wages and unemployment in metropolitan areas in Brazil

The spatial mismatch hypothesis states that a lack of connection to job opportunities may affect an individual’s prospects in the labour market, especially for low-skilled workers. This phenomenon is especially observed in large urban areas, in which low-skilled minorities tend to live far away from jobs and face geographical barriers to finding and keeping jobs. This paper aims to investigate whether this negative relationship between spatial mismatch and labour market outcomes is valid in Brazil after controlling for individual characteristics. Our conclusions indicate that there is no clear relation between different measures of accessibility to jobs and the probability of being unemployed. However, for wages there is a clear correlation, which is stronger in larger metropolitan areas in the country. Given the exploratory nature of this work, our results still rely on strong identification hypotheses to avoid potential bias related to simultaneous location decisions of workers and firms within the city. Even if these conditions do not hold, the results are still meaningful as they provide a better understanding of the conditional distribution of wages and the unemployment rate in the biggest metropolitan areas of Brazil.

Road vehicle emission inventory of a Brazilian metropolitan area and insights for other emerging economies

The vehicle fleet in the Ceará state has grown 180% over the last ten years. The growth of the resulting emissions is unknown in view of the expansion of this fleet in the greater Fortaleza Metropolitan Area (FMA). The largest fleet in the FMA is in the Fortaleza city itself, where flex fuel vehicles predominate (∼30%). Flex fuel motorcycles increased significantly (greater than 800%) between 2010 and 2015. This paper aims to estimate the road vehicle emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), aldehydes (RCHO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) from the main road vehicle fleets of Fortaleza and its metropolitan area using a macrosimulation, bottom-up method, between 2010 and 2015. The results showed that road vehicle emissions of CO, NMHC and RCHO increased mainly by Otto cycle vehicles increase due to the introduction of flex fuel vehicles; however, the NOx and PM emissions noticeable reduction is also a result of emission policies that seed the introduction of new technologies. In 2015, more than 70,000 tons of CO (21.2 ton/1000person), 8000 tons of NMHC (2.5 ton/1000person), 290 tons of RCHO (0.09 ton/1000person), 15,000 tons of NOx (4.4 ton/1000person) and 600 tons of PM (0.2 ton/1000person) were emitted in the region under study. Comparing with other Brazilian regions, FMA emit higher levels of pollutants per inhabitant than the state of São Paulo and the state of Rio de Janeiro but lower levels than Porto Alegre city.

Independent predictors of effective blood pressure control in patients with hypertension on drug treatment in Brazil.

Population assessment of effective blood pressure (BP) control is fundamental for reducing the global burden of hypertension, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The authors evaluated the effectiveness of BP control and determined independent predictors associated with effective control among patients with hypertension on drug treatment in a large cross-sectional study performed in two metropolitan areas in Brazil's southeast region. A total of 43647 patients taking antihypertensive treatment were identified. Less than half of the patients (40.9%) had controlled BP (systolic BP <140mm Hg and diastolic BP <90mm Hg). Independent predictors of BP control were age, eating fruit daily, physical activity, previous cardiovascular disease, male sex, diabetes mellitus, ethnicity, and obesity. Simple variables associated with BP control may be utilized for knowledge translation strategies aiming to reduce the burden of hypertension.

A Conjoint Approach of Spatial Statistics and a Traditional Method for Travel Mode Choice Issues

Conventional analysis of transportation demand is usually carried out using socioeconomic, travel, and land use attributes. Despite the effectiveness on travel demand forecasting, it is important to recognize that alternative approaches have been developed in recent years. Traditional methods, besides considering different explanatory variables, are appropriate to make estimates exclusively on previously surveyed households. On the other hand, recent studies have addressed spatial statistical concerns in the field of travel demand forecasting. The aim of this paper is to spatially estimate motorized travel mode choice probabilities in a continuous map using an Origin-Destination Survey database, conducted in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area in Brazil in 2007. Values were estimated in both sampled and non-sampled coordinates. This paper proposes a conjoint approach that combines the traditional procedure of travel demand forecasting (multiple logistic regression) with a spatial statistical method (ordinary kriging). A comparison is made with the one-step spatial method—indicator kriging (IK). Conjoint studies of spatial statistics and traditional methods are thriving in transportation analysis, giving rise to a travel mode choice surface in a confirmatory way. It is concluded that the proposed method can be used for future predictions of travel mode choices, unlike IK.

Multi-criteria analysis for municipal solid waste management in a Brazilian metropolitan area.

The decision-making process involved in municipal solid waste management (MSWM) must consider more than just financial aspects, which makes it a difficult task in developing countries. The Recife Metropolitan Region (RMR) in the Northeast of Brazil faces a MSWM problem that has been ongoing since the 1970s, with no common solution. In order to direct short-term solutions, three MSWM alternatives were outlined for the RMR, considering the current and future situations, the time and cost involved and social/environmental criteria. A multi-criteria approach, based on the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE), was proposed to rank these alternatives. The alternative that included two private landfill sites and seven transfer, sorting and composting stations was confirmed as the most suitable and stable option for short-term MSWM, considering the two scenarios for the criteria weights. Sensitivity analysis was also performed to support the robustness of the results. The implementation of separate collections would minimize the amount of waste buried, while maximizing the useful life of landfill sites and increasing the timeframe of the alternative. Overall, the multi-criteria analysis was helpful and accurate during the alternative selection process, considering the similarities and restrictions of each option, which can lead to difficulties during the decision-making process.

Application of an Ultra-Weak Bioluminescence Measurement System for Escherichia coli Detection in Sanitary Control

Detection and measurement of ultra-weak photon emission (UWPE) from biological samples is a promising tool with potential use in several fields such as agriculture, environmental science, food science and biomedicine. A measurement system especially designed to detect UWPE, and an application in sanitary control of natural water resources is presented here. The system was implemented based on a dark-chamber with a photomultiplier module (PMT) cooled with a microprocessor controlled thermoelectric device coupled. The PMT detects the UWPE from the biological sample under measurement. The performance evaluation of the measuring system in terms of dark-noise and bacteria detection was performed in order to assure that it is able to realize UWPE measurements for the proposed application. The samples under test were comprised of a series of 3 control cultures of standard Escherichia coli strain, used as control, and other 3 water samples collected from a river close to a metropolitan area in Brazil. The comparison between the control and test samples has shown that the proposed application is feasible for Escherichia coli detection tests in water samples from natural water resources to assure the evaluation of their microbiologic quality.

Do socioeconomic status and comorbidity affect survival in women with breast cancer living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil?

e18150 Background: Mechanisms underlying social inequalities in breast cancer (BC) survival are not fully understood, being possibly related to the effects of comorbidity, stage at diagnosis and treatment choices. Our study aimed to assess the effect of comorbidity and socioeconomic status (SES) on BC survival in a large metropolitan area in Brazil with universal health care. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study including all women with invasive ductal BC treated at the Non-profit Program for Breast Cancer Treatment at Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil, between 2006-2011. Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and other study variables were collected from medical charts. Education and Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) measured individual and neighborhood-level SES, respectively. Kaplan Meier analysis and Cox regression model were used to compare five-year overall survival rates (5y-OS) and to estimate crude (cHR) and adjusted hazard ratios (aHR). Results: Our sample comprised 257 women with median age = 58 years. The majority of patients had more than 8 years of education (59%), and they were submitted mostly to conservative surgery (57.2%). Median follow-up time was 84.9 months. Less educated women presented lower 5y-OS (83.3%) compared to more educated patients (95.1%) (p = 0.069); no differences were found according to SVI (p = 0.515). Comorbidities affected prognosis (CCI 0, 5y-OS = 91.6%; CCI 1+, 5y-OS = 84.0%, p = 0.011). Age (p = 0.023), marital status (p &lt; 0.001), pathologic stage (p &lt; 0.001), adjuvant treatment (p = 0.001), type of surgery (p = 0.013), lymph node dissection (p = 0.016), and medication use (p = 0.045) also have influenced 5y-OS. Multivariate analysis has shown an interaction between education and comorbidity (CCI 0, less educated, aHR = 1.20, 95% CI 0.50-2.85; CCI 1+, more educated, aHR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.26-4.21; CCI 1+, less educated, aHR = 3.90, 95%CI 1.38-11.03) and an independent prognostic effect of widow status (aHR = 3.43, 95% CI 1.51-7.80) (adjusted for age, pathologic stage, adjuvant treatment, and surgery). Conclusions: Comorbidity and SES affect survival in women with BC. Interventions to correct these disparities are crucial to obtain optimal results for all.

A review of emissions and concentrations of particulate matter in the three major metropolitan areas of Brazil

Highlights - Emissions and concentrations in three Brazilian metropolitan areas are reviewed. - In 2014, vehicular emissions contributed 34% of the total Brazilian PM2.5 emissions. - Non-exhaust sources could represent 90% of the Brazilian PM emissions from 2020 onwards. - Brazilian cities have relatively relaxed guidelines of PM concentration compared with WHO. - Studied metropolitan areas showed up to 3-fold high concentrations above WHO guidelines. Abstract We critically assessed numerous aspects such as vehicle fleet, type of fuel used in road vehicles, their emissions and concentrations of particulate matter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) and ≤10 µm (PM10) in three of the most polluted metropolitan areas of Brazil: the Metropolitan areas of Sao Paulo (MASP), Rio de Janeiro (MARJ) and Belo Horizonte (MABH). About 90% of the Brazilian LDVs run on ethanol or gasohol. The HDVs form a relatively low fraction of the total fleet but account for 90% of the PM from road vehicles. Brazilian LDVs normally emit 0.0011 g (PM) km−1 but HDVs can surpass 0.0120 g (PM) km−1. The emission control programs (e.g., PROCONVE) have been successful in reducing the vehicular exhaust emissions, but the non-exhaust vehicular sources such as evaporative losses during refueling of vehicles as well as wear from the tyre, break, and road surface have increased in line with the increase in the vehicle fleet. The national inventories show the highest annual mean PM2.5 (28.1 μg m−3) in the MASP that has the largest vehicle fleet in the country. In general, the PM10 concentrations in the studied metropolitan areas appear to comply with the national regulations but were up to ~3-times above the WHO guidelines. The current Brazilian air quality standards are far behind the European standards. There has been a progress in bringing more restrictive regulations for air pollutants including PM10 and PM2.5 but such steps also require suitable solutions to control PM emissions from motor vehicles and mechanical processes.

Estrutura social e desigualdade de renda: uma comparação entre os municípios metropolitanos e os não metropolitanos do Brasil entre 2000 e 2010

Este trabalho pretende analisar as mudanças na estrutura social e das desigualdades de renda nas principais metrópoles brasileiras em comparação com os espaços não metropolitanos, de modo a refletir sobre a importância das metrópoles no contexto de alterações econômicas e sociais ocorridas na última década. No debate público e acadêmico, porém, o foco da análise tem recaído principalmente na redução das desigualdades de renda a partir da análise de estratos de renda. Nesse sentido, procuramos responder à seguinte questão: se a redução das desigualdades de renda, verificada na análise entre os estratos de renda, também está sendo observada entre os estratos sociais considerados a partir de uma estratificação sócio-ocupacional, como se deu essa relação entre os espaços metropolitanos e os não metropolitanos? Para tanto, foram utilizados dados dos Censos Demográficos do IBGE de 2000 e 2010, com o fim de comparar a estrutura de distribuição de renda entre os municípios brasileiros segundo seu porte populacional, considerando aqueles inseridos em espaços metropolitanos e não metropolitanos, e as desigualdades de renda entre os estratos sociais para os diferentes contextos espaciais por meio da razão da média da renda entre esses estratos. Constatou-se que, apesar de as metrópoles brasileiras continuarem mantendo sua centralidade referente à dinâmica do mercado de trabalho, pois apresentam médias de rendimento total de seus residentes e de rendimento do trabalho principal superiores àquelas encontradas para os espaços não metropolitanos, as maiores reduções das desigualdades de renda ocorreram nestes últimos, em especial nos menores municípios segundo seu porte populacional.

Dynamic Pricing and Market Segmentation Responses to Low-Cost Carrier Entry: The Econometrics of Airline Distribution Management under Increased Competition

This paper develops an empirical model of online airfare determinants to inspect the impact of the entry of a low-cost carrier (LCC). In particular, we investigate whether the increased competition from a recently established LCC induces major carriers to respond in two competitive dimensions: pricing and distribution. We utilize an original database of airfares collected from the website of an online travel agent (OTA) comprising the domestic airport-pairs of the most populous metropolitan area in Brazil. We test whether incumbents reshape their airfare temporal profiles in an attempt to attract the price-sensitive passengers who constitute the target market of the newcomer. We find evidence that incumbents increase their airfare availability on the OTA by 11% and reduce fares by between 15% and 23% for advance purchases made approximately two months prior to departure. Our results suggest that LCC entry partially spoils the existing market segmentation schemes of incumbents, forcing them to revise their distribution management strategy, simplify their fare structure and migrate from a non-monotonic to a weakly monotonic price curve.

MERCADO DE TRABALHO NAS REGIÕES METROPOLITANAS BRASILEIRAS

The political, economic and social configurations of the last decades of the twentieth century and early twenty-first, modified and set new patterns of organization in society over the years. Female participation in the labor market has notified new proposals for consolidation and confirmation of the role of women in the social environment. Therefore, this article has as its central research proposal, to do an analysis of female participation in the labor market in Brazil metropolitan areas. The data are from the National Sample Survey (PNAD) and were analyzed in the cropping that covers the years 2001 and 2008. Key statistics showed the rise of female participation in the labor market with a higher incidence in the Economically Active Population (EAP) in the years under review. In addition, the female unemployment rate decreased in almost all Brazilian metropolitan areas, by raising the occupancy rate. However, they are a minority in the formal labor market, when compared to men, given the high share of employed unregistered. In addition, they are still minorities _ in occupations of greater social projection, despite a context of increasing in the share over the years. In relation to the occupations of lower social projection they are the majority in all the metropolitan areas. Given the results, there is, of course, selectivity in the labor market in metropolitan areas in Brazil, especially considering the occupation according to gender. In such scenario, it is appropriate to propose more political confirmation of women's work, with full rights guarantees for them and for those who are exposed to noticeably higher degree of exclusion and the right to equality.

Determinantes da pobreza nas Regiões Metropolitanas do Brasil no período de 1995 a 2009

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o impacto do crescimento e da desigualdade de renda na evolução da pobreza nas regiões metropolitanas do Brasil. Para tanto, aplica-se à decomposição temporal e espacial de Shapley, por meio da metodologia proposta por Shorrocks (1999). Utilizam-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD) de 1995 a 2009. A mensuração da pobreza é tratada com base na família de índicesFoster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT), usando uma linha de pobreza de R$ 140,00. Os resultados da análise anual mostraram pouca variação nos níveis de pobreza no período de 1995 a 2003. O período seguinte, de 2004 a 2009, apresenta tendência de queda nos indicadores de pobreza para todas as regiões metropolitanas, sendo o componente crescimento o principal determinante de tal trajetória. A análise espacial de decomposição da pobreza mostra alterações no padrão espacial, com diminuição das diferenças dos níveis de pobreza entre as regiões metropolitanas do país.

Energy performance evaluation of a net plus-energy residential building with grid-connected photovoltaic system in Brazil

The proposition of Net Plus-energy Buildings (NPEB) leads to the need to carry out studies of load matching in contrast with the grid impacts of distributed generation (DG). This paper performs simulations with the EnergyPlus software tool concerning a NPEB operating in four Brazilian metropolitan areas. The analyses include photovoltaic (PV) performance parameters and Load Matching and Grid Interaction indicators (LMGI). New grid impact indicators are defined in order to study the impacts of DG in the power grid. In the second stage, the work investigates economic aspects under net metering supporting. Results show the annual amount of electrical demand covered by PV varies from 29 to 51% with more potential in situations with higher PV production and higher cooling load, and the annual PV electricity that supplies the loads varies from 24 to 36% according to the seasonal variations of PV-load correlation. The levels of exported electricity into the grid are high in Brazil with annual mean power peaks surrounding 0.7 but can surpass 0.8 in the sunniest periods. The economy demonstrates the building achieves grid parity from 6 to 18% discount rates and the payback time is given for different scenarios of investment costs, discount rates and electricity tariffs.

Governance Innovations for Access to Basic Services in Urban Slums

With rapid urbanization on a global scale, poverty is increasingly becoming an urban phenomenon. A key component of urban poverty in developing countries is inadequate access to basic services, so understanding the institutional setting for basic service provision is key to addressing this challenge. This paper seeks to explain the institutional and organizational forms of service provision that emerge in developing country cities, where the urban poor living in informal settlements constitute a significant proportion of the urban population. The paper does so by examining the contemporary case of the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area in Brazil, based on fieldwork conducted over the 2007-2014 period, for three key services: electricity, water, and sanitation (sewerage). I argue that the traditional forms of interaction between the state and informal settlements in Rio, based upon pork-barrel politics, have declined due to the absence of law enforcement and subsequent rise of organized crime in these areas, but also because of the emergence of new actors and organizations, including private service providers. Where the state remains the service provider, the decline of pork-barrel politics and the incentives related to public ownership have resulted in a policy of neglect towards informal settlements, significantly limiting access. In some cases, however, I show that private actors are constructing new approaches to service provision through collaboration with community and nonprofit organizations. These approaches entail collaborative forms of governance that have the potential not only to increase access, but to offer an alternative to the existing institutional setup beyond basic service provision. As such, they are of interest not only to scholars and practitioners interested in basic service provision, but more generally for the broader challenge of urban poverty and exclusion in the developing world.

Pobreza multidimensional no Brasil: uma análise das regiões metropolitanas

Pobreza e desenvolvimento socioeconômico caminham em direções opostas, quanto maior é a taxa de pobreza de uma população, menor é o nível de desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Neste trabalho procura-se definir pobreza de modo a captar vulnerabilidades. O objetivo do presente trabalho é criar um indicador de pobreza multidimensional para as regiões metropolitanas do Brasil para o ano de 2011, utilizando os dados da PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) e, como metodologia, a Teoria Fuzzy Sets (TFS). A pobreza é dividida em três dimensões: renda, escolaridade e infraestrutura domiciliar, sendo que a escolaridade foi a que apresentou maior número de pobres, seguida pela renda e pela infraestrutura, nessa ordem. As regiões metropolitanas mais pobres estão localizadas no Norte e Nordeste brasileiro, respaldando as informações do Censo Demográfico 2010, realizado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), de que 60% dos pobres do Brasil moravam na Região Nordeste naquele ano.