Metropolitan Area Of Guadalajara Research Articles

Outsourcing and urban decentralization: spatial analysis of advanced producer services in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara

Using an adaptation of the traditional Gini index in spatial autocorrelation models and the analysis of thematic cartography, this article aims to show that there is uncertainty about the spatial patterns found in the outsourcing process of Latin American cities, understanding that certain economic activities in this sector break with the typical center-periphery layouts and take advantage of territorial capacities to establish autonomous production environments. When analyzing different Advanced Producer Services sectors in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, in Mexico, it was seen that there is a reduced presence of medium to large-sized businesses, which leads to the limited construction of production agglomerations outside the main city center. However, a relational analysis of the space leads one to consider that apart from showing a predilection for the urban west, there are services that in their strategic role could provide the basis for the future development of clusters in this city.

Characterization and multicriteria prioritization of water scarcity in sensitive urban areas for the implementation of a rain harvesting program: A case study for water-scarcity mitigation

An estimated 933 million people worldwide face water scarcity in urban environments with marginalized low-income populations. Rainwater harvesting has been proposed as an adaptable mitigation strategy to reduce water scarcity in those environments. As a case study, the present work proposes the implementation of a rainwater harvesting program aimed at the mitigation of water scarcity in highly vulnerable areas within the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Mexico. The program was developed and structured based on an innovative strategy with replicable multicriteria characterization and prioritization, to allocate the rainwater harvesting systems in areas with a high sensitivity to water scarcity. The areas were selected based on territorial, hydrologic, and social parameters. The prioritization methodology was successfully applied for the selection of clusters for the allocation of domestic rainwater harvesting systems. A total of 4550 rainwater harvesting units were implemented leading to an estimated total yearly capture of 163,444.88 m3. Based on surveys a 14.2% reduction in water scarcity related diseases was observed in the participant households after 3 months of the systems’ implementation. The developed prioritization methodology offers an alternative for science-based resource allocations aimed at the resolution of specific complex challenges. This methodological approach could be adapted and replicated for other spatial-based decision-making and public policy applications. The implemented program offered an alternative for water scarcity mitigation in an urban environment and its application showed potential to improve the quality of life of the population, who benefited by increasing water access and availability.

Anthropometric Indicators and Dietary Intake in Toddlers Aged from 12 to 24 Months Who Attended Private Clinics in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara.

The objective was to evaluate the anthropometric indicators and dietary intake of toddlers attending private clinics in Guadalajara. In a cross-sectional study, 101 toddlers aged 12 to 24 months were included. They were born full term, had an adequate weight for gestational age, and attended private clinics in Guadalajara. Two 24 h dietary recalls were administered. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and anthropometric indices were estimated. Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and odds ratio were used for quantitative or qualitative variables. Males had lower Z scores for the weight/age index than females. During the week, energy intake was excessive in males [OR = 5.5 (95% CI 1.4, 20.8)], and cholesterol intake was insufficient in females [OR = 3.03 (95% CI 1.2, 7.1)]. On weekends, energy [OR = 2.5 (95% CI 1.1, 5.7)] and fiber intake [OR = 3.1 (95% CI 1.2, 7.8)] were insufficient in females. Most of the toddlers who attend the private clinics in the upper-middle socioeconomic stratum of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area had excessive protein intake, excessive consumption of added sugars was frequent, and there was insufficient intake of vitamin D and calcium. Sex was shown to be a factor influencing nutrient intake in these toddlers aged 12-24 months. Males had a Z-score of weight/age lower than females, suggesting nutritional risk.

Critical factors of knowledge management to boost the competitiveness of SMEs: The case of automotive parts industry in Guadalajara, Mexico

New development structures and competitiveness are based on using information as raw material and knowledge as a strategic resource, and it is necessary to rethink organizational strategies to add excellent value to the organization through knowledge management. Through knowledge management, organizations encourage individuals to develop their work by contributing ideas and, simultaneously, avoid "knowledge leakage" when people leave the organization. The study examines the relationship between knowledge management and the level of competitiveness of manufacturing SMEs in the automotive parts industry in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara. From the results, it is found that knowledge management increases the competitiveness of SMEs in the automotive parts industry. The limitations and future studies are also discussed.

Analysis of the practices and technologies used for the treatment of brominated plastics of WEEE in Guadalajara city, Mexico

The increase in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has become an attractive waste for the recycling industry, mainly due to the high volume found in the waste flow that can be transformed into other products. The purpose of this study is to investigate the treatments applied to WEEE brominated plastics in companies of recycling in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG), Mexico, and the compa­rison with international guidelines. The information-gathering was obtained through interviews and visits; fourteen companies dedicated to the field of recovery, treatment and/or recycling of electronic waste were identified. Only seven companies allowed the study to be carried out, and only five companies provided plastics samples. Eighty-six samples of different kinds of plastics were obtained and analyzed using the Han­dheld X-ray fluorescence (HXRF) technique, and the atypical cases have undergone an analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Bromine was the predominant element in the samples analyzed, which sometimes exceeded the permissible limits of the European Directive 4 to 10 times, meaning that the concentration ranges go from 10000 to 39500 mg/kg. It was identified bromine as a chemical precursor of flame retardants, which is prohibited by international agreements because they cause damage to the environment and public health. As a result, the companies dedicated to the treatment and/or recycling of plastics from WEEE do not follow the practices and technologies used internationally. However, considering the circular economy, this is relevant to establish limits of traces of contaminants in recycled plastics.

A micro- and macro-scale look at the biochemical methanogenic potential of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste generated in a large city of a developing country

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a complex and expensive task. This is especially the case in developing countries, where waste generation rates are continuously increasing and where current MSW management strategies are focused on inadequate practices, such as landfilling and incineration, which result in numerous health and environmental problems. The anaerobic digestion (AD) of MSW has been implemented worldwide as a solution to decrease the amount of waste ending up in landfills. This process allows for the recovery of energy from the organic fraction of MSW (OFMSW) in the form of biogas, which is largely composed of methane. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of the OFMSW generated within different socioeconomic strata of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG), Mexico. From a microscale perspective, the microbial communities within the experimental AD system were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to assess the relationship between these communities and the biogas composition. This microbial identification revealed a typical AD composition consisting of the following six phyla: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Furthermore, through the identification of Methanobacterium and Methanosaeta, two methanogenesis pathways (hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic) were pinpointed. From a macroscale perspective, a multi-stage Gompertz kinetic model was used to describe cumulative biogas production. This model considered the complex nature of the OFMSW substrate in order to estimate the potential level of biogas production in the MAG using a weighted average that was based on the size of the population in each socioeconomic stratum evaluated (732.8 mL⋅g−1 VS). This novel contribution to the literature provides an estimation of the potential economic, energetic, and environmental benefits of treating the OFMSW produced in the MAG through AD. Through this approach, an estimated 8.5 MWh·year−1 of electrical power could be produced, translating into 1.13 million USD of yearly revenue and resulting in reduced GHG emissions (10,519 tonne CO2eq⋅year−1).

An assessment of key factors to a metropolitan governance for the construction of sustainable urban public policies for the integral management of solid waste in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara

Territory and population of Guadalajara metropolitan area has grown in recent decades, to address the challenges that come along with planning, management, and urban development. Public policies are building by the local government, however, the loss of geographical and social limits, the actions generated by local government have a direct impact on other districts. To achieve tan equitable and sustainable metropolis, its necessary the metropolitan governance, to make a collaborative work and clearly guidelines to action. Faced with a clear problem at the metropolitan scale with solutions at the local level and uncoordinated forces to build and implement public policies; this paper analyzes the exercise of governance on the integral management of urban waste to the construction of sustainable and equitable public policies in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara. The research is based on a Delphi method, interviews with representative actors of different involucrate sectors and a documentary review for a comprehensive analysis. Finally, the knowledge of the research presented here; has increased in importance given the recent approval of the Metropolitan Climate Action Plan. The municipalities that make up the metropolis must align themselves and unite their efforts for a sustainable development.

Enhanced Integration of Health, Climate, and Air Quality Management Planning at the Urban Scale

Cities emit the majority of greenhouse gas emissions globally and are increasingly committing to aggressive mitigation actions. Cities are also experiencing poor—and in some cases worsening—air quality, contributing to large disease burdens for adults and children. Integrated planning frameworks can help cities leverage and prioritize measures that achieve climate, air quality, and health benefits simultaneously. We developed and applied an integrated climate action planning process that includes air quality, utilizing Pathways-AQ, a new assessment tool, in six pilot cities: Accra, Ghana; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Buenos Aires, Argentina; the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Lima, Peru. Implementing the “ambitious” greenhouse gas reduction scenarios in these cities' climate action plans would reduce in-city contributions to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and would avoid 230–1,040 annual premature deaths per city, by 2050. This new integrated climate action planning process revealed the importance of (i) geographic scales of analysis, (ii) data integration across climate and air quality, (iii) local civic engagement, and (iv) nuanced health messaging. Rapidly scaling up and applying this integrated approach can broaden the group of municipal stakeholders involved in climate-related planning goals, potentially leading to greater ambition by integrating climate, air pollution, and health objectives.

Flooding in high risk zones in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, a paradigm shifts to watershed management and urban disasters

Guadalajara, the second largest city in Mexico, has experienced accelerated urban growth since the year 2000, which has led to a change in land use and a decrease in recharge to aquifers, resulting in a considerable increase in points vulnerable to flooding. The positive and negative effects are two sides of the same coin, on the one hand, the proclaim excessive policies that seek to privatize water resources, and the other, to provide water to concessionaries in an excessive manner. The paradigm shift seen from the perspective of watershed management is precisely to solve environmental problems and associate them with urban hydrology projects, hydraulic infrastructure or a combination of these, with the aim of not modifying water courses and streams. The objective of this work is to determine peak flows for return period of 50 to 100 years, by means of probabilistic and statistical models and to identify through topographic cartography the annual periodic floods in the lower part of the basin, as results is to present a series of alternatives of solution through hydraulic works: channel rectification, silt removal works, to mention just a few.

Ecological and phytosanitary diagnosis of an urban park in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico

Urban parks are open spaces for public use, where we can find human relations of leisure, recreation, sports, community living,among others, activities. They also provide benefits, through ecosystem services. In the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, urban parkshave not received enough attention. Traditionally, it was assumed that the trees that comprise it, must be developed without anyintervention of forest management or at most plantations in which very little is intervened with protection and silvicultural work toachieve their establishment and good development. The park of "La Solidaridad Iberoamericana'' is an ecosystem where treespredominate, it is immersed in a densely populated area and offers facilities for recreation. Hence the importance of this work,which provides lines of action aimed at promoting and managing the park's urban forest. The leading goal of this work was todevelop a comprehensive diagnosis to identify forest management needs. The methodology consisted of making a stand for thepark, establishment of 108 sampling sites of 500 m², survey of dasometric, silvicultural, biodiversity and phytosanitary variablespresent in the trees. The results are: five stands were defined, the main species susceptible to mistletoe were Jacaranda mimosifolia,Bahuinia americana and Casuarina equisetifolia. The main phytosanitary problem is Struthanthus interruptus, a mistletoe speciesthat affects trees, followed to a lesser extent by Psittacanthus calyculatus. The biodiversity and richness of tree species are 20, theybelong to 16 different botanical families, standing out Fabaceae, Bignonaceae, and Salicaceae. The silvicultural management needs detected are pruning and thinning; 18.6% of the trees require pruning to raise the crown, 75.4% require sanitary pruning, 19% of the trees must be felled, since they represent a danger of falling due to rain and strong winds.

Residuos de antimicrobianos encontrados en aves de corral comercializadas en tiendas minoristas de la zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara, Jalisco

The increased demand to produce large quantities of meat and animal products for human consumption has promoted the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. The increased use of these substances in the production of poultry, has negative consequences on Public Health due to the fact that the accumulation of antimicrobial residues in the organs and tissues of poultry might reach the consumer. The presence of antimicrobial residues can cause problems of hypersensitivity in humans, or the emergence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens. The purpose of this work was to assess the presence of antimicrobial residues in kidney and muscle tissue of poultry, commercialized in four municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Jalisco. The results show that kidney samples had a higher number of positive results compared to muscle tissue. Inhibitors of the folate pathway (sulfamethazine) were the antimicrobials with the highest number of positive results in kidney samples. In contrast, in muscle tissue, β-Lactam (penicillin) were the antimicrobials with the highest number of positive samples. Regarding the analysis of the results by municipalities, it was observed that one of them showed a greater number of positive samples for all the classes of antimicrobials evaluated. This work shows the presence of antimicrobial residues in kidney and muscle tissues of poultry, commercialized in retail sites. Therefore, it is necessary to increase efforts to monitor and control the use of antimicrobial in poultry farms.

Flood Mitigation in Urban Areas through Deep Aquifer Recharge: The Case of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara.

The Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG) experiences water shortage and overexploitation of aquifers. In addition, it suffers from seasonal flooding that is channeled towards inadequate sanitary drainage, creating a strong negative environmental impact. These problems are rooted in the waterproofing of the urban surface. Many cities around the world have used deep injection wells to recover aquifers and remove surface waters. Certain geohydrological conditions are required for the implementation of these deep injection wells, deeper than 30 m, such as significant surface runoff, acceptable water quality for infiltration, considerable depth in the phreatic levels, and good subsoil permeability. All of these conditions exist in the MAG or could be achieved without significant investment. An assessment is presented exploring the viability for a solution based on this technology, as a strategy to recover aquifers and reduce flooding. The first step was to identify, through map algebra, a micro-basin suitable for this technology. Then, mean runoff volumes were obtained and a stratigraphic profile was carried out based on 19 standard penetration tests (SPT). With these data, a numerical simulation of deep injection wells of different dimensions was performed, providing recommendations for a solution based on these calculations. The results show that both problems can be solved with this relatively simple and cheap technology supporting public health.

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Measured by Western Blot, ELISA and DNA Analysis, by PCR, in Cats of Western Mexico.

Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals. The sexual reproductive cycle of Toxoplasma takes place in the small intestine of felines, the definitive hosts. In the final part of the sexual cycle, T. gondii forms oocysts in infected cats. Oocysts transferred via the faeces to the environment are highly infectious to both animals and humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in cats from the metropolitan region of Guadalajara in western Mexico. Western blotting and ELISA for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies was performed, and Toxoplasma DNA was identified using polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies was 14.8% (44/297), and only 2/297 cases were positive for PCR. Cats older than one year were at an increased risk of infection (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 1.844–8.362). Sex, raw meat feeding, hunting habits, vaccination status, and body condition were not associated with positivity. The prevalence of T. gondii infection determined with Western blot in cats in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, was lower than that reported in previous studies.

Repensar el hábitat en las ciudades después del COVID-19

This paper analyzes the results of a recent survey conducted mainly in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Mexico, and highlights that although most of the informants made material modifications to their domestic environment to adapt it to the new demanding conditions, there is still a need for more flexibility within the architectural spaces where daily activities take place, so it is necessary that habitat professionals, academic researchers, government officials and social leaders propose ways to achieve resilience to this new normality.

Género, impactos psicoemocionales y experiencias asociadas con COVID-19 en adultos de Guadalajara, México

Background: COVID-19 is a virus that not only affects physical health, but also impacts people's psycho-emotional health and daily life, altering family, work, relationship, educational and learning dynamics, among many others. Objetive: This study sought to determine gender differences in terms of psycho-emotional impacts and experiences related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the adult population of the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico. Method: A qualitative study was implemented, with theory based on the data, through semi-structured interviews (ten women and three men) and through a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Results: It stands out that the experience related to COVID-19 has generated negative emotions, couple conflicts and discomfort associated with the inability to carry out recreational activities. In the case of women, their routines have been disrupted and they have had a greater demand for the care and attention of their children (in terms of carrying out schoolwork, time spent together, etc.). In contrast, men show greater concern about the difficulty of working from home. Conclusion: The pandemic has impacted men and women differently, in the face of this new reality it is essential to activate the support elements that facilitate the externalization of mobility limitations, changes in the rhythm of life, emotional impact and stressful elements that the experience of COVID-19 could generate in the population.

Análisis descriptivo de las diferencias por sexo en los estudiantes de licenciatura de la Universidad de Guadalajara

Existen características biológicas y psicológicas que distinguen a hombres y mujeres. Si bien tales diferencias se manifiestan en todas las áreas de la vida y en todas sus etapas, particularmente se evidencia en la etapa universitaria, donde se suscitan en los jóvenes cambios personales trascendentales. El presente estudio tiene como finalidad hacer un estudio comparativo para identificar y cuantificar las diferencias por sexo que existen entre los estudiantes de licenciatura de la Universidad de Guadalajara. Se analizaron distintas variables de diversa índole: desde demográficas y académicas hasta de orientación sexual adicciones y de bienestar general. Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de una consulta online e incluye una muestra de 5245 alumnos de licenciatura de los diferentes centros universitarios de la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara y regionales de Jalisco. Se realizó un análisis gráfico, descriptivo e inferencial de las diferencias por sexo. Los resultados revelan diferencias significativas en la mayoría de los rubros analizados; por ejemplo, la proporción de mujeres que son madres es mayor que la de hombres que son padres (4.57 % vs. 2.69 %); las mujeres tienen una calificación promedio mayor a la de los hombres (86.40 vs. 84.75), y el porcentaje de quienes han probado alguna droga es mayor en hombres que en mujeres (34.67 % vs. 22.57 %).

Políticas públicas para una economía creativa en Jalisco y el área metropolitana de Guadalajara

Objetivo: analizar el surgimiento y los tipos de políticas públicas que impulsan el desarrollo de las industrias culturales y creativas en Jalisco, México, con incidencia en el área metropolitana de Guadalajara. Metodología: es descriptiva y propone una tipología para el análisis de las políticas públicas con orientación a la economía creativa y sus impactos. Resultados: se hallaron 15 programas gubernamentales en los que las políticas sistémicas sobresalen en el fomento económico. Entre ellas, se encuentran el proyecto de Ciudad Creativa Digital y las políticas de oferta mediante financiamiento directo. La concentración y la especialización en las actividades creativas y culturales de Guadalajara y Zapopan han propiciado que se les reconozca como territorios creativos, con lo que se ha alentado la creación de políticas públicas de oferta y demanda, y de programas de formación de capital humano. Limitaciones: la información es insuficiente para valorar el impacto de las políticas públicas en los municipios. Valor: la investigación describe la forma en que las políticas públicas locales fomentan el desarrollo de la economía creativa en el espacio local. Conclusiones: el planteamiento de políticas públicas orientadas a la economía creativa tiene un trasfondo estructural y coyuntural, e impone retos para la disposición y la continuidad de recursos presupuestales, el desarrollo de capacidades empresariales e innovadoras y la consolidación de comunidades creativas.

Challenges of Water Sensitive Cities in Mexico: The Case of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara

Mexico is currently facing important water management challenges. Cities in the country are facing water scarcity and at the same time they struggle with floods during the raining season. The water sensitive urban design (WSUD) approach has proved to be helpful around the world in tackling urban water challenges such as floods or water scarcity. The WSUD approach highlights the role of both the water cycle and the water utilities systems, when transitioning towards a water sensitive stage. Therefore, the objective of this research is to demonstrate the relevance for cities of a WSUD approach by analyzing the current situation of the water cycle and the water utility in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG). This research proposes a case study approach. Within our case of study, we focused on the water cycle and the water utilities system (Sistema Intermunicipal de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado (SIAPA)) and ask two questions: (1) What are the causes of water scarcity and flooding in the MAG? and (2) What are the proposals to solve these problems under a WSUD approach? By answering these questions, we identified that the water management in the MAG corresponds to a single purpose infrastructure. This type of water management is common in developing cities and does not contribute to solve the problems of water scarcity and floods. The water supply policy is based only on the construction of large dams disregarding the storage and use of rainwater, and reuse of greywater, and water-conservation devices. In order to transition towards a water sensitive stage, changes in the water policy need to take place and a WSUD approach that includes multi-purpose infrastructure, should be considered.

Report ofectoparasites in captive birdsand theircontrol

Mexico is found in the top 10 countries worldwide that export wild birds. While there is an increasing demand for owning birds among Mexicans, there is insufficient information on how to appropriately care for them. Mexico is home to approximately 1,060 ofthe world’s bird species, roughly 10%. Removal of these birds from their natural habitat for commercial purposes without regulation is a practice widely undertaken in the country. As a result of he lack of knowledge and irresponsible practices while keeping these birds in captivity, their well-being is not maintained. They therefore become susceptible to the proliferation of external arthropod parasites, called ectoparasites. Ectoparasites can cause disease in humans, domestic and wild animals by acting as a reservoir for important pathogens that can transmit zoonotic infections. In this work, clinical cases of domestic birds obtained from Veterinarians of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara that were infected by ectoparasites were reviewed. In all the cases analyzed, the presence of the ectoparasite Knemidokoptesspp., cause of scabies, was found. The most commonly used treatment for elimination ofparasitosis is topical Ivermectin, and the main risk factor identified is the lack of cleanliness in bird housing. A timely treatment for these parasitic infections is able to prevent the death of these birds. Additionally, a proper diet and carrying out a necessary prophylactic method for each species will improve their quality of life in captivity.

Association of TAP1 1177A>G and 2090A>G gene polymorphisms with latent tuberculosis infections in sheltered populations, in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico: a pilot study.

ABSTRACTLatent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a condition that has no clinical signs and symptoms. LTBI patients are characterized by persistent immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and approximately 5-10% of these infected individuals will develop active TB at some point in their lives. The antigen transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP1) is a protein involved in the transport of the antigen from the cytoplasm to the endoplasmic reticulum by means of the association with MHC class I molecules. It plays a fundamental role in the immune response, promoting the clearance of intracellular pathogens. Our pilot study aimed to determine the association between TAP1 gene 1177A>G (rs1057141) and 2090A>G (rs1135216) genetic polymorphisms with susceptibility to LTBI. In this case-control study, 153 individuals from shelters were analyzed (46 were LTBI-positive and 92 were controls). Genotyping of the rs11352216 (2090A>G) and rs1057141 (1177A>G) gene IDs was performed using the Applied Biosystems Step One Thermal Cycler Real-Time PCR allelic discrimination technology. The haplotypic analyses were performed with the Arlequin 3.5 program. Social assistance centers and shelters that serve vulnerable populations represent high-risk sites due to overcrowding and the impaired nutritional status of their residents. The G allele (OR=1.99, CI=1.109-3.587, p=0.021) and the GG genotype of rs11352216 (A>G) were associated with susceptibility to LTBI, according to the codominant genetic model (OR=8.32, CI=1.722-61.98, p=0.007). The rs1057141 (A>G) polymorphism was not associated with LTBI risk. The results suggest that carriers of the G allele of rs1135216 (A>G) are susceptible to LTBI.