Methylene Blue Test Research Articles

Development of a microwave-assisted UV sterilization system for milk

A microwave-assisted ultraviolet sterilization system was developed to study the synergistic effect in the sterilization of milk. Electrodeless lamps emitting ultraviolet radiation inside the microwave chamber gave a synergistic effect without challenging food safety standards. This study compared the results of both microwave and microwave assisted ultraviolet sterilizations of milk in terms of various microbial tests and physicochemical properties. The microwave-assisted ultraviolet system was found to be more effective compared to microwave alone. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed for total plate count and methylene blue reduction test between microwave and microwave assisted ultraviolet treatment from 5 to 15 secs. Microwave-assisted ultraviolet treatment decreased the microbial count exponentially and showed <1 log (CFU ml–1) after ten seconds of treatment. During the treatment period, no significant difference was observed in the physicochemical properties of milk.

Correlations between the Properties of Crushed Fine Aggregates

Aggregates are essential in the production of composite building materials and their properties and characteristics influence the performance of these materials in use. Nevertheless, despite the existence of several standardized and other methods for testing aggregates, the inherent inhomogeneity of these geomaterials does not permit the establishment of rigid specifications for their quality. Hence, research on aggregate testing and quality control is always timely. This paper presents the results of standardized (soundness, Micro-Deval, sand equivalent, methylene blue, water absorption, and relative density) and non-standardized (PXRD) laboratory tests performed on crushed fine aggregates of different mineralogical composition quarried in Cyprus. From these results, it is evident that the mineralogical composition of aggregates affects their physicomechanical properties. A good correlation was observed between the magnesium sulphate soundness coefficient and the Micro-Deval coefficient. This may lead to the introduction of an alternative test method for the quality testing of fine aggregates at European level. A reasonable correlation was also noted between the methylene blue and sand equivalent test results, despite the fact that the literature does not seem to support such a relationship. No further correlations were observed among the rest of the properties investigated.

Starch-based Janus particles: Proof-of-concept heterogeneous design via a spin-coating spray approach

The asymmetric nature of Janus particles made from synthetic polymers gives them intriguing properties that have found applications in a wide variety of fields, such as drug delivery, emulsion stabilization, and environmental decontamination. The potential of using natural biopolymers as base materials for Janus particles in the food industry, however, has not yet been fully explored. Here we demonstrate for the first time the design of a starch-only-based Janus particle. Using a spin-coating spray approach, we produced both large (12.2 μm) half-porous, waxy cornstarch Janus granules by alpha-amylase treatment and small (1.2 μm) half-hydrophobic, amaranth starch Janus granules by octenyl succinic anhydride esterification. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, super resolution-structured illumination spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy were used to confirm the binary nature of these particles. A methylene blue adsorption test further showed that the untreated (non-porous), half-porous Janus, and fully porous waxy cornstarch granules had five-hour adsorption rates of 20.5, 72.1, and 100%, respectively, and adsorption capacities of 0.82, 2.88, and 3.96 mg/g. Meanwhile, untreated amaranth starch granules were shown not to interact with each other in water, while >68% of the half-hydrophobic granules self-assembled into wormlike strings and micelles, and >66% of the fully hydrophobic granules aggregated into spherical, complex supermicelles. While the low yield typical of Janus particle formation prevents a more detailed characterization of these starch-based Janus particles, the unique properties they displayed here may open exciting, future applications in the food industry as texturants or surface-active agents, as well as in other fields requiring such uncanny materials.

Unexpected Intraoperative Findings, Situations, and Complications in Bariatric Surgery.

Bariatric surgery is considered a safe therapy to treat obesity. Postoperative complications are well known; however, there is a lack of data describing intraoperative complications and/or unexpected findings, and if there is further impact on outcomes. Retrospective study with patients operated between 2013 and 2016 at a single institution. All operative information was collected prospectively and aimed to analyze the incidence and causes of unexpected intraoperative findings, complications, change in surgical plan, extra surgeries, and procedure interruption in patients submitted to bariatric surgery. Secondarily, a morbidity analysis was performed, correlating intraoperative complications with postoperative complications and length of stay. Four-hundred and five patients were included. Female sex comprised 82% of cases, and a median age of 38years old was observed; almost 90% were gastric bypass. In 29.3% of cases, there were intraoperative findings, mainly adhesions, abdominal wall hernias, positive methylene blue test, hiatal hernias, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Associated surgeries were performed in 8.6% cases, and intraoperative adverse events reported in 7.1%, where organ injury and anastomosis problems were the most frequent. A change in the operative plan was done in 0.9% and surgery interruption in 1.2% of the cases. Early complications were observed in 6.6%. There was no correlation between intraoperative complications and length of stay or early complications. Unexpected intraoperative findings/complications are common in bariatric surgery, but without increasing morbidity or length of stay. Surgery suspension, change in the planned technique, or adding extra (non-bariatric) procedures may occur.

QUALIDADE FÍSICO-QUÍMICA E MICROBIOLÓGICA DO LEITE BOVINO EM DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE PRODUÇÃO E ESTAÇÕES DO ANO

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação entre sistemas produtivos e estações do ano sobre a qualidade do leite bovino. Três propriedades foram avaliadas mensalmente, durante as estações, em quatro graus de especialização dos sistemas de produção: altamente especializado, especializado, semiespecializado e não especializado. Em termos de qualidade do leite, consideraram-se os teores de gordura, proteína, sólidos totais, contagem de células somáticas, contagem bacteriana total, acidez titulável em graus Dornic, densidade, índice crioscópico, estabilidade ao alizarol, potencial de hidrogênio (pH) e teste de redução do azul de metileno. Além destes, devido à sua importância para o rendimento industrial dos produtos lácteos de base proteica, foi realizado o fracionamento da proteína total do leite em equivalente proteico do nitrogênio não proteico, da proteína verdadeira e da caseína. A acidez Dornic foi maior na primavera e no inverno, enquanto os valores mais elevados de contagem de células somáticas foram no verão. Os teores de proteína total e proteína verdadeira foram menores durante o verão e elevaram-se os sólidos totais no outono. Com a diminuição dos níveis de especialização das propriedades rurais, observaram-se aumento na contagem bacteriana total e diminuição do nitrogênio não proteico. A densidade apresentou comportamento inverso ao da gordura, enquanto o potencial de hidrogênio (pH) se expressou de modo antagônico à acidez titulável. Na análise multivariada dos dados, foi possível identificar as combinações entre estratos produtivos e estações do ano que apresentavam a melhor qualidade da proteína do leite. Nesse sentido, todos os arranjos de sistemas de produção com o outono, o sistema altamente especializado no inverno, o semiespecializado no verão e o especializado na primavera tiveram qualidade proteica positiva, destacando-se pelas menores contagens de células somáticas a combinação entre a estação primavera e o sistema semiespecializado de produção.

Evaluation of Nanostructured Coatings for the Protection of Apuan Marble Stone

Nowadays the use of multifunctional nanomaterials has significantly increased with interesting applications for the cultural heritage conservation sector, leading to the definition and use of products with innovative properties. Therefore, a preliminary validation of the performances and behavior over time of these treatments becomes an unavoidable key point for a correct use of these products before being applied to historical materials, in order to avoid irreparable damage over time. In this direction, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment with multifunctional nanostructured products on Apuan marble. The focus of the work was to test methods to accelerate aging, in order to simulate different environmental agents of degradation to which marble in historical buildings can be exposed. Stone samples were examined after exposition to high temperature cycles in a muffle furnace, treatments in saline solution, cycles of thermal shock and aging by SO2 action in presence of humidity. After each artificial aging cycle, changes in appearance were noted and chemical-physical properties were measured in order to compare differences between fresh and treated samples. The protective qualities of the coatings were evaluated using the following tests: contact angle; photocatalytic properties by methylene blue degradation tests; photodegradation kinetics of pollutants under UVA irradiation. Before and after the treatments, scanning electron microscopy equipped by microanalysis detector (SEM-EDS) was also used to evaluate changes in the surface morphology of the samples. The results showed effects of degradation in the rock samples due to aging after each test and all the products applied to the sample surface seemed to be very efficient in relation to their functions.

Validation of the methylene blue test for assessment of viability of protoscolices from hydatid cysts.

Background:Methylene blue was used as a vital stain for the assessment of viability of protoscolices from hydatid cysts taking advantage of the chemical nature of the dye as a redox indicator and the kinetically distinct molecular transfer systems of Echinococcus protoscolex for uptake of materials across the tegument.Aim:The present study attempts to validate the application of methylene blue staining for assessment of viability of protoscolices.Methods:To validate the criteria by which viability is assessed, control tests were performed using normal protoscolices and protoscolices previously treated with distilled water at 60°C for 5 minutes. Performance of methylene blue was further studied at intervals over a period of 50 minutes after protoscolex exposure using 1% dye concentration.Results:Normal protoscolices were able to adsorb and reduce the dye and have, therefore, lost the blue color. Protoscolices previously treated with warm water on the other hand, being functionally dead, failed to reduce the adsorbed dye and permanently retained the blue color. Results also indicated that a clear distinction between dead and alive protoscolices can be made within 1 minute. Reading of the test after 10 minutes would be misleading giving a false result.Conclusion:These findings suggest that viability of protoscolices can be assessed on the basis of acquisition and loss/retaining of the dye blue color. Increasing the concentration of methylene blue to 1% was noticed to be associated with remarkable enhancement of contractility, sucker movement, and evagination. Such an excitatory action of the dye may be exploited in viability tests which adopt these criteria.

Using Factor Analysis to Determine the Interrelationships between the Engineering Properties of Aggregates from Igneous Rocks in Greece

This paper investigates the interrelationships between the engineering properties of igneous aggregate rocks from Greece with the aid of the R-mode factor analysis. The collected samples represent mafic and ultramafic rocks from the ophiolite complexes of Gerania, Guevgueli, Veria-Naousa, and Edessa as well as intermediate-acidic rocks from the surrounding areas of the complexes. Factor analysis verifies the important interdependences among the engineering parameters like physical, mechanical, geometrical, and physicochemical properties by giving statistical significance. Variations of the petrographic characteristics of the investigated rocks influence their engineering properties as well as the interdependence among them. Factor 1, which is the most representative one (~36% of the total variance), shows interdependences between certain physical, mechanical, physicochemical properties such as total porosity (nt) with moisture content (w), nt with the Los Abrasion value (LA), and the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) with point load index Is(50). Additionally, the second factor (~27% of the total data variability) correlates physical properties such as w, nt, physicochemical properties such as the methylene blue test (MBF), mechanical properties such as UCS, Is(50), and loss on ignition (LOI), which highlights the effect of mineralogy on these properties. Lastly, Factor 3 (~14% of the total data variability) expresses the interdependence of the flakiness index (IF), which is an elongation index (IE) relative to their alteration (LOI).

A new method to prepare mesoporous silica from coal gasification fine slag and its application in methylene blue adsorption

Mesoporous silica materials are often restricted from large-scale industrial production due to their high preparation costs. This study used the solid waste coal gasification fine slag (FS) as the silica source, utilizing the simple acid leaching technology, successfully produced mesoporous glass microspheres (MGS) with specific surface area of 364 m2/g and pore volume of 0.339 cm3/g. The porous structure was confirmed by TEM. Moreover, the influences of reaction conditions on the specific surface area and pore structure were thoroughly investigated. The methylene blue adsorption test on the prepared mesoporous microspheres showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 140.57 mg/g. This research provides a new method for the industrial production of mesoporous silica.

Testing of antibacterial efficacy of CuO nanoparticles by methylene blue reduction test against Bacillus cereus responsible for food spoilage and poisoning

ABSTRACTThe synthesis of CuO nanoparticles was carried out by hydro-thermal method in Teflon-lined stainless steel pressure autoclave at 180°C ± 2°C for 12 h. The precursor and reducing agent used was 0.2 M copper acetate and 1 M urea, respectively. Characterisation of CuO powder was carried out by UV–Visible Spectroscopy and Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM). The absorption spectrum was found to be at 339 nm and its band gap about 3.65 eV and STM image showed cluster morphology on the surface at 200 nm. The qualitative determination of antibacterial efficacy of CuO NPs against Bacillus cereus was performed by methylene blue reduction test. It was evident that the synthesised CuO NPs showed antibacterial activity against B. cereus. However, quantitative assay and probable antibacterial mechanism of CuO NPs must be further investigated. This paper reveals the potential of CuO NPs in food protection, especially food products getting contaminated by B. cereus.

GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERIES

Objectives: To determine the operative findings of patients underwentgastrointestinal surgeries and postoperative outcome according to Clavien-Dindo system. StudyDesign: Prospective study. Setting: Isra University Hospital Hyderabad and LUMHS Jamshoro/Hyderabad. Period: One year duration from 2014 to 2015. Material and methods: Total 50patients were included those were underwent Gastrointestinal Surgery. After taking detailedhistory and clinical examination, relevant investigations i.e. CBC, abdominal X-ray, MethyleneBlue Test to confirm the leaks and abdominal ultrasound were done. All operative findingsand postoperative outcome according to Clavien-Dindo system was recorded in the proforma.After collection of data was analysed by (SPSS) version16.0. Results: Total 50 cases studied,their mean age was 46.6+9.7 years, male were found in majority 36 (72.0%) while female were14 (28.0%). Most common diagnosis in of patients those underwent gastrointestinal surgerieswere typhoid perforation 22.0%, tuberculosis 18.0%, Duodenal perforation 20.0% and intestinalobstruction was 10.0%. Postoperative outcome was assessed according to the Clavien-Dindoscoring system as; majority of the cases 16 (32.0%) were found without complications, 12(24.0%) with grade II, followed by 10 (20.0%) were with grade I, 04 (08.0%) were with grade III,only 2 (4.0%) cases were found with grade IV and 06 (12.0%) cases were died during follow upand those were with grade V. Conclusion: It is concluded that most common operative findingswere typhoid perforation, tuberculosis, duodenal perforation and intestinal obstruction findingsinpatients those underwent gastrointestinal surgeries. According to the Clavien-Dindo scoringsystem and majority of the cases were with grade I and grade II and 6 cases were died thosewere enrolled as grade V.

Sewage sludge-derived TiO2/Fe/Fe3C-biochar composite as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for degradation of methylene blue

Novel TiO2/Fe/Fe3C-biochar composite, as a heterogeneous catalyst, has been synthesized by a single-step route, where sewage sludge (SS) and different ratios of nanoparticles (NPs: Fe and Ti) impregnated with chitosan using coagulation and flocculation techniques for subsequent thermal decomposition at 800 °C. The physiochemical properties of samples have been characterized thoroughly and employed in methylene blue (MB) degradation tests. It was found that NPs ratio and chitosan support have significant influences on the properties and catalytic activity of catalysts. Chitosan inclusion successfully improves the surface area and mesoporosity of composites, while high contents of Fe integration reduce surface area and active site (Fe3C) due to Fe0 agglomeration. Though, Ti incorporation produces Ti3+ that activated photosensitivity. Catalyst with the high mesoporous surface, Ti3+, selective Fe3C, and small Fe0 shows superior MB removal competency through concurrent adsorption, photodegradation, and H2O2 activation. Primarily OH and some O2− radicles participating in the degradation reactions evident from scavenging experiments. The maximum MB removal capacity evaluated as 376.9 mg L−1 in neutral pH. Moreover, the catalyst exhibits excellent material stability, recyclability, easy separability, and low Fe-ion leaching (0.11 mg L−1) after catalysis. This study provided new insight into a low-cost and environmentally friendly route of catalyst synthesis using SS, NPs, and chitosan, which concurrently advantageous to SS disposal and wastewater treatment.

Bovine Ruminal Acidosis: Rumen Liquor Profile and its Therapeutic Management

Ruminal acidosis is one of the common condition that oftenly found on account of ingestion of excessive amounts of readily fermented carbohydrate by ruminants. The present study was planned to characterize ruminal fluid and its therapeutic efficacy of suitable probiotics in the management of ruminal acidosis. A total of 265 animals were screened from different areas of Jammu region including the cases that were presented in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura. Forty three (43) animals were found positive for acidosis. The overall prevalence of ruminal acidosis including sub-acute form in Jammu region was 16.22%. The mean value of all acidotic animals was found 5.11 ±0.06. The odour of ruminal fluid of acidotic animals was pungent, sour and fishy whereas the consistency was watery. The mean Methylene blue reduction test time and the protozoal count in rumen liquor in acidotic animal were found to be of 9.50±.53 min and 0.66×105/ml respectively. The microscopic evaluation of Gram-stained rumen fluid of acidotic animals was increased Gram +ve. The altered ruminal fluid parameters were returned to normal following fortnight probiotics treatment.

Zeolite Supported-Nano TiO₂ Composites Prepared by a Facile Solid Diffusion Process as High Performance Photocatalysts.

In this paper, zeolite supported-nano TiO2 photocatalytic composites were synthesized by an easily-operated solid diffusion process, in which zeolite was used as the support matrix. And the microstructures, morphologies and photocatalytic properties of the zeolite supported-nano TiO2 composites were characterized and analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and methylene blue degradation tests. The results showed that zeolite matrix reduced agglomeration of nano-TiO2 and enhanced the absorption ability within the UV-Vis range, consequently increased the photocatalytic activity of the composites. Meanwhile, the influences of TiO2/zeolite proportion on their photocatalytic performances were explored, which indicated that 90 wt% TiO2/zeolite had optimal photocatalytic capability and stable properties.

Synthesis and activity characteristics of visible light responsive polymer photocatalyst system with a styrene block copolymer containing TiO2 gel

A polymer photocatalyst system was synthesized using a poly(styrene-block-acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) containing TiO2 gel without calcination, and its activity characteristics were assessed with methylene blue (MB) photodegradation test in water under visible light irradiation. The initial photodegradation activity was controllable by the polymer chain length and PAA/PS molar ratio. The longer polymer chain length provoked the activity decrease by macromolecular crowding effect. The lower molar ratio did an increase in the photocatalytic surface area by generation of a large number of anatase TiO2 crystal nuclei, leading to the activity increase. The copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) loading remarkably improved the activity. A higher active site was formed on the interface and showed good recycling performance.

The Use of Methylene Blue Staining Test in Determining the CSF Leaks Location of the Anterior Skull Base

Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea represents drainage of cerebrospinal fluid into the nasal cavity. The first steps in diagnosing CSF rhinorrhea are a thorough history and physical examination of the patient. Other diagnostic procedures are the double ring sign, glucose content of the nasal fluid, Beta-trace protein test or beta 2-transferrin. To establish the exact location of the defect imagistic examinations are necessary. However, the gold standard CSF leakage diagnostic method is an intrathecal injection of fluorescein with the endoscopic identification of the defect. In this paper we analyze a staining test, using Methylene Blue solution, to identify the CSF leak�s location.

Study of polyethyleneimine coating on membrane permselectivity and desalination performance during pilot-scale electrodialysis of reverse osmosis concentrate

Abstract A two-electrical stage and four-hydraulic stage pilot-scale electrodialysis system was used to investigate desalination performance and ion permselectivity of Ionics monovalent permselective membranes (CR671/AR112B) and normal grade membranes (CR67/AR204) (Suez Water Technologies & Solutions) to treat reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate in a brackish groundwater desalination plant. Monovalent permselective cation-exchange membrane CR671 was manufactured by surface modification of standard normal grade membrane CR67 with highly-branched polyethyleneimine coating. The covalently bonded polyethyleneimine layer on membrane surface was characterized by methylene blue dye test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (ATR-FTIR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The pilot-scale testing demonstrated the monovalent permselective membranes achieved the same desalting efficiency as the normal grade membranes under the same current density. The energy efficiency in terms of normalized salt removal decreased with the increasing current density (i.e., desalination level) but increased with feed water salt concentration. Polyethyleneimine coating on the CR671 membrane enhanced the selective transport of monovalent cations over divalent cations while having negligible impact on the membrane electrical resistance. The total stack resistance of electrodialysis was insensitive to concentration changes in the diluate and concentrate chambers during desalination of RO concentrate. The electrodialysis system achieved additional 55% of water recovery by treating RO concentrate, enhancing the overall water recovery from 82.5% of the primary RO to 92.1%. Scaling on the ion-exchange membranes and electrodes was effectively mitigated by addition of antiscalant and pH adjustment in concentrate and electrode rinsing streams. Electrodialysis was demonstrated a viable technology to modify product water quality and improve water recovery for desalination concentrate treatment.

Zeolitic Imidazole Framework/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Functionalized Poly(lactic acid) Electrospun Membranes: A Promising Environmentally Friendly Water Treatment Material.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) electrospun membranes immobilized with Zeolitic imidazole framework/graphene oxide hybrid (ZIF-8@GO) are fabricated via electrospinning. At first, ZIF-8@GO is synthesized by the in situ growth method. The UV–visible light (UV–vis) result demonstrates that ZIF-8@GO has a narrower band gap than ZIF-8. The performance of the obtained composite membrane is investigated by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, tensile test, water contact angle, and methylene blue (MB) removal test. The results demonstrate that the degradable PLA/ZIF-8@GO electrospun membrane shows enhanced tensile strength than neat PLA. The composite membrane also shows great MB removal ability by adsorption and photocatalytic degradation. The MB removal efficiency could reach over 90% at very low ZIF-8@GO concentration (0.06 mg/mL).

Potential of Brevibacillus sp. AVN 13 isolated from crude oil contaminated soil for biosurfactant production and its optimization studies

In this study, a hydrocarbon degrading organism Brevibacillus sp. AVN 13 was isolated and utilized for biosurfactant production. A total of twenty four isolates were obtained from crude oil spilled soil and screened for biosurfactant production using different methods such as blood agar test, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide methylene blue agar test, hydrocarbon overlay agar test, emulsification test and surface tension. Among the different biosurfactant producers, the isolate AVN13 was noted as high yielding strain which reduced the surface tension up to 36 mN/m with 72% emulsification activity. By 16S rRNA analysis, the high yielding isolate was identified as Brevibacillus sp. AVN13. The effect of pH, temperature, carbon source and nitrogen source on biosurfactant production by Brevibacillus sp. AVN13 was investigated. It was observed that the optimum pH and temperature for biosurfactant production were 7 and 40 °C respectively. Similarly, used engine oil and potassium nitrate were found to be the preferred carbon and nitrogen sources at a concentration of 1% v/v and 0.5% w/v respectively. The kinetics of biosurfactant production was studied which clearly indicated that the biosurfactant production was associated with biomass growth. Furthermore, the produced biosurfactant was undergone stability analysis of pH and temperature and reported. The antimicrobial properties of biosurfactant produced were also analyzed. The biosurfactant produced was characterized using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and found to be lipopeptide type of biosurfactant. These results suggested that Brevibacillus sp. AVN 13 could be effectively employed for biosurfactant production.

The influence of mechanical activation on the nanostructure of zeolite

A Hungarian natural zeolite was mechanically activated by grinding in a Netzsch MiniCer stirred media mill for various activation times from 0 to 480 min. The research goal was to produce submicron-size activated zeolite with narrow particle size distribution and to investigate the energetic aspects of grinding and material characteristics. During mechanical activation (MA) the grinding energy was measured and stress energy was calculated. Additionally, the particle size distribution of the product was characterized by a Horiba 950 LA laser particle size analyzer (LPSA). Furthermore, the BET specific surface area and adsorption capacity of the MA zeolite were measured using TriStar 3000 apparatus and methylene blue adsorption test, respectively. The structural characterization of mechanically activated zeolite was carried out using Rietveld refinement on X-ray powder diffractometry data, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM-EDS). TEM images and LPSA data of MA zeolite revealed the presence of particles below 100 nm. Significant amorphization, as well as the decrease in clinoptilolite phase, was found during entire MA process, while methylene blue adsorption was maintained. Finally, the relationship between grinding operating parameter (specific grinding energy) and material characteristics (amorphous content, the crystallite size of quartz and clinoptilolite) was created.