Adsorption Of Methylene Blue Dye Research Articles

Fabrication of calix[4]arene/polyurethane for the adsorptive removal of cationic dye from aqueous solutions.

Calix[4]arene/polyurethane (C4PU) has been synthesized and characterized as an alternative adsorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) dyes from the aqueous solution. C4PU was synthesized by reacting p-tert-butyl calix[4]arene with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) as the cross-linking agent. Different polymer ratios were synthesized, and C4PU-4 shows better adsorption than other ratios. The polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and point of zero charges (pHPZC). The isotherms and kinetics of the adsorption of MB and MG were studied under a range of experimental conditions, including pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and contact time. The adsorption was determined by the adsorption percentage of MB and MG dyes from the solution. The Langmuir isotherm model best describes the adsorption process for both dyes, and it follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of MB and MG, respectively, was found to be 1.991mg·g-1 and 2.240mg·g-1.

Efficient synthesis and investigation of waste-derived adsorbent for water purification. Exploring the impact of surface functionalization on methylene blue dye removal

In pursuit of sustainable water management, the preparation of adsorbent materials via waste upcycling for water purification practices plays a decisive role. The sulphonated biochar, PiNe–SO3H, employed to target the methylene blue dye adsorption, was successfully synthesized via a mild, step-economical chemical carbonization-functionalization reaction. The presence of SO3H groups on the PiNe–SO3H surface played a critical role in significantly enhancing the adsorption capacity. The observed MB dye uptake was predominantly attributed to chemisorption processes as evidenced by the results from kinetics, thermodynamics, and isotherms. To further confirm the role of -SO3H in the adsorption mechanism, a comparison was made with other PiNe materials lacking sulphonic groups, highlighting the superior adsorption capacity of PiNe–SO3H. Additionally, a fast and efficient regeneration process was proposed to develop a truly waste minimized protocol, enabling the recovery of up to 94 % of the ethanolic mixture used during this step.

A Comparative Study of Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye onto Untreated Platanus orientalis (chinar tree) Leaves Powder and its Biochar - Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study

In the present investigation the adsorption behavior of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution onto untreated chinar leaves powder (CLP) and chinar leaves biochar (CLB) has been studied. To find out optimum conditions, adsorption process was carried out by varying different parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dose, concentration, temperature, salts, and pH. The equilibrium adsorption data were subjected to different popular isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) and kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intra-particle diffusion model). The thermodynamic study was also done on the adsorption process. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities for MB dye onto given adsorbents are 1.53 mg/g (CLP) and 1.02 mg/g (CLB). Also the values of RL and n suggest favourable adsorption process of MB dye onto CLP and CLB adsorbents. The pseudo-second order kinetic model is best obeyed by both the mentioned adsorbents for MB dye adsorption with R2 value equal to 1. Thermodynamic study reveals that the adsorption process of MB dye is spontaneous, endothermic (CLB) and exothermic (CLP). At an equilibrium time of 20 min the uptake efficiency (> 99%) was recorded for both the low cost adsorbents (CLP and CLB) thus proved them fast and effective adsorbents for the removal of MB dye.

Production and characterization of activated carbon derived from orange peel for the adsorption of methylene blue dye

Activated carbon was produced from orange peel using H2SO4 and ZnCl2 as activating agents at a temperature of 400 oC. The impregnation was done in 1:1 (wt/v). FTIR analysis of the precursor and activated carbon shows different functional groups present in the precursor and activated carbon. The FTIR spectral also shows shifts in bands and changes in wave number between the precursor and activated carbon indicating chemical transformation during activation and carbonization. SEM analysis was used to study the internal structure and pores development of the activated carbon. The methylene blue adsorption capacity of the activated carbon was determined using standard methods. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were employed in determining the adsorption process and Pseudo first-order and Pseudo secondorder kinetics were employed in determining the rate of adsorption by the adsorbents.

Adsorptive elimination of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution by chitosan‐nSiO2 nanocomposite: Adsorption and desorption study, scale‐up design, statistical, and genetic algorithm modeling

AbstractHeavy metals and organic dyes in water in concentrations exceeding the tolerable limit are unsafe for aquatic life and humans. Chitosan nanocomposites show a potential adsorption capacity to organic dyes. The present study encompasses the preparation of chitosan‐nSiO2 nanocomposites (CSNC) with different weight ratios of chitosan to nSiO2 and its application in the methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption. The nanocomposites were characterized with the help of SEM, BET, FTIR, XRD, and TGA. The adsorption experimentation was executed in batch mode under varying experimental conditions. Several isotherm and kinetic models were analyzed with the experimental data, and thermodynamic conditions required for adsorption were also determined. Maximum Langmuir adsorption capacities (qL) of the adsorbents for MB varied in the range of 21.32–31.34 mg g−1. The pseudo‐second‐order model was the best‐fitted kinetic model concerning all three adsorbents. The statistical modeling using multiple polynomial regression (MPR) for CWS CSNC1‐1 and CSNC2‐1 yielded the equations with R‐square ranging from 0.984 to 0.996. For GA modeling, it is more than 0.999. So, the efficient employment of statistical modeling, and genetic algorithms has also been achieved.

Study on Effect of Toluene-Acid Treatments of Recycled Carbon Black from Waste Tyres: Physico-Chemical Analyses and Adsorption Performance

Recycled carbon black (rCB) produced by pyrolysis has a low value because it contains high levels of impurities, such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Various treatments have been proposed using chemicals to purify and improve the properties of rCB. In this study, rCB was treated with toluene (rCB-T), followed by subsequent treatment using acids HCl (rCB-T-HCl), HNO3 (rCB-T-HNO3), and HCl-HNO3 (rCB-T-HCl-HNO3). The treated rCB samples were characterized using CHNS analyser, scanning electron microscope, BET analyser, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The adsorption of methylene blue dye onto the rCB samples was also investigated to study the effectiveness of the treatments. Treatment with toluene alone was insufficient to increase the carbon content and surface area of the rCB. Subsequent treatment of rCB with acids, especially HNO3, significantly increases the carbon content, surface area, surface functional groups, and surface charge of the rCB. This results in an increased adsorption capacity of the rCB, from 6.04 mg/g to 46.51 mg/g for the rCB-HNO3 and 54.80 mg/g for the rCB-T-HCl-HNO3.

Adsorption of methylene blue dye onto bentonite clay: Characterization, adsorption isotherms, and thermodynamics s tudy by using UV-Vis technique

This study uses the UV-Vis technique to describe the elimination of methylene blue dye from an aqueous solution by adsorption on an Iraqi bentonite clay surface. The batch approach was used to conduct adsorption studies carried out to evaluate the influence of factors of experimental like contact time (0–90 min), clay dose (0.1–0.35 g), and initial dye concentration (10–125 mg L-1) at the range of temperatures (25-40oC). The Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms were used to analyze the data; the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.998) proved more appropriate for the equilibrium data. The thermodynamic properties of the adsorption process, including Gibbs free energy (ΔGO), entropy(ΔSO), and enthalpy (ΔHO), were also studied. Since the (ΔGO) and (ΔHO) values were negative, it was clear that the adsorption process constituted an exothermic, spontaneous reaction. This investigation revealed that Iraqi bentonite clay effectively removed the dye methylene blue because of its high surface area. Methylene blue may be removed with an adsorption efficiency of up to 99.39 % at 25oC. By employing bentonite clay as an adsorbent surface, this research offers practical adsorption technology that is affordable and effective for treating wastewater.

Surface modification of chitin nanofibers with dopamine as efficient nanosorbents for enhanced removal of dye pollution and metal ions

The development of environmentally friendly and low-cost adsorbents with high adsorption capacity remains a challenge. Herein, chitin nanofiber-polydopamine composite materials (CNDA) have been obtained by surface modification of chitin nanofiber using dopamine. According to the results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), polydopamine have been successfully coated on the surface of chitin nanofiber (ChNF). The ability to remove methylene blue (MB) has been analyzed via standard adsorption experiments, indicating that the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) can reach 196.6 mg/g at MB initial concentration of 50 mg/L. Most importantly, the adsorption kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamics were used to investigate the MB adsorption mechanism on composites. This indicated that the polydopamine on the surface of chitin nanofiber (ChNF) plays an important role in the MB dye adsorption. Moreover, the removal ability of CNDA to metal ions has also been investigated, indicating high capacities for Fe3+, Mn2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+. Based on their biodegradability and good adsorption capacity, the CNDA composite material can be considered a promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

Efficient and rapid adsorption of methylene blue dyes by novel metal-organic frameworks and organic/inorganic hybrid alginate-based dual network gel composites

To address the limitations of gel-based adsorbents, such as inadequate mechanical strength, low adsorption capacity, and limited reusability, this study presents an innovative approach employing a dual network gel. The dual network consists of calcium alginate (CA) ionic crosslinked organic networks, and vinyl silica-based nanoparticles (VSNP) as crosslinking agents in acrylic acid (AA) free radical polymerization networks (denoted as P (AA-co-VSNP), abbreviated as PAV). After freeze-drying, ultimately yielding an organic/inorganic hybrid dual network gel (referred to as CA/P(AA-co-VSNP), abbreviated as CPAV), enriched with abundant functional groups, thereby enhancing material reusability. To further enhance the adsorption capacity, CPAV undergoes hydrothermal reactions to obtain metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) composite dual network gel adsorbent (UiO-66@CPAV). UiO-66@CPAV exhibited a density of 0.165 g/cm3 and showcased a unique pore structure with nested macropores and mesopores, featuring a uniform distribution of pore holes. Notably, the specific surface area was measured at 96.3 m2/g, and an average pore diameter was 17.9 nm. Most impressively, the actual maximum adsorption capacity reached 841.7 mg/g, and even after 10 cycles of use, the adsorption capacity remained 91.9 % of its initial value. Overall, this research introduced a novel methodology for the development of dual network MOFs@gel adsorbents, showcasing promising advancements in the field.

Investigation on Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption in Aqueous by the Modified Mussel Shells: Optimization, Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Equilibrium Studies.

This study assessed the methylene blue adsorption using natural and modified mussel shell powders in the aqueous solution. The mussel shell samples were processed in a NaClO solution then modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The characteristics of mussel shell samples before and after modification were demonstrated using infared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, energy dispersive X-ray, water contact angle, and dynamic light scattering methods. Some factors such as the pH of the medium, adsorption temperature, and adsorption time had a significant effect on the methylene blue adsorption of mussel shell samples. The adsorption isotherm models and kinetics of methylene blue adsorption by mussel shell samples were also studied. A quadratic regression equation was selected with experimental planning following the Box-Behnken model combined with Design Expert 11.1.0.1 software to optimize the methylene blue adsorption process by mussel shell samples. These results open a promising direction for using naturally derived materials to remove organic pollutants from contaminated water.

Preparation of Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon via Steam Activation for Efficient Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption: Modeling and Mechanism Studies.

Dye pollution has long been an ecological and human health issue. Activated carbon is considered to be the most promising material for dye adsorption. In this study, bamboo was used as a biomass precursor to produce activated carbon with a high specific surface area by the steam activation method. The physical activation reaction between water vapor and bamboo promotes the carbonization product to have a rich porous structure. The prepared activated carbon was investigated from the perspectives of surface morphology, elemental change, surface porosity, and surface functional groups using a variety of techniques. According to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, the activated carbon has a high surface area (1273 m2/g) and a mesoporous structure (average pore size 3.1 nm). On this basis, the effect of activated carbon on the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous environments was evaluated and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Key adsorption parameters include initial MB concentration (150-200 mg/L), adsorption time (5-120 min), adsorbent dosage (30-50 mg), adsorption temperature (5-50 °C), and solution pH (3-11). Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used for modeling and analysis. Kinetic and isotherm model studies show that pseudo-second-order model kinetics and Langmuir isotherm can better describe the process of MB dye adsorption. This study will provide new ideas for the preparation of bamboo-activated carbon and provide a model prediction basis for dye adsorption research.

Hollow Sea Urchin-Shaped Polypyrrole Nanomaterial for Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Congo Red Dyes: A Comparative Study

Hollow Sea Urchin-Shaped Polypyrrole Nanomaterial for Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Congo Red Dyes: A Comparative Study

Unleashing the potential of pineapple peel-based activated carbon: Response surface methodology optimization and regeneration for methylene blue and methyl red dyes adsorption

Unleashing the potential of pineapple peel-based activated carbon: Response surface methodology optimization and regeneration for methylene blue and methyl red dyes adsorption

Sandwich-structured graphene composite sponge with multiple cyclic compression for waste liquid treatment under dynamic electrical stimulation response

3D porous graphene nanosponge has broad application prospects in intelligent sensing, wastewater treatment, environmental remediation and other fields. However, the previously reported graphene-based 3D structure sponge column usually has difficulty achieving compression resistance and excellent adsorption effect. In this study, a novel, simple and low-cost sandwich structure is assembled. The carbon fiber/reduced graphene oxide/polydimethylsiloxane (CF/rGO/P) with excellent compression electrical properties is used as the intermediate layer, and the flexible polyvinylidene fluoride/rGO/P (PV/rGO/P) is used as the upper and lower layers. A composite assembled graphene sponge column with outer pressure resistance and middle compression resistance is prepared. Results show that this composite sponge has a small resistance(30–100 Ω/cm). Under 60% compression deformation, the resistance sensitivity could reach 36.44. The physical adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye has reached more than 93.7% after 24 h, and the electrochemical adsorption rate is 3.12 times faster than the physical adsorption rate. This sandwich assembly structure exhibits an excellent positive synergistic effect, maintaining high adsorption and desorption properties for MB dyes under high compression cycles. It can be applied to the recovery of cationic dyes in the dynamic flow waste liquid, thereby broadening the application of hydrogel graphene nanosponge in the field of environmental protection.

Experimental investigation of H3PO4 activated papaya peels for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution: Evaluation on optimization, kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamics, and reusability studies

This investigation is centered on the effectiveness of methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, adsorbed from an aqueous media by H3PO4 activated papaya skin/peels (PSPAC), with initial pH (2–10), contact time (30–180 min), MB dye concentration (varying from 10 to 50 mg/L), and MB dose (0.1–0.5 gm). The findings show that the best optimal conditions for MB dye removal occur at a 6 pH, 0.3 gm dose of PSPAC adsorbent for 10 mg/L MB dye concentration, with 90 min of contact time. To optimize and validate the extraction efficiency of MB dye, a response surface methodology (RSM) study was conducted using a central composite design (CCD) with a regression model showing R2 = 0.9940. FT-IR spectroscopy shows, CO, and O–H stretching functional groups while FE-SEM is assessed to supervise morphological features of the PSPAC adsorbent. The peak adsorption capacity with 46.95 mg/g for the Langmuir isotherm model conveniently satisfies the adsorption process with R2 = 0.9984 while with R2 = 0.999, a kinetic model, pseudo-second-order, confirms MB dye adsorption by PSPAC adsorbent. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters including ΔGᵒ, ΔH°, and ΔS° were computed and found to be spontaneous and exothermic. Furthermore, regeneration studies employed with NaOH (0.1 M) and HCl (0.1 M) solution media show an acceptable MB removal efficiency consecutive up to three cycles. The study highlights that H3PO4 papaya skin/peel (PSPAC) is an effectual, sustainable, reasonably available biosorbent to remove industrial cationic dyes disposal.

Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye by Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Intercalated Polyaniline-Functionalized Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposite: Kinetics, Isotherms, and Mechanism Study.

In this study, new adsorbents were prepared by modifying a montmorillonite clay (Mt) with cethyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) to form CTAB-Mt, followed by a second modification process with polyaniline (PAni) to form PAni@CTAB-Mt by in situ polymerization of aniline. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique were used to characterize the samples. These adsorbents were used in a batch process to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. Factors investigated included initial pH of the solution, contact time and temperature. The adsorption data fit the Freundlich isotherm better than the Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacities (qeq) obtained were 108.82 mg·g-1, 71.20 mg·g-1 and 57.36 mg·g-1 for PAni@CTAB-Mt, CTAB-Mt and Mt, respectively. The enhanced adsorption capability of the hybrid material is due to increase in surface area and pore volume of the PAni@CTAB-Mt adsorbent. The adsorption results were found to fit well with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, with highest correlation coefficient (R2) values of 0.954, 0.942 and 0.958 for Mt, CTAB-Mt and PAni@CTAB-Mt adsorbents, respectively. The pH and temperature had a significant effect on the adsorption process, and the negative values of ΔG suggest that the adsorption process was spontaneous and feasible. The desorption and reusability experiment indicated that PAni@CTAB-Mt has the potential to be a reusable adsorbent for MB removal.

Pengaruh Massa Karbon Aktif dan Konsentrasi Adsorbat dalam Penyerapan Zat Warna Metilen Blue

In this study, the effect of activated carbon mass and methylene blue solution concentration on adsorption capacity, the length of time required to reach equilibrium, and isothermal modeling of activated carbon material in the adsorption process were studied. The variables used are the mass of activated carbon as much as 100 mg, 75 mg, and 50 mg and the concentration of methylene blue solution of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm. The adsorption process in the three mass variations occurred at an optimum contact time of 80 and 90 minutes with an adsorption percentage of 99%. Adsorption of methylene blue dye by activated carbon from durian peel follows Freundlich isothermal modeling with a K value of 15846.44 mg/g and 1/n of 23.666 which shows an indicator of concentration dependence of the amount of energy associated with the adsorption process.

Enhanced photoresponse and efficient charge transfer in porous graphene-BaTiO3 nanocomposite for high performance photocatalysis

Porous graphene-BaTiO3 (PGBT) nanocomposite was synthesized by a simple one pot solvothermal method and its photocatalytic activity was evaluated by studying its efficiency in degrading methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light. The combination of experimental and theoretical analysis revealed enhanced photocatalytic activity of the PGBT composite, which could be attributed to (i) the interaction of BaTiO3 nanoparticles with PG sheets via BaC bond, (ii) reduced band gap due to the introduction of hybridized states leading to increased absorption in visible range and (iii) large surface area which provides more active sites for the efficient adsorption of MB dye. The formation of BaC bond proved to be highly advantageous for the efficient transport of photogenerated charge carriers, thereby suppressing the recombination of charge carriers. The synthesized nanocomposite showed three times higher photodegradation efficiency compared to BaTiO3. In addition to this, the composite also showed an excellent cyclic stability indicating its suitability as an effective photocatalyst for the environmental remediation.

Adsorption of methylene blue dye by animal dung biomass–derived activated carbon: optimization, isotherms and kinetic studies

Adsorption of methylene blue dye by animal dung biomass–derived activated carbon: optimization, isotherms and kinetic studies

Adsorption of methylene blue dye onto modified activated carbon produced from groundnut shells

In this research work, groundnut shells agricultural byproducts were utilized for the production of modified groundnut shell based activated carbon (MGSAC) through the use of phosphoric acid and ethylene-diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2EDTA) as an activating agent and a modifier, respectively. A three factor, two-level full factorial design (FFD) was employed for the exploratory design of experiments (DoE). The independent process variables are temperature, activation time, and activating agent concentration for the production of MGSAC in a muffle furnace. The product yield and methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption were considered as the performance indicators for the process. Regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of process variables on the responses of the process parameters. From the analysis, it was found that the activation temperature has the most significant effects on the MGSAC product yield and the activation time for the adsorption of MB dye. The results obtained showed that the best operating conditions for production of MGSAC were carbonization temperature of 450°C, activation time of 30 min and activating agent concentration of (35 mmol Na2EDTA; 50% H3PO4) which resulted in the product yield of 55.5% MGSAC, and 99.6% MB dye adsorption. It was also observed that experimental values obtained were in good agreement with the values predicted by the model. Hence, the two-level FFD DoE technique demonstrated worthwhile features in disclosing the dominant factors that affect the production of modified groundnut shell based activated carbon. The products appear to be promising adsorbents for the adsorption of cationic MB dye from wastewaters.