Methyl Jasmonate Research Articles

Methyl jasmonate improves rubber production and quality in Lactuca Serriola.

The increase in demand for natural rubber has led to the search for alternative sources. Lactuca serriola is emerging as a promising candidate, as the quality of the natural rubber it produces is comparable to that of the Pará Rubber Plant, Hevea brasiliensis. This study examines the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a known elicitor, on the expression of key rubber biosynthesis pathway genes (HMGR1, HMGS1, CPT2, and SRPP1) in the latex of L. serriola plants. The expression levels of these genes increased significantly after the foliar application of 200 and 400 µM MeJA. The highest relative expression level for HMGR1, HMGS1, CPT2 and SRPP1 was 3.74, 18.56, 11.91and 16.59 fold respectively. Furthermore, the rubber content in L. serriola showed a significant rise post-treatment compared to the control with increasing the level of MeJA (6.19%, 7.24% and 7.85% which correspond to 0, 200 and 400 µM). Gel permeation chromatography revealed an augmentation in the molecular weight of extracted natural rubber from treated plants. Samples treated with 400 µM of MeJA had the highest molecular weight (1570 kg mol-1) compared to control (1186 kg mol-1). This study has demonstrated that MeJA, through the regulation of rubber biosynthesis genes, is capable of enhancing the quality and quantity of natural rubber extracted from alternative sources, such as L. serriola.

Cytosolic alkalinization in guard cells: an intriguing but interesting event during stomatal closure that merits further validation of its importance

Stomatal closure is essential to conserve water and prevent microbial entry into leaves. Alkalinization of guard cells is common during closure by factors such as abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and even darkness. Despite reports pointing at the role of cytosolic pH, there have been doubts about whether the guard cell pH change is a cause for stomatal closure or an associated event, as changes in membrane potential or ion flux can modulate the pH. However, the importance of cytosolic alkalinization is strongly supported by the ability of externally added weak acids to restrict stomatal closure. Using genetically encoded pH sensors has confirmed the rise in pH to precede the elevation of Ca2+ levels. Yet some reports claim that the rise in pH follows the increase in ROS or Ca2+. We propose a feedback interaction among the rise in pH or ROS or Ca2+ to explain the contrasting opinions on the positioning of pH rise. Stomatal closure and guard cell pH changes are compromised in mutants deficient in vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), indicating the importance of V-ATPase in promoting stomatal closure. Thus, cytosolic pH change in guard cells can be related to the rise in ROS and Ca2+, leading to stomatal closure. We emphasize that cytosolic pH in stomatal guard cells deserves further attention and evaluation.

Foliar Application of Methyl Jasmonate and Chitosan Improve Growth, Yield, and Quality of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) Under Water-Deficit Stress

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.), a summer legume, is becoming increasingly important as an industrial crop due to its high gum and viscosity content. This study investigated the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), chitosan (CH), and their combination on the growth, yield, and quality of guar under irrigation regimes. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a factorial design to evaluate the effect of foliar spraying with MeJA (5, 25, and 50 µM), CH (100, 150, and 200 mg/L), their combination (25 µM MeJA + 150 mg/L CH), and control on two commercial guar varieties (RGC-986 and BR-2017) under different irrigation regimes (100%, 70%, and 40% field capacity). The results showed that the exogenous application of MeJA and CH, individually and in combination, significantly enhanced various morphological traits and yield components in guar, including plant height, pod characteristics, seed yield, and root development. Additionally, the combination treatments improved seed quality parameters, such as gum percentage and viscosity content. Leaf analysis revealed increased levels of total phenolic content, total flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. The BR-2017 variety showed superior performance in most morphological and qualitative traits, demonstrating greater resistance to irrigation regimes. It maintained yield and quality characteristics under water-deficit conditions, particularly when treated with 25 µM MeJA and 150 mg/L CH. The highest gum percentage (33.67%) and viscosity (4768.5 cP) were observed in the RGC-986 variety, along with enhanced levels of secondary metabolites. This study provides new insights into how MeJA, CH, and their combination can improve the yield and quality of guar under water deficit stress conditions. The results suggest that the use of these elicitors, especially in combination, represents an innovative strategy for improving guar production and quality, with potential variety-specific responses to water-deficit stress.

Elicitation of licorice callus for improving anti-inflammatory agent production

ABSTRACT Ononin and formononetin are bioactive licorice flavonoids with known anti-inflammatory effects. This study used methyl jasmonate (MJ, dose 50 or 100 µM) or cellulase (CL, dose 33.6 and 168 mU/mL) to enhance their production in licorice callus, with samples pre-treated at harvest. Ononin levels peaked on day 3, increasing 3- and 5.93-fold with MJ and CL, respectively. Formononetin levels peaked on day 7, rising 3.22- and 5.46-fold. Anti-inflammation assay exhibited a dose-dependent reduction of nitric oxide (NO) level induced by LPS. MJ and CL (33.6 mU/mL) exhibited NO reduction lower than L-NAME (positive control). At 1000 µg/mL of MJ and CL elicited callus extract showed maximum inhibition of iNOS, COX-2 and IL-6 expression corresponding to 3.8, 6.5, and 14 times, respectively over the LPS treated group. Elicitation enhanced antioxidant defenses, gene expression, and flavonoid levels, improving anti-inflammatory activity. Combining pretreatment with elicitation can thus enhance medicinal yields from licorice.

Boosting Stevia's sweetness: Growth regulators mitigate salt stress and enhance steviol glycosides

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant species with sweet-tasting leaves that can be used as a natural, low-calorie sweetener with potential health benefits. Salt stress can reduce plant growth and productivity, but the application of growth regulators like salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJ), and spermidine (Spd) can manage various plant abiotic stresses and improve plant growth and productivity. In this work, we investigated the role of exogenous SA, MeJ, and Spd in conferring salt stress tolerance in Stevia by analyzing plant growth, chlorophyll (Chl), total phenolic, total carotenoid content, antioxidant defense system and steviol glycosides. The aim of a recent study was to assess the effects of these regulators on Stevia plants under both individual and combined salt stress conditions. Foliar application of these regulators improved plant growth under salt stress, with moderate salinity stress increasing glycoside compounds. SA was most effective in increasing rebaudioside A (Reb A), while MeJ + Spd combination was best for increasing stevioside (Stv) content. Individual applications of Spd, MeJ, and SA significantly impacted plant growth and antioxidant content, although their combined use was less effective. Spd application under salt stress yielded the highest increases in total carotenoid and Chl a content, while MeJ and Spd together significantly boosted Chl b content. The study found that SA enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced catalase (CAT) activity under salt stress, whereas MeJ alone increased both CAT and SOD activity. The distinct responses to Spd, SA, and MeJ suggest varied mechanisms in oxidative stress-induced antioxidant production. Overall, the use of these growth regulators can improve the growth, yield, and nutritional value of Stevia under salt stress, offering significant implications for agriculture and food security.

Optimization of Cannabinoid Production in Hemp Through Methyl Jasmonate Application in a Vertical Farming System

Optimization of Cannabinoid Production in Hemp Through Methyl Jasmonate Application in a Vertical Farming System

Methyl jasmonate mitigates Fusarium graminearum infection in wheat by inhibiting deoxynivalenol synthesis.

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a plant growth regulator, coordinates a diverse array of physiological responses, including the inhibition of seed germination, modulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and activation of defence responses. The external application of MeJA has been demonstrated to effectively diminish the severity of fungal diseases. Here, we unveil a novel mechanism through which exogenous MeJA alleviates Fusarium head blight (FHB) by inhibiting the synthesis of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Fusarium graminearum, rather than by enhancing the wheat resistance response. MeJA treatment reduced the infection by wild-type F. graminearum in wheat coleoptiles, but exhibited no significant influence on that of the DON-deficient mutant strain (∆Tri5). The production of DON in F. graminearum was significantly inhibited both in vitro and in planta. MeJA affected the expression of genes related to DON biosynthesis, without influencing the formation of toxisomes as observed under microscopic analysis. Exogenous MeJA demonstrated a limited impact on the early genes of plant jasmonic acid signalling pathway, in contrast to the wild-type pathogen strain, which induced the upregulation of these genes. The expression levels of defence marker genes induced by MeJA were notably lower compared to those induced by the pathogen. This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms of MeJA in modulating the wheat-F. graminearum interaction, providing new insights into the development of environmentally friendly strategies against fungi.

Terpene synthase gene family in Jasminum sambac var. Fuzhou bifoliatum: genome-wide analysis and expression pattern in response to methyl jasmonate

Terpene synthases (TPSs) play a crucial role in the synthesis of terpenoids that contribute to the scent profiles of flowers. However, few studies report the genome-wide analysis of TPSs gene in Jasminum sambac var. Fuzhou bifoliatum and their expression pattern in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). In this study, we employed bioinformatics tools for genome-wide analysis of the J. sambac TPS (DJTPS) gene family and determined the physical and chemical properties, subcellular location, protein-protein interactions, phylogenetic relationship, subfamily classification, chromosomal location and collinearity, gene structure, conserved motifs, and promoter cis-acting elements. The expression patterns of DJTPSs in different tissues and in response to MeJA treatment were analyzed based on the transcriptome data combined with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We identified 32 intact DJTPS genes in the genome of J. sambac, which presented uneven distribution across nine chromosomes. All the deduced proteins were hydrophilic, predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. The phylogenetic analysis classified the DJTPS genes into five subfamilies: TPS-a, TPS-b, TPS-c, TPS-e/f, and TPS-g. The results of the collinearity analysis showed a total of 10 sets of replication events in DJTPSs, most of which underwent purifying selection. A comparative analysis of TPS homologous gene pairs was performed among J. sambac var. Fuzhou bifoliatum and other six species, which revealed different number of homologous gene pairs. The number of exons and motifs was conserved within the same subfamily. DJTPS genes carried multiple elements that may be involved in the response to MeJA. In addition, the transcriptome and qRT-PCR data unveiled that several TPS genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns, and the genes with specific expression in flowers were the most. Upon exposure to MeJA, 14 TPS genes showcased upregulated expression 5 h or 6 h post-treatment, and DJTPS03, DJTPS04 and DJTPS21 showed significantly increased expression levels after MeJA treatment. This study provides preliminary evidence that MeJA possesses the ability to enhance the expression of DJTPS genes during the critical flowering stage, which will facilitate the synthesis of terpenoids and improve the quality of floral fragrance.

Transcriptomic Analysis of the Combined Effects of Methyl Jasmonate and Wounding on Flavonoid and Anthraquinone Biosynthesis in Senna tora.

Jasmonates, including jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or jasmonly isoleucine (JA-Ile), regulate plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we applied exogenous MeJA onto Senna tora leaves subjected to wounding and conducted a transcriptome deep sequencing analysis at 1 (T1), 3 (T3), 6 (T6), and 24 (T24) h after MeJA induction, along with the pretreatment control at 0 h (T0). Out of 18,883 mapped genes, we identified 10,048 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the T0 time point and at least one of the four treatment times. We detected the most DEGs at T3, followed by T6, T1, and T24. We observed the upregulation of genes related to JA biosynthesis upon exogenous MeJA application. Similarly, transcript levels of genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis increased after MeJA application and tended to reach their maximum at T6. In agreement, the flavonols kaempferol and quercetin reached their highest accumulation at T24, whereas the levels of the anthraquinones aloe-emodin, emodin, and citreorosein remained constant until T24. This study highlights an increase in flavonoid biosynthesis following both MeJA application and mechanical wounding, whereas no significant influence is observed on anthraquinone biosynthesis. These results provide insights into the distinct regulatory pathways of flavonoid and anthraquinone biosynthesis in response to MeJA and mechanical wounding.

Variability in growth and biosynthetic activity of Calendula officinalis hairy roots.

Calendula officinalis is a widespread medicinal plant with a sufficiently well-studied chemical composition. Secondary metabolites synthesized by C.officinalis plants have pharmacological value for treating numerous diseases, and various types of aseptic in vitro cultures can be used as a source of these compounds. From this perspective, hairy roots attract considerable attention for the production of bioactive chemicals, including flavonoids with antioxidant activity. This paper shows the possibility of C.officinalis hairy roots obtaining with 100% frequency by Agrobacterium rhizogenes genetic transformation. Hairy root lines differed in growth rate and flavonoid content. In particular, flavonoids were accumulated in the amount of up to 6.68 ± 0.28 mg/g of wet weight. Methyl jasmonate in the concentration of 10 µM inhibited root growth to a small extent but stimulated the synthesis of flavonoids. The antioxidant activity and the reducing power increased in the roots grown in the medium with methyl jasmonate. The strong correlation of antioxidant activity and reducing power with flavonoid content was detected. The influence of extraction conditions on the content of flavonoids in the extracts and their bioactivity was determined. The potent reducing activity of extracts from hairy roots allowed the production of silver nanoparticles, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy.

Genome-Wide Identification of the Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channel Gene Family and Expression Profiles Under Low-Temperature Stress in Luffa cylindrica L.

Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs) are cell membrane channel proteins for calcium ions. They have been reported to play important roles in survival and in the responses to environmental factors in various plants. However, little is known about the CNGC family and its functions in luffa (Luffa cylindrica L.). In this study, a bioinformatics-based method was used to identify members of the CNGC gene family in L. cylindrica. In total, 20 LcCNGCs were detected, and they were grouped into five subfamilies (I, II, Ⅲ, IV-a, and IV-b) in a phylogenetic analysis with CNGCs from Arabidopsis thaliana (20 AtCNGCs) and Momordica charantia (17 McCNGCs). The 20 LcCNGC genes were unevenly distributed on 11 of the 13 chromosomes in luffa, with none on Chromosomes 1 and 5. The members of each subfamily encoded proteins with highly conserved functional domains. An evolutionary analysis of CNGCs in luffa revealed three gene losses and a motif deletion. An examination of gene replication events during evolution indicated that two tandemly duplicated gene pairs were the primary driving force behind the evolution of the LcCNGC gene family. PlantCARE analyses of the LcCNGC promoter regions revealed various cis-regulatory elements, including those responsive to plant hormones (abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid) and abiotic stresses (light, drought, and low temperature). The presence of these cis-acting elements suggested that the encoded CNGC proteins may be involved in stress responses, as well as growth and development. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses revealed tissue-specific expression patterns of LcCNGCs in various plant parts (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit) and the upregulation of some LcCNGCs under low-temperature stress. To confirm the accuracy of the RNA-seq data, 10 cold-responsive LcCNGC genes were selected for verification by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. Under cold conditions, LcCNGC4 was highly upregulated (>50-fold increase in its transcript levels), and LcCNGC3, LcCNGC6, and LcCNGC13 were upregulated approximately 10-fold. Our findings provide new information about the evolution of the CNGC family in L. cylindrica and provide insights into the functions of the encoded CNGC proteins.

Chitosan, Methyl Jasmonate, and Silicon Induce Resistance to Angular Leaf Spot in Common Bean, Caused by Pseudocercospora griseola, with Expression of Defense-Related Genes and Enzyme Activities

This study assessed the efficacy of chitosan, methyl jasmonate, and silicon in the reduction of disease severity and the induction of defense responses in common bean plants against angular leaf spot caused by Pseudocercospora griseola. The expression level of several pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, PR1, PR2 (β-1,3-glucanase), and PR3 (chitinase), and defense-related enzymes, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and lipoxygenase, was analyzed at different time points in common bean plants after different treatments. Elicitor treatments significantly reduced disease severity 21 days after inoculation, with silicon at a 2 mM concentration proving most effective with 38.93% disease control, followed by 1 mM MeJA and 2% chitosan, respectively. Treatments with chitosan, methyl jasmonate, and silicon, regardless of pathogen infection, significantly elevated PR1, PR2, and PR3 gene expressions at 48 h after inoculation (hpi). PAL and POD activities were similarly increased following elicitor treatments and pathogen infection, especially at 48 hpi. Chemical elicitors applied post-inoculation induced PR proteins, PAL, and POD enzyme activities at 48 hpi, while LOX activity exhibited a variable fluctuation with treatments. These findings suggested that chemical elicitors, especially silicon, were effective in reducing ALS disease severity in common beans, with improved resistance associated with the expression of pathogen-responsive genes. This study is the first to analyze the expression profiles of defense-related genes in common beans treated with chemical elicitors prior to P. griseola infection.

Identification of Linalool Disaccharide Glycoside (Linalyl β-Vicianoside) in Soybean Leaves and Its Implication for Herbivore Resistance.

Linalool is anticipated to have significant ecological roles. In this study, linalyl 6-O-α-arabinopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (linalyl β-vicianoside: LinVic) was synthesized, and a linalool diglycoside purified from soybean leaves was identified as LinVic by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. High levels of LinVic were detected in leaves and sepals during soybean plant growth. The LinVic content did not significantly increase following methyl jasmonate treatment of the leaves, indicating that its synthesis is independent of the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. In addition to LinVic, soybean also contains 1-octen-3-yl primeveroside. We treated soybean leaves with vaporized linalool and 1-octen-3-ol to determine whether the glycosylation system discriminates between these two volatile alcohols. Linalool treatment resulted in the accumulation of LinVic, while 1-octen-3-ol treatment caused little change in the amount of 1-octen-3-yl primeveroside, suggesting discrimination between these compounds. Linalool-treated soybean leaves exhibited increased resistance against common cutworms, indicating that LinVic may contribute to herbivore resistance.

Evaluation of methyl jasmonate as elicitor in the production of cycloartane saponins in Astragalus aitosensis in vitro root cultures

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment is known to increase the levels of plant secondary metabolites. The significant medicinal benefits of cycloartane type saponins, including immune modulation, antiviral properties, and antitumor activity, drive high global demand, making sustainable production methods economically, medically, and ecologically important. In this study the effect of MeJA as an elicitor for promoting higher accumulation of cycloartane saponins – astragaloside I, II and IV was evaluated. The experiment was conducted using biotechnological approaches for sustainable production using in vitro root cultures of the endemic plant species Astragalus aitosensis, which is known to produce rare cycloartane saponins. LC-HRESI-MS analysis was used to identify and quantify compounds. The content of astragaloside I increased significantly by 68% (118 ng/mg DW) compared to control group (70 ng/mg DW). Astragaloside II was found with 1.5 points increased amount (473 ng/mg DW), compared to control (331 ng/mg DW) and astragaloside IV production was also improved. The highest cost-efficacy concentration of the elicitor for all tested astragalosides was observed at 50 µL MeJA.

Genome-wide identification of AP2/ERF gene family in Coptis Chinensis Franch reveals its role in tissue-specific accumulation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids

BackgroundThe Plant-specific AP2/ERF gene family encodes proteins involved in various biological and physiological processes. Although the genome of Coptis chinensis Franch, a plant producing benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), has been sequenced at the chromosome level, studies on the AP2/ERF gene family in C. chinensis are lacking. Thus, a genome-wide identification of AP2/ERF gene family in C. chinensis was conducted to explore its role in BIAs biosynthesis.ResultsA total of 96 CcAP2/ERF genes were identified and categorized into five subfamilies, including 43 ERFs, 32 DREBs, 17 AP2s, 3 RAVs, and 1 Soloist, based on their structural domains. These CcAP2/ERF genes were unevenly distributed across nine chromosomes. Analysis of gene duplication events identified 17 CcAP2/ERF gene pairs in the genome, with 7 involved in tandem duplication events and 10 involved in segmental duplicate events, indicating that both types of duplications contributed to the expansion of the AP2/ERF gene family. The Ka/Ks ratio analysis suggested that the CcAP2/ERF gene family underwent strong purifying selection. Two phytohormones, methyl jasmonate and abscisic acid, were identified as potential key inducers of BIAs biosynthesis due to the cis-acting element prediction. Analysis of the spatial transcriptomic data revealed that 28 differentially expressed AP2/ERF genes had the highest or relatively higher expression levels in the rhizome, 17 of which positively correlated with the tissue-specific accumulation of BIAs. Further real-time PCR verification and protein-protein interaction analysis indicated that DREB1B might be one of the central regulators in a highly complex BIAs biosynthesis network.ConclusionThese findings provide significant insight into the function of AP2/ERF genes in C. chinensis, particularly in the regulatory network of BIAs biosynthesis in C. chinensis. This study also identifies candidate genes for metabolic engineering to increase BIAs content in C. chinensis.

Machine learning-based prediction models unleash the enhanced production of fucoxanthin in Isochrysis galbana.

The marine microalga Isochrysis galbana is prolific producer of fucoxanthin, which is a xanthophyll carotenoid with substantial global market value boasting extensive applications in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. This study presented a novel integrated experimental approach coupled with machine learning (ML) models to predict the fucoxanthin content in I. galbana by altering the type and concentration of phytohormone supplementation, thus overcoming the multiple methodological limitations of conventional fucoxanthin quantification. A novel integrated experimental approach was developed, analyzing the effect of varying phytohormone types and concentrations on fucoxanthin production in I. galbana. Morphological analysis was conducted to assess changes in microalgal structure, while growth rate and fucoxanthin yield correlations were explored using statistical analysis and machine learning models. Several ML models were employed to predict fucoxanthin content, with and without hormone descriptors as variables. The findings revealed that the Random Forest (RF) model was highly significant with a high of 0.809 and of 0.776 when hormone descriptors were excluded, and the inclusion of hormone descriptors further improved prediction accuracy to of 0.839, making it a useful tool for predicting the fucoxanthin yield. The model that fitted the experimental data indicated methyl jasmonate (0.2 mg/L) as an effective phytohormone. The combined experimental and ML approach demonstrated rapid, reliable, and cost-efficient prediction of fucoxanthin yield. This study highlights the potential of machine learning models, particularly Random Forest, to optimize parameters influencing microalgal growth and fucoxanthin production. This approach offers a more efficient alternative to conventional methods, providing valuable insights into improving fucoxanthin production in microalgal cultivation. The findings suggest that leveraging diverse ML models can enhance the predictability and efficiency of fucoxanthin production, making it a promising tool for industrial applications.

The Influence of Different Factors on the Metabolism of Capsaicinoids in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Pepper is a globally cultivated vegetable known for its distinct pungent flavor, which is derived from the presence of capsaicinoids, a class of unique secondary metabolites that accumulate specifically in pepper fruits. Since the accumulation of capsaicinoids is influenced by various factors, it is imperative to comprehend the metabolic regulatory mechanisms governing capsaicinoids production. This review offers a thorough examination of the factors that govern the metabolism of capsaicinoids in pepper fruit, with a specific focus on three primary facets: (1) the impact of genotype and developmental stage on capsaicinoids metabolism, (2) the influence of environmental factors on capsaicinoids metabolism, and (3) exogenous substances like methyl jasmonate, chlorophenoxyacetic acid, gibberellic acid, and salicylic acid regulate capsaicinoid metabolism. The findings of this study are expected to enhance comprehension of capsaicinoids metabolism and aid in the improvement of breeding and cultivation practices for high-quality pepper in the future.

Comprehensive Analysis of BrDUF506 Genes Across the Brassica rapa Genome Uncovers Potential Functions in Sexual Reproduction and Abiotic Stress Tolerance.

The Domain of Unknown Function 506 (DUF506) belongs to the PD-(D/E) XK nuclease superfamily and has been reported to play critical roles in growth and development as well as responses to abiotic stresses. However, the function of DUF506 genes in Brassica rapa (B. rapa) remains unclear. In this study, a total of 18 BrDUF506 genes were identified and randomly distributed across eight chromosomes, categorized into four subfamilies. Analyzing their promoter sequences has uncovered various stress-responsive elements, such as those for drought, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and abscisic acid (ABA). Bra000098 and Bra017099 exhibit significantly enhanced expression in response to heat and drought stress. Protein interaction predictions indicate that Bra000098 homolog, At2g38820, is interacting with ERF012 and PUB48 and is involved in abiotic stress regulation. Furthermore, gene expression profiling has identified Bra026262 with a high expression level in flowers and significantly decreased in female sterile mutants. Protein interaction prediction further revealed that its homolog, At4g32480, interacts with MYB and AGL proteins, suggesting the potential roles in female gametophyte development. The current study enhances our understanding of the functional roles of BrDUF506s, providing significant insights that are valuable in investigating sexual reproduction and abiotic stress responses in B. rapa.

Genome-wide analysis of Triticum aestivum bromodomain gene family and expression analysis under salt stress.

This study identified 82 wheat BRD genes, revealing both conserved evolutionary and functional characteristics across plant species and novel features specific to wheat. GTE8-12 cluster TaBRDs were found as positive response to salt stress. Bromodomain-containing proteins (BRDs) are crucial in histone acetylation "reading" and chromatin remodeling in eukaryotes. Despite some of their members showing importance in various biological processes in plants, our understanding of the BRD family in wheat (Triticum aestivum) remains limited. This study comprehensively analyzes the T. aestivum BRD (TaBRD) family. We identified 82 TaBRD genes in wheat genome encoding hydrophobic proteins with a conserved pocket structure. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into 16 distinct clusters, with conserved protein motifs and gene structures within clusters but diverse patterns across clusters. Gene duplication analysis revealed that whole-genome or segmental duplication events were the primary expansion mechanism for the TaBRD family, with purifying selection acting on these genes. Subcellular localization and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses indicated that TaBRD proteins are predominantly nuclear-localized and involved in transcription regulation and RNA metabolism. Promoter analysis and interaction network prediction suggested diverse regulatory mechanisms for TaBRDs. Notably, TaBRDs from the GTE8-12 cluster were enriched with cis-elements responsive to abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and light, implying their involvement in physiological functions and abiotic stress responses. Expression analysis confirmed tissue-specific patterns and responsiveness to salinity stress. This comprehensive study enhances our understanding of the BRD family in higher plants and provides a foundation for developing salt-tolerant wheat varieties.

Genomic Analysis and Expression Dynamics of GH3 Genes Under Abiotic Stresses in Brassica rapa

ABSTRACTIn silico characterization of the Gretchen Hagen3 (GH3) gene family is required for understanding phytohormone regulation and stress responses in Brassica rapa to develop the improved stress‐tolerant cultivars. The main objective of this research was to identify the key BrGH3 genes under different abiotic stresses. Using bioinformatics tools, a total of 27 BrGH3 genes were identified in B. rapa for which phylogenetic relationship, syntenic pairing, conserved motifs, miRNA regulation, and cis‐regulatory elements of BrGH3s were also studied. BrGH3 gene expression has been examined in numerous tissues and under various abiotic and phytohormone stressors. Phylogenetic studies separated BrGH3 genes into three major classes and nine subclasses based on gene functional evolution. Collinearity analysis demonstrated that all BrGH3 genes had syntenic linkage with AtGH3, BnaGH3, and BolGH3, indicating that genome duplication mechanisms were crucial to BrGH3 gene evolution. The expression dynamics of BrGH3 under diverse phytohormonal stresses methyl jasmonate (MeJA), auxin (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), and salicylic acid (SA) at different time intervals suggest that BrGH3‐5.1 has a consistently greater expression than other BrGH3 genes. Under salt, drought, and low temperature stress, BrGH3‐1 and BrGH3‐4 genes expressed comparatively higher. The findings suggest that five genes (BrGH3‐5.1, BrGH3‐5.2, BrGH3‐15, BrGH3‐17.2, and BrGH3‐19) have a key role in inducing broad stress resilience. These results can be beneficial in developing stress‐tolerant varieties of Chinese cabbage.