Treatment Methods Research Articles

Improving perovskite solar cell efficiency and prolonging durability via interface modification with guanidinium iodide by post treatment method

The performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can be significantly compromised by the presence of halide vacancies on the perovskite surface, leading to defects and a decline in stability and efficiency. Effectively addressing this challenge, the application of Guanidinium iodide (GAI) as a post dopant treatment (POST) has demonstrated success. GAI (POST) not only reduces surface defects but also minimizes halide deficiencies and mitigates losses due to interfacial charge recombination. When incorporating a GAI additive at a solution concentration of 1.5 mg/ml in the modification layer with the perovskite composition Cs0.1FA0.8MA0.1PbI3, the PSC showed a notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.7%, surpassing the 16.3% efficiency of the control device. Moreover, the adapted device demonstrated an impressive fill factor (FF) of 80.1%. Notably, the enhanced film of the modified device maintained over 80% of its initial efficiency for more than 312 h, highlighting the prospect of creating affordable, effective, and durable PSCs.

The Influence of Deep Rolling Process on Fatigue Durability for Vehicle Tie-Rod Component

In the automotive industry, most of the components are consistently subjected to the dynamic loading due to the randomly observed situations from road inputs and periodic vibration from IC engine working during the operation. Such loadings cause the durability problem which may result in failure or cracking at stresses that are well below the yield strength of the material. Therefore, along with the development of new processing techniques, different surface treatment processes are applied to enhance the fatigue behavior of components. Being one of the mechanical surface treatment methods, deep rolling is an efficient way for improvement of fatigue performance by strengthening the critical section and providing compressive type of residual stresses. In this paper, the effect of the deep rolling process on fatigue behavior of steel stud in tie-rod used as steering system component was investigated. Force-Number of cycles curves (F-N graph) for the fatigue test have been obtained from the tests. Evaluation of the fatigue endurance limits of the stud at un-rolled condition and rolled conditions at three different loads were performed. Test data was analyzed with a regression line to account for the scatter using probability density functions. The results indicate a significant enhancement in the endurance limit following the implementation of the rolling process, as compared to the unrolled state. Furthermore, it was observed that the endurance limit proportionally increased in line with the rolling load. These findings underscore the crucial role of the deep rolling process in determining the optimal rolling load for the specific stud design and material conditions.

Platelet-rich plasma as a new treatment method in orthopedics

Introduction and purposePlatelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy represents a technology designed to enhance tissue repair by locally administering one's own bioactive agents, aiming to influence physiological processes like inflammation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix synthesis. Recently, the use of PRP therapy has become a subject of discussion in the orthopedic field. This review comprehensively examines the mechanisms, contemporary applications, clinical evidence, safety aspects, and potential future advancements of PRP in orthopedic treatment. Research has documented the efficacy of PRP injections in achieving full regeneration and enabling a comeback to competitive sports. PRP injections could serve as a viable alternative treatment for individuals with lateral tendonitis when compared to surgery. Further research investigating the impact of PRP on the bone healing process following a fracture is warranted. Materials and methods The methodology for conducting literature search involved utilizing medical subject headings terms to explore PubMed. Search terms included: "plasma-rich therapy", "tendinopathy", "injury" " articular cartilage ", "bone fracture " ConclusionsResearch at different evidence levels has shown that PRP is safe and has beneficial effects in above uses. Due to the autologous nature of the therapy, side effects are minimal. In the majority of cases, PRP therapy alleviates pain sensations in both short- and long-term observations, facilitating a faster return to daily functionality. However, additional randomized, controlled clinical trials are anticipated to be conducted in the future. Progressing further necessitates the standardization of methods for preparing plasma and procedures for its application.

KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer: new therapy strategies

Lung cancer remains one of the most dangerous and most common cancers, requiring constant improvement of diagnostic and treatment methods. The genetic heterogeneity of lung cancer forces us to search for new therapeutic targets in an attempt to achieve greater effectiveness for certain groups of patients. The purpose of the study was to update current knowledge about lung adenocarcinoma with a mutation in the KRAS gene, to consider new opportunities for personalized treatment of KRAS-mutated NSCLC and to form an image of a Russian patient who is potentially indicated for targeted therapy. Material and methods. A search of available literature sources published in the Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Elibrary database was carried out, publications covering the period from 2008 to 2023 were included. Results. The article discussed molecular genetic testing, including NGS next generation sequencing, and its role in determining the presence of KRAS gene mutations in patients with lung cancer. the effectiveness of targeted drugs, such as Sotorasib and Adagrasib was also discussed. The mechanism of action is aimed at suppressing the activity of the mutant KRAS G12C protein, which can significantly improve patient survival prognosis. We obtained data on the results of testing 935 patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer from various medical centers in Russia. The KRAS gene mutation was identified in 160 (17.1 %) patients, of whom 96 (10.3 %) had KRAS G12C variant. The KRAS mutation was determined by PCR in 44 patients and by NGS (including on the FoundationOne platform) in 111 patients. Clinical characteristics, such as gender, age, smoking status, PD-L1 expression level, presence of co-mutations (TP53, STK11, KEAP1, were largely similar between patients from real-world clinical practice and patients included in the CodeBreak100 study. Conclusion. The research results confirm the high effectiveness of Sotorasib and Adagrasib for patients with the KRAS G12C mutation and open up new prospects in the treatment of lung cancer. The clinical data obtained from Russian patients demonstrate consistency with the patient profile from registration studies of these drugs. This once again demonstrates the need to expand the range of molecular genetic testing for timely identification of this group of patients and prescribing the most effective treatment for them.

A review of the current treatment methods for retroperitoneal fibrosis with obstructive uropathy

AbstractIntroduction and aimsRetroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a fibroinflammatory disease in which patients may suffer obstructive uropathy (OU). The optimum treatment strategy for RPF with secondary OU is currently unclear, and the aim of this literature review is to assess the methods used to treat this patient cohort.MethodsMedline, Embase, Cinahl, the Cochrane Library and PubMed were systematically searched to find studies assessing treatment outcomes in this patient cohort. After reviewing the studies' titles, abstracts and full texts, 12 were found that matched our search aims. Data from these publications were analysed and reported.ResultsThe demographic and symptomatic features of patients across the 12 studies were representative of the general RPF population. No randomised control trials (RCTs) were found, and just one study formally compared outcomes between patients who underwent different treatment strategies. Many of the studies concluded that using medical and surgical methods in combination led to positive outcomes; whereas, others found positive outcomes following a variety of regimens. Many studies also highlighted, however, that significant minorities required further treatment after initial therapy. Conclusions regarding optimum treatment methods were limited as most publications did not formally compare outcomes following different strategies and had an observational study design.ConclusionAlthough positive outcomes were commonly seen following medical, surgical and a combination of treatments, the literature currently lacks research formally comparing outcomes after assigning specific treatment protocols to groups of RPF patients. More research is therefore required to determine how to best manage RPF leading to secondary OU.

Analysis of the quality of surgical care for patients with consequences of gunshot combat wounds of the maxillofacial area

One of the most pressing problems of maxillofacial surgery (MFS) is the provision of specialized medical care to the wounded and injured in combat conditions. Even more complex tasks are reconstructive surgical treatment at the stages of evacuation and the most complete rehabilitation of patients with the consequences of combat injuries to the maxillofacial area (MFA). Gunshot combat wounds of the MFA are characterized by severe anatomical and functional disorders, they can manifest themselves as significant defects and severe deformations, which in turn leads to an increase in sanitary losses of army personnel, disability of young and middle (working) age patients, a decrease in the quality of their life, long-term and expensive treatment that requires special knowledge and manual skills from specialists. All this determines not only the medical, but also the socio-economic significance of the topic of this study.Objective. Present an analysis of the quality of surgical care provided to patients with consequences of gunshot combat wounds of the MFA.Methods. The study was carried out by specialists from the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution «Maxillofacial Hospital for War Veterans» of the Moscow Department of Health, under the guidance of the chief, PhD, professor, main specialist in MFS – V.A. Belchenko, for the period from October 2022 to July 2023. Diagnosis, planning and surgical treatment of adult patients with the consequences of gunshot combat wounds of the MFA were carried out at the stages of treatment and evacuation measures. A sample of medical documentation was made, the data obtained was processed by the generally accepted statistical method. The results were analyzed and compared with data from similar studies.Results. The study group included 55 males, aged from 23 to 56 years, the average age of the patients was 36.16±7.79 years. We divided the studied patients into subgroups according to the conditional zones of damage to the MFA: 1st – upper zone of the face (n=3, 5.45%), 2nd – middle zone of the face (n=28; 50.91%), 3rd – lower zone of the face ( n=32; 58.18%). The number of patients with isolated injuries is 18.18% (n=10); with multiple – 81.81% (n=45); with combined – 72.72% (n=40). The article presents the characteristics of patients with the pathology under study, discusses some features of diagnosis and planning, discusses tactics and problems associated with the surgical stage of treatment, as well as further rehabilitation measures.Conclusion. Despite the emergence of new medical equipment, equipment for diagnostics, planning and solving complex problems of surgical intervention, there is a clear need for training specialists, developing and improving the applied medical recommendations, with a clear indication of the method of choosing tactics and methods of surgical treatment. Medical care for adult patients with the consequences of gunshot combat wounds of the MFA must be comprehensive and carried out on the basis of specialized centers, and must include both surgical and orthopedic components, which will minimize the number of errors and complications, increase the effectiveness of treatment and, as a result, make rehabilitation as complete as possible.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differentiation and management

Introduction and purpose: The number of invented and produced medications has increased over recent years. Besides their positive impact on health, they invariably provide various kinds of side effects. This review is focused on malignant neuroleptic syndrome, a rare condition with no fully confirmed pathogenesis, which at least partially can be explained as an adverse effect of blocking dopamine receptors. Even though it usually affects psychiatric or neurological patients, doctors of all medical specializations should stay alert, as the condition can often lead to premature death. Brief description of knowledge: The main symptoms associated with NMS are hypertonia, hyperpyrexia, autonomic instability and altered consciousness. They can appear in any configuration, sometimes followed by less characteristic manifestations. It should be primarily differentiated from serotonin syndrome, malignant hyperpyrexia and catatonia, mostly through the interview of those who have taken medications and undergone surgeries, as there are not any specific lab tests available. Fundamental treatment methods consist of neuroleptic withdrawal, intensive supportive care, drug administration and eventually ECT. Summary: NMS is an uncommon, severe disease that should be carefully considered in patients treated with neuroleptics. Due to its rarity and sudden onset, it appears to be problematic to conduct widespread research and studies, so there are still no concrete, consistent and unquestioned guidelines on recognizing and treating the condition.

Ultrasonic-assisted alkali hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate fabric and its effect on the microstructure and dyeing properties of fibers

Abstract In this study, ultrasound energy was applied to assist the alkali hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric, and then, the results were compared with those of the mechanical oscillating method, which was used as the control. The effects of various factors such as the sodium hydroxide concentration, the dosage of dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (DDBAC), and the frequency on the weight loss of the PET fabrics were systematically investigated. The surface appearance and microstructures of the treated fibers with different methods were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The results showed that DDBAC played a prominent accelerating role in the hydrolysis of the PET polymer, and the frequency had a great influence on the weight loss of the PET fabric. Ultrasound with a frequency of 60 kHz showed a similar decomposition rate as the control, resulting in similar weight loss, which was the highest value among the three frequencies (20, 60, and 80 kHz). In addition, the application of ultrasonic energy led to more pits on the fiber surface, a smaller average grain size, and decreased crystallinity of the treated fibers, while the mechanical oscillating method resulted in slightly increased crystallinity. By comparing the K/S value of the dyed fabrics with two commercial disperse dyes, we found that the treatment method had no obvious correlation with the color depth of the treated fabric.

The effect of antitumor therapy on the reproductive system, the possibility of preserving female fertility

The influence of malignant neoplasms and their treatment methods on the reproductive function of women is one of the significant problems of oncogynecology. The mechanisms of ovarian follicle loss caused by chemotherapy have their own characteristics depending on the characteristics of the cytotoxic agent and act differently on different populations of ovarian cells. The toxic effect on fertility of the main groups of antitumor drugs is considered. Reproductive dysfunction has negative consequences for a woman’s physical and mental health. The use of methods that reduce the effect of cytotoxic agents on the ovary helps to prevent premature ovarian insufficiency, leading to infertility. The article discusses modern methods of fertility preservation using assisted reproductive technologies. All cancer patients of reproductive age should receive full oncofertility counseling as early as possible, during the treatment planning process, regardless of the type and stage of the disease.

Osmosis: A Natural Approach for Treating Constipation

Osmosis is a natural process that occurs in living organisms and plays a vital role in maintaining their health. This abstract investigates the effectiveness of treating constipation with salt water after getting out of bed in the morning using the process of osmosis. Constipation is a common bowel problem caused by diet, lifestyle, medications, or other factors that make stool hard or impede the ability to pass it comfortably, affecting people of all ages worldwide. By conducting osmosis, where solute molecules move through a semi permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration, salt water treatment softens stool and facilitates bowel movements. This paper presents an overview of treatment protocols, including materials, methods and observational results. Preliminary findings indicate promising results, with participants experiencing increased frequency and ease of bowel movements after consuming salt water. This paper explores the benefits of osmosis in treating constipation and how it works. We discuss the osmosis and their mechanisms of action, as well as their safety and efficacy. Overall, we conclude that osmosis is a safe and effective way to treat constipation and has the potential to change the life style of millions of people across the Globe.

THE STUDY OF COMPARISON OF SINGLE-INCISION LAPAROSCOPIC VERSUS CONVENTIONAL LAPAROSCOPIC APPENDECTOMY: A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Acute appendicitis is highly prevalent in children with an acute abdomen, and appendectomy is still the main method of treatment for this disease. The standard treatments for acute appendicitis are early open surgery and laparoscopic surgery. The aim: The aim of this study to show about comparison of single incision laparoscopic versus conventional laparoscopic appendectomy. Methods: By the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020, this study was able to show that it met all of the requirements. This search approach, publications that came out between 2014 and 2024 were taken into account. Several different online reference sources, like Pubmed, SagePub, and Sciencedirect were used to do this. It was decided not to take into account review pieces, works that had already been published, or works that were only half done. Result: Eight publications were found to be directly related to our ongoing systematic examination after a rigorous three-level screening approach. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of the complete text was conducted, and additional scrutiny was given to these articles. Conclusion: HLA has a negative impact on quality of life and aesthetics because it requires three surgical incisions. On the contrary, in single-incision transumbilical laparoscopic appendicectomy (SILA), the incision is made around the umbilicus.

Statistical physics analysis of the adsorption of reactive red 141 dye on residual avocado peel (Persea americana) chemically modified with H2SO4 and HNO3

The preparation and adsorption properties of avocado peels treated with H2SO4 and HNO3 for the removal of reactive red 141 dye are reported in this manuscript. Equilibrium adsorption of this organic dye on the two adsorbents was experimentally quantified at pH 6.5 and 298.15–328.15 K. An advanced physical model that assumed the formation of a finite number of layers of the adsorbed pollutant molecules on the adsorption sites was used to estimate the steric and energetic parameters of the dye adsorption mechanism. The modeling results showed dye molecular aggregation, in which each adsorption site of avocado peels treated with H2SO4 and HNO3 adsorbed several dye molecules simultaneously at different temperatures. The results also demonstrated that dye adsorption on avocado peels treated with these acids was exothermic. The estimated adsorption energies for the dye-treated biomass and dye-dye interactions indicated a physisorption associated with van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. The outcomes of this study contribute with insights into the adsorption mechanisms of dye molecules using treated avocado peels with the aim of developing sustainable water treatment methods according with a circular economy approach.

Rationale, completeness and quality of evidence for the use of ursodeoxycholic acid in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

Background. Systematic reviews are considered the highest evidence of the effectiveness and safety of treatment methods used in clinical practice. The veracity of a results and conclusions of systematic reviews is directly related to their quality. The aim of the study is an assessment of the currency, completeness and methodological quality of published systematic reviews on the evaluation of the effectiveness of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Materials and methods. A meta-epidemiological methodological study was conducted. The search for evidence sources was performed in November 2023 in the specialized databases MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), LILACS, CNKI, LENS.ORG, еLibrary.Ru, in registers ClinicalTrials.gov, ICTRP, ISRCTN, PROSPERO, as well as in the Google Academy and Google search engines. Additionally, the lists of references and citations of selected publications have been reviewed. Only systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials are included in the study. The search was carried out to assess the currency and completeness of systematic reviews. A systematic review is considered currency if the most recent studies are included in its analysis. A systematic review is considered complete if its analysis includes all identified studies that meet the inclusion criteria set by the review authors and are published no later than the date of the last search conducted by the review authors. The methodological quality of the systematic reviews was assessed using the AMSTAR-2 tool. Results. As a result of the search, 4 systematic reviews and 23 randomized trials were identified. All reviews evaluated the effect of UDCA in combination with phototherapy on the level of total serum bilirubin, the duration of phototherapy and the frequency of adverse events (for example, loose stools, vomiting, rash) compared with phototherapy alone and/or placebo. All systematic reviews have been published over the past two years, but have already lost their currency. There are missing studies and/or outcomes in each review. The methodological quality of the reviews was found to be extremely low. Conclusion. Given the listed shortcomings of systematic reviews, their results and conclusions should be treated with caution. In order to obtain the most accurate and reliable evidence, a new systematic review is needed.

Research on general treatment principles and methods of bone fracture in Mongolian medicine

The Mongolian nomadic nation has created bone healing, or fracture healing, which is suitable for the extreme weather and territory, unique living conditions, and physical characteristics while struggling to fight diseases during a long historical period. Gradually, this treatment method has gradually developed into a more comprehensive theoretical system throughout history and has unique names due to the thinking scope of the Mongols, their cognition development, and thus their use of it in their everyday lives and continuing to enrich their knowledge. Mongols have rich experience healing bone fractures and injuries from ancient times. They are usually used to perform bone setting and massage therapy. On the other hand, they have experience using herbal and mineral medicines to heal bone fractures and injuries. During their practice, the knowledge of herbal and mineral medicines used for bone fractures and injuries became expansive. After Buddhism reemerged in the 16th century, Mongolian doctors and knowledgeable people wrote many medical books in Tibetan. One of the major representatives was Jambaldorj, who wrote Mongolian materia medica, called “The beautiful wondrous eye ornament,” based on “Four medical tantras.” In treating bone fracture and injury in traditional medicine, firstly, the four treatment methods mentioned in “Four medical tantras” are the main principles and methods, which are wind, bile and phlegm theory, dietary recommendations, advice on behavior, prescribing medicine, and accessory therapy. We concluded that the names of herbal and mineral medicines used to practice bone setting are the same, even though they are mentioned in various sources.

Contamination of Water by Heavy Metals and Treatment Methods – A Review

Water is an indispensable need for the survival of living ecosystems. Industrialization and urbanization gifted a sophisticated life as well as a polluted environment. Water is getting polluted by various means like human activities, industries, and sewage. One of the serious issues around the globe in the upcoming days is heavy metal pollution. A voluminous amount of heavy metals are let into the environment from various sources like agricultural, industry, sewage, and mining. It causes adverse effects on the environment and human beings when the heavy metals concentration is beyond the expected permissible limit. Innovative processes are developing day by day for the operational deletion of heavy metals. This review article provides a consolidated report of the treatment techniques used for heavy metals removal of with excellent efficiency like precipitation, ion-exchange process, adsorption, solvent extraction, electrocoagulation and membrane processes.

Modern concepts about cyclic vomiting syndrome in children

Despite the relatively low prevalence in the world and in Russia, in particular, of such a pathology as cyclic vomiting syndrome, the relevance of the problem is due to the lack of research and sufficient information about the etiology, pathogenesis, and most importantly about methods of treatment and prevention of the disease. This syndrome is typical for children aged 3 to 7 years and is manifested by repeated stereotypical episodes of vomiting, alternating with periods of complete well-being. Cyclic vomiting syndrome worsens the child’s quality of life and seriously affects their further development and socialization. The article provides an overview of scientific research on cyclic vomiting syndrome in children.

КЛИНОВИДНЫЕ ДЕФЕКТЫ ЗУБОВ

Non-carious lesions are common diseases encountered by dentists. One of these diseases manifests itself in the form of a wedge-shaped defect in dental tissue. It is a lesion of tooth enamel of non-carious origin in the cervical area. This disease is easy to detect during the initial examination, since the tooth defect is wedge-shaped [1]. It is important to note that the pathology can have varying degrees of severity, from small depressions to more serious damage. The defect got its name due to the wedge-shaped shape of the lesion. Most often, a wedge-shaped defect appears in premolars or canines. It can affect both the upper and lower sides of the jaw. Research shows that the number of patients with this pathology is increasing every year. According to some authors, the prevalence of wedge-shaped dental defects among the population of the Russian Federation is up to 34% [4]. Many scientists attribute this to improper use of hygiene products and excessive consumption of acidic foods. Recent studies also indicate a connection between the development of wedge-shaped defects and dental overload caused by psycho-emotional tension and stress [3, 5]. This lesion not only affects the aesthetic appearance of the smile, but can also cause increased tooth sensitivity [2]. Scientists have not yet reached a consensus on treatment methods, but in many cases the disease can be prevented using simple preventative methods.

Primary colon lymphomas: An analysis of our experience over the last 18 years.

Colon lymphoma is a rare type of gastrointestinal lymphoma and represents 0.2% to -1.2% of all primary colon cancers. This study aimed to retrospectively examine the general characteristics, treatment methods, and survival characteristics of patients with colon lymphoma who were followed-up at our center. This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with colon lymphoma who were followed up at Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital and Ankara Bilkent City Hospital between December 2005 and June 2023. Clinicopathological features, radiological findings, treatments, and modalities of patients were obtained from their medical records. Fourteen patients with primary colon lymphoma were included in the study. Thirteen patients (92.9%) were diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The median age of the patients was 55 (28-84) years. The tumor location was the terminal ileum/cecum in 50% of the patients. At the time of diagnosis, 10 patients (7 with stage 1E-2E disease, 2 with stage 3E disease, and 1 with stage 4E disease due to tumor obstruction) underwent surgery. Twelve patients received chemotherapy (6 patients as adjuvant and 6 patients as first-line treatment). The median overall survival (OS) was 10 years (0.1-21.5) years, the 5-year median OS was 71%, and the 10-year median OS was 53%. Primary colon lymphoma is a rare disease and its optimal treatment is not clearly defined. The primary treatment for primary colon lymphoma is a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. A clear consensus on the treatment can be established through prospective studies.

Preclinical and Clinical Studies on the Use of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Chronic Wounds.

To date, the widespread implementation of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic wounds, including debridement, infection control, and the use of grafts and various dressings, has been time-consuming and accompanied by many challenges, with definite success not yet achieved. Extensive studies on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have led to suggestions for their use in treating various diseases. Given the existing barriers to utilizing such cells and numerous pieces of evidence indicating the crucial role of the paracrine signaling system in treatments involving MSCs, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from these cells have garnered significant attention in treating chronic wounds in recent years. This review begins with a general overview of current methods for chronic wound treatment, followed by an exploration of EV structure, biogenesis, extraction methods, and characterization. Subsequently, utilizing databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, we have explored the latest findings regarding the role of EVs in the healing of chronic wounds, particularly diabetic and burn wounds. In this context, the role and mode of action of these nanoparticles in healing chronic wounds through mechanisms such as oxygen level elevation, oxidative stress damage reduction, angiogenesis promotion, macrophage polarization assistance, etc., as well as the use of EVs as carriers for engineered nucleic acids, have been investigated. The upcoming challenges in translating EV-based treatments for healing chronic wounds, along with possible approaches to address these challenges, are discussed. Additionally, clinical trial studies in this field are also covered.

Study on the difference and regularity of tongue images in 309 patients with different pathological stages of non-small cell lung cancer.

Tongue diagnosis is a crucial traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) inspection method for TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment. The primary research focus was on tongue image characteristic parameters of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Analysis of the tongue image parameters of various pathological stages of NSCLC provides technical support for establishing an integrated Chinese and Western auxiliary diagnosis and efficacy evaluation medicine system for lung cancer that integrates tongue image features. Tongue image characteristics of 309 patients with NSCLC and 206 controls were collected and analyzed clinically. The T-test or rank sum test and logistic regression analysis were applied to analyze the characteristics of tongue image indicators of different pathological stages of NSCLC. There were differences in tongue image characteristics in the NSCLC group compared to the control group. The tongue quality and brightness of the tongue coating in the NSCLC group increased, the red component was reduced, the tongue coating thickened, and the yellow component increased compared to the healthy control group. A comparison of tongue image indexes of NSCLC in different pathological stages showed that stage IV had lower TB-b and higher TB-a than stage I. In addition, stage IV had lower TB-b than stage II + III, showing an increase in the blue and red components of the tongue in stage IV and the appearance of cyanotic tongue features. The tongue image characteristics of NSCLC patients differed from those of the control group. Tongue imaging indicators can reflect the characteristics of tongue images of patients with NSCLC. The tongue image characteristics of patients with stage IV lung cancer are bluish and purple compared with those with stage I, II, and III. It is suggested that the tongue's image characteristics can be used as a reference for the pathological classification of NSCLC and judgment of the disease process.