Methods Of Descriptive Geometry Research Articles

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ И СБОРКИ ВИНТОВЫХ ДВИЖИТЕЛЕЙ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ МАШИН

The paper reports the consideration of transport machines propeller creation for their motion on land, on water and under water at high speed, with greater load carrying capacity and low energy consumption. The increase of technological potentialities, speed and load carrying capacity of transport machines is achieved by means of manufacturing a propeller as a helical jacket with the possibility of drive shaft rotation. 
 Such propellers are called helical by us, as around their perimeter along the entire length there are formed multistart helical curved surfaces like helical grooves of different forms and dimensions. As a result of the work carried out the designs of helical propellers are offered which novelty is confirmed by patents for invention and their classification in which is a general principle allowing the development of still unknown designs of helical propellers. The original design search of helical propellers was carried out by the methods of descriptive geometry and engineering graphics which allowed forming them around the perimeter with curvilinear or flat elements with overlaps or without them and also with the aid of “Compass-3D” program complex. The technologies and designs of helical propellers ensuring high speed of transport machine mo-tion on land, on water and under water are offered.

Особливості навчання майбутніх технічних фахівців розв’язанню прикладних задач методами нарисної геометрії

The article reveals the potential of descriptive geometry for solving the applied problems by future engineers. The conducted questionnaire of students found that the professional orientation of written geometry is one of the dominant motives for its study. On the basis of the analysis of educational literature, it was concluded that there is a lack of applied tasks for the formation of the motivation of studying descriptive geometry. The reasons for insufficient use of applied tasks in the process of teaching writing geometry are determined. It was found out that the peculiarities of creation of a complex of applied problems in descriptive geometry are related to the lack of appropriate professional knowledge and the needs of advanced spatial imagination for students in the first year of study. The general requirements for applied tasks from descriptive geometry are formulated. Information technology substantially changes the use of written geometry tools for solving applied problems. The didactic principles are proposed, which correlate with the general approaches to the creation of applied problems. It is proved that technologies that allow creating a single integrated model of a technical object or process are intellectually compatible with traditional methods and are based on visual education and creative thinking that develop in the study of written geometry, and therefore harmoniously fit into the process of solving applied problems means of descriptive geometry. The use of graphical training of students of modern technical means in solving applied problems using descriptive geometry methods is intended to make the learning process more accessible, interesting, stimulating students to conscious understanding of educational material. Applied tasks solved by means of written geometry allow to develop the qualities in accordance with the requirements for the professional competence of a future technical specialist, form students the skills of using geometrical and graphical methods in professional activity, which contributes to the growth of motivation to study the cycle of graphic disciplines. However, the effectiveness of applied tasks in descriptive geometry is due to the adherence to specific didactic principles, which must take into account the essence of descriptive geometry, which studies the methods of image of three-dimensional objects with two-dimensional images.

Descriptive geometry as a tool for the development of future architects’ imaginative abilities

The article gives a brief overview of the types of perspective. The importance of perspective’s construction from the real point of view is noted. An attempt to clarify the significance of spatial thinking and crea-tive imagination in teaching an architect’s profession is made in this paper. The methods of descriptive geometry affecting the accuracy of visual clari-ty are determined. The importance of creative and professional characteris-tics of a student-architect and a practicing architect are examined. Stu-dents-architects and practicing architects with different working experience were presented as the respondents. The similarity in the designation of high importance of imagination and creative thinking in all groups of respond-ents in professional work was revealed.

3D-Forming and Autodesk Autocad at the Initial Stage of Engineering Training of Specialists in Technical Areas

Descriptive geometry is one of the disciplines that for a long time is the basis for training engineers of various specializations. However, with the advent of modern computer 3D technologies, the place and role in engineering of many traditional disciplines requires rethinking. The article is devoted to the integration of methods of descriptive geometry into the educational process of preparing students of higher educational institutions.

Особливості навчання майбутніх технічних фахівців розв’язанню прикладних задач методами нарисної геометрії

Особливості навчання майбутніх технічних фахівців розв’язанню прикладних задач методами нарисної геометрії

POINTS ON THE SPHERE SURFACE

Purpose. The extensive use of the computer-aided design system (CAD) in education and industry puts forward new demands on the scope, content and quality of up-to-date descriptive geometry course. The purpose of the work is topicality analysis of traditional descriptive geometry methods for 3D modelling and development of methodological recommendations for its teaching as a subject together with a selected CAD. Methodology. Conclusions about effectiveness and expedience of application of descriptive geometry methods are drawn on the basis of tools analysis and comparison of modern CADs and descriptive geometry for solving problems arising during 3D modelling. Generalization of teaching experience made it possible to give recommendations about optimization of the descriptive geometry course taking into account present-day requirements to professional skills of an engineer. Findings. CADs tools and descriptive geometry methods are compared by way of specific example to give the answer what is more suitable for solving problems arising during 3D modelling. Originality. We presented the methodological recommendations about optimization of descriptive geometry teaching together with a selected CAD. We proposed the conception of a modern textbook on descriptive geometry. First of all, the textbook must describe algorithms for solving problems by means of standard CAD tools exactly in 3D, not on the plane. It is desirable to accompany these algorithms by pictorial images in order to have an opportunity to grasp an idea quickly and implement it through methods of direct modeling in CAD application. We also touched practical problems of students’ motivation to ensure high effectiveness of graphical education. Practical value. This paper may be useful mainly for educators in the field of engineering graphics because it raises a vital question ‘Descriptive Geometry versus CAD’ which now has no definite answer. Topicality and teaching approaches of different solution methods of spatial problems by means of projections is subject of a dispute, taking into account that CAD tools are continuously updated. This paper by way of specific example shows some advantages and limitations of descriptive geometry and CAD, as well as touches the issues of their efficient joint application for teaching.

Rješenje projekta kod dizajniranja komunikacija i ruta za rad na terenu

This paper is focused on the application of descriptive geometry methods on the construction of several types of communications. Project solution in designing communications and routes for fieldwork is illustrated on examples. The examples are presented by figures and description of procedure. In the paper there is presented construction of horizontal, straight rising communication, horizontal curved communication, direct evenly ascending communication, direct disproportionately ascending communication and disproportionately ascending curved communication.

Построение линии пересечения некоторых сложных поверхностей

The paper considers various ways to construct the
 intersection curves of surfaces, available in the scientific literature.
 The analysis shows that the exact build intersection surfaces finds
 extensive practical application when designing constructions from
 sheet material, which must be built. In this case, the accuracy of
 manufacturing elements construction depends largely on the accuracy
 of the projections of the intersection of surfaces on an integrated
 drawing. In this work the examples build the intersection
 of several complex surfaces 2nd order among themselves and with
 the curve line using 2D and 3D technologies. In this case, the accuracy
 of manufacturing elements construction depends largely on
 the accuracy of the projections of the intersection of surfaces on
 an integrated drawing. In this work the examples build the intersection
 of several complex surfaces 2nd order among themselves and
 with the curve line using 2D and 3D technologies. Provides an
 algorithm of building solid model of certain surfaces, which significantly
 reduces the time to solving problems at the intersection
 of the surfaces, making visibility into the solution, create a realistic
 model of the object. In General, this work demonstrates that
 one of the stages of further reform in teaching descriptive geometry
 is the evolutionary path of development, outlining the many issues
 (e.g., intersection of surfaces) using electronic kuhlmann. In this
 case, students will receive a decision not by pushing buttons, and
 applying the methods of descriptive geometry, simultaneously developing
 spatial imagination and computer skills are already in the
 first year. And the final stage of teaching descriptive geometry will
 transition to 3D modelling, when the above tasks will instantly and
 clearly resolved by simply pressing buttons.

Numerical Methods and Descriptive Geometry Methods for Unfoldings Determination

The calculation of the unfoldings surfaces has many practical applications, especially in the connection pipes of equal or different sizes. The work has the role of establishing a pipeline of an industrial installation, with a known configuration, composed by cylindrical, conical and prismatic surfaces. This paper, based on methods of descriptive geometry, gives all the necessary information to obtain the unfoldings and after that, by using numerical analysis, there are presented some algorithms used in developing the piece.

THE ARCHITECTONIC ENCODING OF THE MINOR LUNAR STANDSTILLS IN THE HORIZON OF THE GIZA PYRAMIDS

The paper is an attempt to show the architectonic method of the ancient Egyptian designers for encoding the horizontal-projections of the moon’s declinations during two events of the minor lunar standstills, in the design of the site-plan of the horizon of the Giza pyramids, using the methods of descriptive geometry. It shows that the distance of the eastern side of the second Giza pyramid from the north-south axis of the great pyramid encodes a projection of a lunar declination, when earth’s obliquity-angle was ~24.10°. Besides, it shows that the angle of inclination of the causeway of the second Giza pyramid, of ~13.54° south of the cardinal east, encodes the projection of another lunar declination when earth’s obliquity-angle reaches ~22.986°. In addition, it shows the encoded coordinate system in the site-plan of the horizon of the Giza pyramids.

Искусство и начертательная геометрия

Examples related to the use of descriptive geometry methods in the painting are presented in this paper. The famous textbook of Gaspard Monge is considered as a textbook for artists. Citations from Monge textbook related to art are given. Conclusion is drawn that the descriptive geometry must be studied in much greater extent than it is currently the case.

К вопросу о необходимости преподавания начертательной геометрии и графики для химиков и химиков-технологов

The vital necessity of descriptive geometry and graphic study by students which are training in the specialties of chemist and chemistry technologist is shown. It is concluded that any engineering and scientific creativity in modern chemistry as the science of materials, structural chemistry and chemical dynamics of molecular systems’ interaction process is impossible without the foundations of descriptive geometry, which forms and develops the human spatial thinking. The discovery of conformational transitions in molecules and, in the future, conformational analysis, has predetermined the broad use of descriptive geometry methods in the chemical science. The modern chemistry’s state analysis is leading to conclusion that at present time the descriptive geometry is needed in the educational program of modern chemist and chemistry technologist.

Applications of methods of descriptive geometry in solving ordinary geometric problems

Applications of methods of descriptive geometry in solving ordinary geometric problems

About Hob Idle Distance in Gear Hobbing Operation

This study is focused on some features of geometry and kinematics of gear hobbing operation. The principal goal is to determine minimal hob idle distance required for complete generation of the gear teeth. This task is of importance in two aspects: to cut hobbing time and to reduce axial size of a hobbed cluster gear, gear with shoulder etc. The necessity of cutting hobbing time is evident. Reduction of axial size of a hobbed gear cluster leads to reduction of size and weight of the gear cluster itself and of the gear train housing, and therefore its necessity is also evident. Methods of analytical mechanics of gear are applied to determine an exact minimal length of the gear hob idle distance. The resultant formulas obtained have been derived based on graphical solution of the problem under consideration using methods of descriptive geometry. The results reported in the paper are applicable for manufacturing of spur and helical involute gears. Their application allows one to cut hobbing time and to reduce axial size and weight of gear train and gear train housing. Although the consideration below is focused on hobbing of involute gears, slightly modified results obtained are applicable for hobbing of spline, sprockets, ratchets, and other form tooth profiles. The results obtained are of prime importance for application of multi-start hobs of small diameter.

An Algorithm for Determining the Intersection of Two Simple Polyhedra

AbstractAn algorithm is presented for the construction of the intersection of two simple possibly non‐convex polyhedra. The methods of descriptive geometry are applied, so that this three‐dimensional problem can be solved in two dimensions.We have to find all intersections of the edges of each polyhedron with the faces of the other, and these points of intersection can be found in Monge's model. Projecting both polyhedra on the xy and on the xz coordinate planes we obtain two superimposed maps in both projections. The algorithm to find the intersection of two maps is based upon the Shamos‐Hoey, the Bentley‐Ottmann and the Nievergelt‐Preparata algorithms. The asymptotic time requirement for determining the polygon of intersection of two polyhedra is O((N + S)log N), where N is the sum of the numbers of vertices of the two polyhedra and S is the total number of intersections of all projected edges in the xy‐plane (S = O(N2)).

THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES IN DOUBLE SYSTEMS OF GALAXIES

If the bridges and arms connecting two galaxies were due to gravitational interaction alone, one would expect the systems to be rather flat structures, confined to a single plane, much like the spiral arms of a single galaxy. All cases that proved impossible to explain in such a way could then safely be regarded as some sort of freak, at least as long as they represented only a small fraction of all the known examples. However, as a result of work by F. Zwicky, G. and M. Burbidge, H. C. Arp and others, but particularly after the publication of VorontsovVelyaminov's Atlas,1 it became apparent that these cases represent the rule, rather than the exception. The great majority of the interconnected double systems, therefore, must be treated as three-dimensional structures, the actual photograph of which represents merely a projection along the line of sight. In order to provide some insight into the spatial arrangement of their parts, the general morphology of these objects calls for an extensive application of the methods of descriptive geometry. In this line of approach, however, a fundamental difficulty is encountered. For an exact definition of an object in space, two views of it, taken from different directions, are required and indispensable. Astrophotography, on the other hand, can supply us with only one of these projections, thus leaving us with an infinite variety of possible solutions. From a theoretical point of view we may, indeed, stretch or squeeze the object along the line of sight in any conceivable way, without affecting the appearance of the photograph in the least. Practically, however, there are severe limitations to this kind of unrestricted experimenting, and fortunately so. Indeed, by following a few simple rules, we can turn

Measurements in block diagrams

Measurements of angles and distances in non-perspective block diagrams, usually done by the complicated methods of descriptive geometry, may be facilitated and the accuracy increased by the use of trigonometric methods. Correction formulae, their derivation, and a correction table for use with isometric block diagrams, are here presented.

Stanovení společných tečen a průsečíků dvou souosých kuželoseček methodami deskr. geometrie. [I.

Stanovení společných tečen a průsečíků dvou souosých kuželoseček methodami deskr. geometrie. [I.

Stanovení společných tečen a průsečíků dvou souosých kuželoseček methodami deskr. geometrie. [II.

Stanovení společných tečen a průsečíků dvou souosých kuželoseček methodami deskr. geometrie. [II.