Key Distribution Method Research Articles

Підвищення ефективності стеганографічного методу приховування даних із застосуванням ітераційних функцій та додаванням шуму

The development of computer and digital technology contributes to the growth of information flows transmitted through open and closed communication channels. In many cases, this information is confidential, financial, or commercial in nature and is of value to its owners. This requires the development of mechanisms to protect information from unauthorized access. There are two fundamental areas of secure data transmission over the open communication channels – cryptography and steganography. The fundamental difference between them is that cryptography hides from others the content of the message, and steganography hides the very fact of the message transmission. This paper is devoted to steganographic methods of data concealment, which are less researched than cryptographic, but have significant potential for use in a variety of applications. One of the important characteristics of most methods is their effectiveness. In general, efficiency is assessed in the context of solving specific problems. However, the most common criteria for the effectiveness of steganographic methods are the amount of hidden data and the method of transmitting the secret key to the receiving party, which will not allow the attacker to intercept it. Because media files make up a significant portion of network traffic, a digital image is chosen as the stegocontainer. It is proposed to determine the coordinates of the embedding location on the basis of iterative functions. The advantage of their use is the compactness of the description of the coordinates of the pixels in which the data will be hidden. In addition, it is proposed to use the Diffie-Gellman algorithm to transfer the parameters of iterative functions to the receiving side. This method of key distribution makes the steganographic method less vulnerable to being stolen by an attacker. The second performance criterion is the amount of hidden data. The paper found that the moderate addition of multiplicative noise makes it possible to increase the amount of hidden data without significantly reducing the visual quality of the stegocontainer. To analyze the distortions in the image-stegocontainer, which are due to the influence of noise and modification of the lower bits of pixels, the method of a quantitative assessment of visual quality is used, which is based on the laws of visual perception. Keywords: steganographic data hiding; hiding efficiency; iterative functions; Diffie-Gelman algorithm.

10-Gb/s data transmission using optical physical layer encryption and quantum key distribution

A 10-Gb/s data transmission using the optical physical layer encryption and quantum key distribution (QKD) is developed. The physical layer encryption basing on the spectrum phase encoding technology, and the quantum key distribution relying on optical intensity modulation (IM) Y-00 cipher, are together performed to secure optical transmissions at 10 Gb/s. Especially, We propose a quantum key distribution method in which the encryption key generated at a update rate of up to 10 MHz is used for the parameters of the physical layer encryption with the spectral phase encoding. Compared with traditional quantum key distribution, our key rate is out of reach. A 10-Gb/s secure prototype is developed basing on this technique, which is experimentally applied in the 20-channel wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network over 100 km fiber. The experimental results show that this method can ensure reliable transmission of cooperative users and prevent information from eavesdropping. The power penalty caused by data encryption is less than 3 dB for improving security of the data transmission. Furthermore, the bit error rate (BER) is analyzed, a BER above 0.48 for eavesdropper is verified.

Quantum Key Distribution Algorithm for Network Security

Quantum computing computes using superposition principles and entanglement principles that are the part of quantum. Quantum computers are used to solve certain problems that cannot be solved using classical computers. The most widely using quantum models are quantum circuit uses qubits or quantum bits.In cryptography, Quantum cryptography provides more security than classical methods. Shor’s algorithm and Grover’s algorithm are mainly used methods for quantum cryptography. The encryption and decryption is done using Rectilinear bases or Diagonal bases in random manner.The Quantum key distribution QKD is a symmetric encryption key distribution method. The important feature of QKD is authentication and confidentiality. Public key protocol and a symmetric secret key is used to provide quantum safe key exchange and guarantee for long term communication in the network. In the proposed system, the Morse code is used for encryption and decryption. The Morse code used to encrypt bits as light photons that are required for quantum key distribution.

Efficient Mobile Security for E Health Care Application in Cloud for Secure Payment Using Key Distribution

Through the growing attractiveness of the financial world, the e health care application has developed quicker than the previous period, such that mobile payment adore extraordinary fame and are occupying an ever-growing business. This is especially factual of mobile expenditures, which are interesting growing attention. Though, the occasion of various old-style financial misfortunes has visible the tasks in-built in virtual verification technology that is based on old-style methods of understanding the strong and steady growth of payment via mobile. In count, this technology guarantees data user account safety and confidentiality. In this paper, we propose a Secure Authentication Protocol (SAP) payment via mobile. To assurance trustworthy service, we use cryptographic techniques for attaining common authentication among the server as well as client, which can attack forged servers and fake workstations. Related to the styles presently used, the proposed method supports the safety of data user account data as well as distinct privacy during the payment business progression via mobile. To concurrently attain safety sturdiness and continue the practice suitability of payments via mobile within unconfident public communique systems is a critical matter for smart mobile device producers in addition to mobile data users. In this paper, we present a secure business method with key distribution cryptographic techniques for payments via mobile for the e health care application. The proposed method takes benefit of the advantages of payment using android and a refined key distribution cryptosystem to concurrently provide e health care business safety and attain payment efficiency in day to day life. With a properly defined challenger prototype and safety analysis, the proposed method is confirmed to be mutually correct and safe by using the key distribution method. It delivers robust business healthiness and communique safety to mobile data users for the duration of virtual payment dealings. Alternatively, the performance analysis demonstrations that our proposed transaction method has a low computation cost when compared to the previous papers.

Enhanced BB84 quantum cryptography protocol for secure communication in wireless body sensor networks for medical applications.

Wireless body sensor network (WBSN) is an interdisciplinary field that could permit continuous health monitoring with constant clinical records updates through the Internet. WBAN is a special category of wireless networks. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic creates the situation to monitor the patient remotely following the social distance. WBSN provides the way to effectively monitor the patient remotely with social distance. The data transmitted in WBSN are vulnerable to attacks and this is necessary to take security procedure like cryptographic protocol to protect the user data from attackers. Several physiological sensors are implanted in the human body that will collect various physiological updates to monitor the patient’s healthcare data remotely. The sensed information will be transmitted wirelessly to doctors all over the world. But it has too many security threats like data loss, masquerade attacks, secret key distribution problems, unauthorized access, and data confidentiality loss. When any attackers are attacking the physiological sensor data, there is a possibility of losing the patient’s information. The creation, cancellation, and clinical data adjustment will produce a mass effect on the healthcare monitoring system. Present-day cryptographic calculations are highly resistant to attacks, but the only weak point is the insecure movement of keys. In this paper, we look into critical security threats: secure key distribution. While sharing the secret key between communicating parties in the wireless body sensor networks in the conventional method like via phone or email, the attackers will catch the private key. They can decrypt and modify more sensitive medical data. It can cause a significant effect like death also. So need an effective, secure key distribution scheme for transmission of human body health related data to medical professional through wireless links. Moreover, a new enhanced BB84 Quantum cryptography protocol is proposed in this paper for sharing the secret key among communicating parties in a secure manner using quantum theory. Besides, a bitwise operator is combined with quantum concepts to secure the patient’s sensed information in the wireless environment. Instead of mail and phone via sharing secret key, quantum theory with the bitwise operator is used here. Therefore, it is not possible to hack the secret key of communication. The body sensor’s constrained assets as far as battery life, memory, and computational limit are considered for showing the efficiency of the proposed security framework. Based on experimental results, it is proven that the proposed algorithm EBB84QCP provides high secure key distribution method without direct sharing the secret key and it used the quantum mechanism and bitwise operator for generating and distributing secret key value to communicating parties for sensitive information sharing in the wireless body sensor networks.

Multi-Party Quantum Private Comparison Based on Entanglement Swapping of Bell Entangled States within d-Level Quantum System

In this paper, a multi-party quantum private comparison (MQPC) scheme is suggested based on entanglement swapping of Bell entangled states within d-level quantum system, which can accomplish the equality comparison of secret binary sequences from n users via one execution of scheme. Detailed security analysis shows that both the outside attack and the participant attack are ineffective. The suggested scheme needn't establish a private key among n users beforehand through the quantum key distribution (QKD) method to encrypt the secret binary sequences. Compared with previous MQPC scheme based on d-level Cat states and d-level Bell entangled states, the suggested scheme has distinct advantages on quantum resource, quantum measurement of third party (TP) and qubit efficiency.

A novel methodology for secure group communication in Internet of Things

Nowadays, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are considered as a most important applications due to its rapid propagation. In an Internet of Things (IoT) network, the messages are exchanged and routed in an open multiple devices, therefore security is one of the major issue. Hence, the most important requirements in IoT networks is integrity of information, optimized energy consumption and data security. All the group members uses the shared symmetric key called Group Key (GK) for maintaining data confidentiality within a group. A forward and backward secrecy are maintained by redistributing the GK while joining and leaving of a group member. But, when consuming the scarce network resources, the key management includes generation and distribution process causes overhead. In this research study, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is used to design the lightweight and secure Group Communication (GC) and finally, preserved the data integrity by Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). By using AES-PKI algorithm, the method achieved secure GCs in network against attacks, lower bandwidth utilization and network overhead in key re-distribution and management operations. In addition, the proposed AES-PKI method ensured the data confidentiality by backward and forward secrecy in key distribution method and also effective against the network mobility in scalable IoT networks. The performance of AES-PKI is validated by simulation dynamic results of energy consumption and packet receiving ratio.

Enabling Secret Key Distribution Over Screen-to-Camera Channel Leveraging Color Shift Property

Recent years witnessed the emergence of visible light communication (VLC) over screen-to-camera channel, such as barcode and unobtrusive optical pattern, due to the widely adoption of screen and camera in plenty of electronic devices. The prevalence of wide viewing angle screen and high standard cameras also imposes great threat for visible light communication, and the information leakage over screen-to-camera channel has been rarely explored. In this paper, we propose a secret key distribution system leveraging the unique color shift property over screen-to-camera channel. To facilitate such design, two practical secret key distribution methods, key matching-based and nearest next hop-based, are developed to map the secret key into a unique optical pattern on screen, which can only be correctly decoded by the legitimate user situated at an accessible region. We also provide theoretical analysis on the security of both methods. The performance of the proposed system is implemented with off-the-shelf devices and validated under various experimental scenarios. The results demonstrate that our system can achieve high bit-decoding accuracy for the legitimate users while maintaining low recovery accuracy for the attackers.

High-Speed Random-Channel Cryptography in Multimode Fibers

We propose and experimentally demonstrate high-speed operation of random-channel cryptography (RCC) in multimode fibers. RCC is a key generation and distribution method based on the random channel state of a multimode fiber and multi-dimension to single-dimension projection. The reciprocal intensity transmittance of the channel shared between the two legitimate users is used to generate and distribute correlated keys. In previous work, RCC's key rate-distance product was limited by the speed of light. In this work, we show that adding a fast modulator at one end of the channel decouples the key rate and distance, resulting in a significant improvement in the key rate-distance product, limited only by the fiber's modal dispersion. Error-free transmission at a key rate-distance product of 64.7 Mbps <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ \times $</tex-math></inline-formula> 12 km, which is seven orders of magnitude higher than the previous demonstration, was achieved. The proposed method's security arises from a fundamental asymmetry between the eavesdroppers’ and legitimate users’ measurement complexity.

5G network slicing with QKD and quantum-safe security

We demonstrate how the 5G network slicing model can be enhanced to address data security requirements. In this work, we demonstrate two different slice configurations, with different encryption requirements, representing two diverse use-cases for 5G networking, namely, an enterprise application hosted at a metro network site and a content delivery network. We create a modified software-defined networking (SDN) orchestrator that calculates and provisions network slices according to the requirements, including encryption backed by quantum key distribution (QKD) and other methods. Slices are automatically provisioned by SDN orchestration of network resources, allowing selection of encrypted links as appropriate, including those that use encryption with standard Diffie–Hellman key exchange, QKD, or quantum-resistant algorithms, as well as no encryption at all. We show that the setup and teardown times of the network slices take approximately 1–2 min, which is at least an order of magnitude improvement over manually provisioning a link today.

Cloud based efficient authentication for mobile payments using key distribution method

The extensive usage of clever strategies fascinates numerous considerations on the innovation intended for mobile payment method in the background of cloud computing. Though, payment confidence and customer confidentiality still increase serious anxieties to the use of mobile payments. Subsequently, current authentication procedures for mobile payments moreover have high overhead on source inadequate smart scheme. These schemes cannot deliver customer secrecy in mobile payment. To resolve the tasks smartly we have present a cloud based efficient Authentication for mobile payments using key distribution method. Based on the certificate less proxy re signature system, we have designed a different mobile payment procedure which not only attains secrecy; it also achieves the storage complexity by consuming fewer amounts of data. In our proposed method, the efficiency is particularly enhanced by retaining cost of computation in the payment area. Furthermore, by seeing that the payment area the Merchant Server wishes to achieve computation for every payment operation, the impression of batch authentication was implemented to remove the difficulties faced when more number of customers use the Payment area so that Merchant Server can solve the scalability dispute. By our security analysis discussed in this paper, the proposed method is verified to be safe by using the prolonged CDH issues. Furthermore, the performance results displays the proposed method is reasonable and quick for the source inadequate smart mobiles in cloud.

Secure optical communication using a quantum alarm

Optical fibre networks are advancing rapidly to meet growing traffic demands. Security issues, including attack management, have become increasingly important for optical communication networks because of the vulnerabilities associated with tapping light from optical fibre links. Physical layer security often requires restricting access to channels and periodic inspections of link performance. In this paper, we report how quantum communication techniques can be utilized to detect a physical layer attack. We present an efficient method for monitoring the physical layer security of a high-data-rate classical optical communication network using a modulated continuous-variable quantum signal. We describe the theoretical and experimental underpinnings of this monitoring system and the monitoring accuracy for different monitored parameters. We analyse its performance for both unamplified and amplified optical links. The technique represents a novel approach for applying quantum signal processing to practical optical communication networks and compares well with classical monitoring methods. We conclude by discussing the challenges facing its practical application, its differences with respect to existing quantum key distribution methods, and its usage in future secure optical transport network planning.

Continuous-Variable Quantum Computing and its Applications to Cryptography

We propose a quantum cryptography based on an algorithm for determining a function using continuous-variable entangled states. The security of our cryptography is based on the Ekert 1991 protocol, which uses an entangled state. Eavesdropping destroys the entangled state. Alice selects a secret function from the very large number of possible function types. Bob’s aim is to determine the selected function (a key) without an eavesdropper learning it. In order for both Alice and Bob to be able to select the same function classically, in the worst case Bob requires a very large number of queries to Alice. In the quantum case however, Bob requires just a single query. By measuring the single entangled state, which is sent to him by Alice, Bob can obtain the function that Alice has selected. This quantum key distribution method is faster than the very large number of classical queries that would be required in the classical case.

Accelerometer-Based Key Generation and Distribution Method for Wearable IoT Devices

With the fast development of wearable IoT devices, their applications are becoming more and more pervasive, ranging from social networking, payment, and navigation to health and activity monitoring. The security of the communication between these devices is essential to protect the transmitted sensitive information from tampering and eavesdropping. With the integration of accelerometers into wearable IoT devices, the gait-based biometric cryptography technology has emerged as a data securing tool for wearables. This article proposes a lightweight noise-based group key generation method, which utilizes the noise signals imposed on the raw acceleration signals to generate an M-bit key with high randomness and bit generation rate. Moreover, a signed sliding window coding (SSWC)-based common feature extraction method was designed to extract the common feature for sharing the generated M-bit key among devices worn on different body parts. Finally, a fuzzy vault-based group key distribution system was implemented and evaluated using a public data set. The performed comprehensive analysis of the proposed key generation and distribution method proved that the binary keys generated via the introduced noise-based procedure have high entropy and can pass both the NIST and Dieharder statistical tests with high efficiency. The experimental results obtained prove the robustness of the proposed SSWC-based common feature extraction method in terms of the similarity and discriminability of intra- and inter-class features, respectively.

Hybrid Entangled States With Multi-Degree of Freedom and High Purity for Internet of Vehicles

The development of intelligent Internet of vehicles (IoV) is based on communication technology, especially the quantum communication of hybrid entangled states based on orbital angular momentum (OAM). The quantum key distribution (QKD) method is demonstrated using hybrid entangled states with multi-degree of freedom and high purity based on OAM. First, the polarization entangled photon pairs are produced by two type I BBO crystals by means of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). The polarization-OAM hybrid entangled states are created by q-plate (QP) to realize QKD. It is found that the polarization entangled photon pairs have the characteristics of OAM. A single mode fiber (SMF) is proposed to filter the topological charge non-zero photons and purify the polarization entangled photon pairs. Then the purification setup with M-Z interferometer and beam rotator (BR) is presented which can purify the polarization-OAM hybrid entangled states. The high purity polarization-OAM hybrid entangled states are implemented, and the QP conversion rate of 3 secondary feedbacks is 99.84% theoretically. Analysis indicates that precise purity polarization-OAM hybrid entangled state can increase the fidelity of information and improve the anti-interference ability in this program without mutually unbiased bases (MUBs). The photon utilization rate, energy-efficient and low-latency communication can be greatly improved by using the OAM carrying information.

A Secure Communication System in Self-Organizing Networks via Lightweight Group Key Generation

Self-organizing networks provide rapid and convenient networking for many situations and have gained extensive research. With the progress of researches, security issues have attracted people's attention. There is no central node in self-organizing networks, and therefore the traditional key distribution methods based on public infrastructure do not work. The standardized pre-shared keys have predictable security risks. The physical-layer secret key generation has become a technology worth considering due to its lightweight, security, and decentralization. However, most of the previous work has focused on two devices, and remains a challenge to expand the pairwise key into the group key. Since the channel reciprocity only exists between two devices, some information would be exchanged on the unencrypted channel, causing information leakage. This paper designs a secure communication system in self-organizing networks. It adopts an adaptive quantizer to generate the pairwise keys and proposes DORCE, Difference Of quantization Results at one deviCE. The authenticated users share the group key via the difference between pairwise keys. The algorithm is implemented in a mesh topology, which is suitable for self-organizing networks because users' joining and leaving will not have a great impact on the network topology. The algorithm's Key Achievable Rate is up to 4 bits. Experimental results demonstrate that DORCE can generate the group keys in seconds. The Key Generation Rate is above 10 bits per second, enabling a group key generation to be used in a communication system for self-organizing networks. All the generated keys pass the NIST Statistical Test Suite.

A blockchain-based framework of cross-border e-commerce supply chain

Blockchain technology provides us a new tool to solve the product traceability problem in supply chain management. This research focuses on the cross-border e-commerce context, to propose a blockchain-based framework, and develop a set of corresponding techniques and methods for achieving traceable products and transactions in supply chain management. A general blockchain-based product traceability framework is introduced. This framework is based on a cross-border e-commerce supply chain context, incorporating a series of blockchain-based models, including multi-chain structure model, data management model and block structure model. Several core methods and algorithms are also developed, such as information anchoring method, key distribution method, information encryption algorithm and anti-counterfeiting method. The framework, models and methods form a complete and comprehensive solution, which are evaluated by applying to several typical problems and attack cases. The case analysis results show that the framework, models and methods can successfully deal with key recover problem, and protect against clone attack, counterfeit tag attack and counterfeit product attack. The effectiveness, extendibility, security, implementation and governance issues of applying these solutions are also discussed. This research contributes to the theoretical and practical literatures on blockchain technology, cross-border e-commerce and supply chain management research fields.

Improving long-distance distribution of entangled coherent state with the method of twin-field quantum key distribution.

The twin-field quantum key distribution (TFQKD) protocol has garnered considerable attention in quantum communication because it overcomes the well-known fundamental limit of the secret key rate without quantum repeaters. In this study, we employ this scheme to demonstrate the long-distance distribution of entangled coherent state (ECS), which has not been addressed in the existing literature. We show a scheme for the distribution of ECS with a yield of η, where η is the total efficiency of the whole transmission link. Compared to the cat-state based scheme, the success probability for fidelity is enhanced by 1.86 to 11.54 times in our new scheme, where the ECS is |ψECS(α = 2.0)〉 and the fixed fidelity (F) ranges from 0.99 to 0.75. The performance of our scheme in the presence of realistic on-off photon detector has also been investigated. Our work provides the application of TFQKD method toward continuous variable entanglement distribution and we believe that its application to other quantum information processing protocols are worth investigation in the near future.

KaaS: Key as a Service over Quantum Key Distribution Integrated Optical Networks

In the Internet Age, optical networks are vulnerable to numerous cyberattacks, and conventional key distribution methods suffer from the increased computational power. QKD can distribute information-theoretically secure secret keys between two parties based on the principles of quantum mechanics. Integrating QKD into optical networks can leverage existing fiber infrastructures with wavelength division multiplexing for the practical deployment of secret keys, and accordingly employ the secret keys for optical-layer security enhancement. Then, how to efficiently deploy and employ secret keys over QKD-integrated optical networks are emerging as two challenges. This article proposes a framework of key as a service (KaaS, i.e., providing secret keys as a service in a timely and accurate manner to satisfy the security requirements) to jointly overcome these two challenges. To enable the typical functions (i.e., secret-key deployment and employment) in KaaS, two secret-key virtualization steps, that is, key pool (KP) assembly and virtual key pool (VKP) assembly, are introduced. Also, we illustrate a new QKD-integrated optical network architecture from a holistic view, where the control layer is implemented by software defined networking for efficient network management. A time-shared KP assembly strategy and an on-demand VKP assembly strategy are presented for KaaS implementation. The success probabilities of KP assembly and VKP assembly are defined to evaluate the benefits of KaaS for efficiently deploying and employing secret keys as well as for security enhancement over QKD-integrated optical networks.

Improving Error Correction Stage and Expanding the Final Key using Dynamic Linear-feedback Shift Register in Sarg04 Protocol

The mechanism of quantum mechanics is considered as the principal method of quantum key distribution for transmitting a cryptographic key between users in unconditionally secure communication. In this paper, simulation and enhancement of the performance of SARG04 protocol have been done in terms of error correction stage using multiparity rather than single parity. In addition, the suitable length of subblock was selected depending on the values of quantum bit error rate and round number. Dynamic linear-feedback shift register circuits have been used to extend the final key. These circuits are dynamically generated by the final key. A unique linear circuit is created for each generated key.